DIGITAL SIGNAL

PROCESSING(EE-394)

Assignment
:3
Section:E
Sarmad Ali(EE-221)

Sarmad Ali
Applications of FFT:

modeling power system in PSCAD/EMTDC

proposed design of MHO relay requires a
modeling
Bearing Fault detection in Induction motors:
Induction motors are the essential components of many industrial processes and are frequently
integrated in commercially available equipment and industrial processes. The studies of
induction motor behavior during abnormal conditions, and the possibility to diagnose different
types of faults have been a challenging topic for many electrical machine researchers. The
Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA) is considered the most popular fault
detection method now a day because it can easily detect the common machine fault such as
turn to turn short ckt, cracked /broken rotor bars, bearing deterioration etc. The MCSA uses the
current spectrum of the machine for locating characteristic fault frequencies. The spectrum is
obtained using a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) that is performed on the signal
under analysis.
Three Phase
Induction Motor

Stator Current
Isolator

Data Acquisition

Signal Conditioning

Signal Interface with

computer

Signal Processing(FFT
Analysis)

Result Visulaization
 Smart Meters
Smart meters access the consumers data precisely and the data is transmitted over a wireless
channel such as internet to the utility company and to those who are authorized to access the data.
Smart meters acquire and transmit so much information about the households that the insecure
transmission of this data has dwarfed this technology.

An algorithm to ensure secure transmission of data is introduced:

Algorithm:
A household’s power signal data is realized and subjected to the FFT algorithm. FFT
computation generates a magnitude plot, as well as a phase plot. Any of the above mentioned
chaotic systems are used to generate a three dimensional chaotic attractor. The chaotic
attractors are scaled to a certain value and are added to the acquired magnitude and phase plot
of FFT. The chaos added data is subjected to a hashing algorithm and the resultant hash code, is
secured employing a private key (known to the sender as well as the receiver) assigned using a
public keying system. The encrypted data is appended with this hash code and transmitted over
a suitable network interface. At the receiver, a hash code is generated using a hashing algorithm
on the received data and compared with the hash code received. The generated and received
hash codes are compared to check for any discrepancies during transmission. The receiver
,knowing the secret key value and the type of attractor used to generate chaos, reproduces the
chaotic system. This chaotic signal is subtracted from the received signal and its Inverse Fast
Fourier Transform yields the original power signal.

House Hold Power Signal

Magnitude Phase

Encrypted Data Chaotic Attractor

Encrypted Data

Hash Algorithm

Encrypted Data appended Encrypted Data appended with

With Hash code Hash Code

 Original Household
Power Signal

Fault Detection in Transmission Lines:

FFT is used for determination of fault location using frequency domain data obtained by
transformation of transient response measured on one terminal of transmission line. Fault distance is
detected by processing transient voltage and current waveforms transformed into the frequency domain
using Fast Fourier Transform, considering the frequency of travelling wave with lower frequency. the
accuracy of the method is about 1% and phase angle at fault instant and fault resistance do not affect
the accuracy of the method.

Faults in Wind Power systems:

Extreme wind conditions such as gusts can lead to very large loads on the turbine that cause
fatigue, shut-downs and damage to components such as the gearbox.
The gearbox faults are detected by using FFT algorithm.
An spectrum is obtained by applying FFT algorithm on Machine side converter I q and then the
obtained frequency spectrum is compared to the healthy(no-faulty) spectrum.
NMR measurement system:
Another application of the FFT is in evaluating the audibility of quantization noise from an objective
measurement based on noise-to-mask ratio (NMR) and masking flag [D10]. They use Hanning-windowed
FFTs of 1,024 samples calculated every 512 samples (11.6 ms, sampling rate ¼ 44.1 kHz). Block diagram
of the NMR measurement system is shown.

References:

Castelli Marcelo, Juan Pablo Fossatti and Jose Ignacio Terra (2012). Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors
Based on FFT, Fourier Transform - Signal Processing, Dr Salih Salih (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0453-7, InTech,
Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/fourier-transform-signal-processing/fault-diagnosis-
ofinduction-motors-based-on-f
S. Shashidhara, "STATOR WINDING FAULT DIAGNOSIS OF INDUCTION MOTOR USING
FFT", International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development, vol. 4, no. 10, 2017.
Available: 10.21090/ijaerd.88575.

C. Rieg, C. Smith and C. Crabtree, "Monitoring Wind Turbine Loading Using Power Converter
Signals", Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 749, p. 012018, 2016. Available: 10.1088/1742-
6596/749/1/012018.

K. Rao, D. Kim and J. Hwang, Fast Fourier Transform - Algorithms and Applications. Dordrecht: Springer
Science+Business Media B.V, 2011.