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Electromagnetica y Ondas
Electromagnetica y Ondas
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Introduction
The scope of the document is usually described in the introduction, and a brief explanation or
summary of it is given. A reader reading the introduction should be able to get an idea about
the content of the text, before beginning the reading itself. (5 to 10 lines).
Developed activity (consolidate)
R//
The tangent of loss or tangent delta is a measure of the state of an insulation. It
is also called the dissipation factor and is a measure of the dielectric losses of a
solid or liquid insulator, it is also related to the power factor that is defined as sin
∅.
The tangent of loss is the parameter that depends on the characteristics of the
medium and frequency of the signal also determines the existing relationship
between the current condition and displacement.
The tangent of loss is calculated with the following formulas and parameters:
∈ = Permitivity
𝜎 = Conductivity
𝜔 = Angular Frequency
𝜎
tan(𝛿) = = Tangent of loss
𝜔𝜖
∈ =∈𝑟 ∈0
1
∈0 = ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
2. According to the "tangent of losses", how can the means of propagation
be classified?
𝜋
Perfect conductors: tan(𝛿) → ∞ 𝛿=
2
𝜋
Dissipative dielectrics: 0 < 𝛿 < 2
R//
Good insulators: they present conduction current and have losses due to Joule
effect, but this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive effect, they
are also called "low loss dielectrics".
The refraction of a wave is the flexion it suffers when it enters a medium with
different propagation velocity. The refraction of the light, when it passes from a
rapid propagation medium to a slower one, doubles the ray of light in the normal
direction to the contact surface between both media. The amount of diffraction
depends on the refractive indices of the two media and is described quantitatively
by Snell's law.
the inverse of the attenuation constant is called the penetration depth of the wave
δp. Since the power of a signal is proportional to the square of its amplitude,
when the signal drops to 36% of its value, its power drops to 13%.
Conclusiones
Exercises (one per student)
1. Student name:
a. Loss tangent.
𝜎 1,8 ∗ 10−3
tan(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 2,5 ∗ 1 ∗ 10−9
36𝜋
1,8 ∗ 10−3
=
1
5 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 10−9 𝜋 36𝜋
0,0018 ∗ 36
= = 0.01296
5
The value of the loss tangent is a measure of the quality of an insulation, the
lower the conduction current compared to the displacement current, the better
the quality of the electrical insulation.
b. Propagation constant.
𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 )
𝑠𝑒𝑔
𝜇 = 1.3
𝜎 = 1,8 ∗ 10−3
𝜀𝑟 = 2,5
1
𝛾 = √𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 1.3 ∗ 4𝜋 ∗ 107 (1,8 ∗ 10−3 + 𝑗2𝜋 ∗ (1 ∗ 109 ) ∗ 2,5 ∗ ∗ 10−9 )
36𝜋
1
= √219 ⋅ 516 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1.3π2 j (10−9 ⋅ 109 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 2.5π j + 10−3 ⋅ 1.8)
36π
j
= √219 ⋅ 516 ⋅ 1.3π2 j (2.5 ⋅ + 10−3 ⋅ 1.8)
18
𝑗
= √1.3π√516 √219 𝑗 (2.5 ⋅ + 10−3 ⋅ 1.8)
18
𝑗
= √1.3π58 √𝑗 ⋅ 219 (1.8 ⋅ 10−3 + 2.5 ⋅ )
18
j
= 58 π√219 ⋅ 1.3j (2.5 ⋅ + 10−3 ⋅ 1.8)
18
= 58 π√681574.4j(0.13889 … j + 0.0018)
= 58 √681574.4π√j(0.13889 … j + 0.0018)
= 1013133188.53608√𝑗(0.13889 … 𝑗 + 0.0018)
attenuation constant
𝑵𝒑⁄
𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒎
c. Phase velocity.
𝐶0
𝑉𝑝 =
√𝜀𝑟
3 ∗ 108
𝑉𝑝 = = 189736659.61
√2,5
𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏 𝑲𝒎⁄𝒔
d. Wavelength.
𝑪𝟎
𝝀=
𝒇
𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀=
1 ∗ 109 𝑠𝑒𝑔−1
𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
𝝀= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝑲𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒈−𝟏
𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟏 𝑲𝒎
For a constant time, space points that have the same field magnitude are
separated by a distance such that the phase gain is equivalent to π radians
e. Index of refraction.
𝑪𝟎
𝒏=
𝑽𝒑
𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟖
𝒏= = 𝟏, 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟏𝟒
𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏 𝑲𝒎⁄𝒔𝒆𝒈
The refractive index of a substance is the ratio between the speed of light in
vacuum and the phase velocity of an electromagnetic signal in a specific medium.
3. Student name:
4. Student name:
For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics than the third
problem, find the losses per length unit for a 400MHz signal. If the original signal
has an electric field of 120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels
20m in the medium.
5. Student name:
For a 400MHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation per length unit.
How long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation greater
than 3dB?
...
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