07 Eurocodes Steel Workshop WEYNAND PDF

Design of Structural
Steel Joints
Dr. Klaus Weynand

Feldmann + Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

University of Liège, Belgium
Steel Joints
• Introduction
• Integration of joints into
structural design process
• Moment resistant joints
• Simple joints
• Design tools
Steel Joints
• Introduction
• Simple joints
• Design tools
Eurocodes - Design of steel buildings with worked examples Brussels, 16 - 17 October 2014
EN 1993 Part 1.8

Chapter 1 – Introduction
Chapter 2 – Basis of design
Chapter 3 – Connections made with bolts, rivets or pins
Chapter 4 – Welded connections
Chapter 5 – Analysis, classification and modelling
Chapter 6 – Structural joints connecting H or I sections
Chapter 7 – Hollow section joints
Design of simple joints

ECCS Publication No 126 (EN)
• Background information
• Design guidelines
2 – Basis of design  Partial safety coefficients

3 – Connections made mechanical fasteners

4 – Welded connections
Steel Joints
• Introduction
• Simple joints
• Design tools
Actual joint response

Actual joint response

M
M Rd
S j,ini
cd 
Influence on the structural response

• Displacements
• Internal forces
• Failure mode and failure load
Four successive steps for structural integration

M ? M
? ?


Characterization Classification

Modelling Idealization
Characterization
Search for a unified approach whatever the material
M
?
?
?

Various configurations (1)

Continuity
Beam-to-beam
Column bases

Joints in portal frames

Connections and joints in
composite construction
Various cross-section shapes (1)

Hot-rolled and
cold-formed
Various cross-section shapes (2)

Built-up profiles
Various connection elements
Splices
End plates
Cleats
Economy

Reduced fabrication, transportation and erection costs

Specific design criteria

Robustness
 Joints as key elements
Characterization (1)
Search for a unified approach
M
?
?
?

Characterization (2)
Eurocode 3 – Part 1-8
• Beam-to-beam joints, splices, beam-to-column joints and column
bases:
 welded connections
 bolted connections (anchors for column bases)
Background: COMPONENT METHOD

Characterization (3) - component method

column web column web column web
Three steps in shear in compression in tension
First step
Identification of the
active components
F F F
Second step: F3,Rd
F2,Rd
F1,Rd
Response of the
E k1 E k2 E k3
components
  
M M j ,Rd  min  Fi ,Rd   z
Third step: Mj,Rd E  z2
“Assembly” of the S j ,ini 
1
components Sj,ini
k
cd i
Characterization (4) - component method

EC3 Part 1-8 provides therefore:
• a library of components
• rules for the evaluation of the properties of the components
(stiffness, resistance, deformation capacity)
• rules for the evaluation of the possible component interactions
• « assembly » rules for components
Applicable for simple joint and moment resistant joint

Characterization (4) – Hollow section joints

Different approach for lattice girder joints
For many types of joint configurations:
• Joints considered as a whole
• Check of relevant failure modes
• Scope of application to be checked

M ? M
? ?



Classification (1) Mj
Rigid
Rigid
Stiffness
Semi-rigid
Semi-rigid
Sj,ini
Pinned
Pinned

Classification
Boundaries for boundaries
stiffness
Initialinitial
Joint joint stiffness
stiffness
Classification (2) Mj
Full resistance
Full-strength
Resistance
Mj,Rd
Partial-strength
Partial resistance
Pinned
Pinned

Boundaries for
Classification strength
boundaries
Joint
Jointresistance
strength
Classification (3)
Ductility
Mj
• Brittle
• “Semi-ductile”
• Ductile


M ? M
? ?



Modelling
JOINT BEAM-TO-COLUMN JOINTS BEAM COLUMN
MODELLING MAJOR AXIS BENDING SPLICES BASES
SIMPLE
SEMI-
CONTINUOUS
CONTINUOUS

M ? M
? ?



Steel Joints
• Introduction
• Simple joints
• Design tools
Example
Single sided beam-to-column joint configuration, bolted end-plate connection
w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 V
u=10  M 0  1,0
+ + 3  M 1  1,0
120 240 M
IPE220
+ + 10
60 HEB140
140 5
Material: S 235
To be evaluated:
Design moment resistance , initial stiffness
General data
Equivalent T-stub in tension
Ft
Column
Ft /4 Ft /4
hwc  hc  2t fc  2rc 140 2 12  2 12  92mm
Ft /4 m e
Avc  Ac  2bc t fc   twc  2rc 
 4295,6  2 140 12   7  2 12  12 1307,6mm
Ft 2/4 l eff
w  t fc 80  7
m  0,8 rc   0,812  26,9mm
2 2
bc  w 140  80
e   30mm
2 2
t 2fc f yc 122  235

m pl , fc  0, 25  0, 25  8460 Nmm / mm
M0 1,0
General data
Beam w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 u=10
+ + 3
120 240 z
IPE220
+ + 10
60
5
Lever arm 140
t fb 9, 2
z  hb  u   p  220  10   60 165, 4 mm
2 2
W pl , yb f yb 285.406  235106
M c ,Rd (classe 1 section)    67,07 kNm
M0 1,0
General data
End plate mp2
w  twb 80  5,9 mp
mp   0,8 2aw   0,8 2  3  33,66mm
2 2
mp 2  p  u  t fb  0,8 2a f  60 10  9,2  0,8 2 5  35,14mm
bp  w 140  80
ep    30mm
2 2
t 2p f yp 152  235
m pl , p  0, 25  0, 25 13.218 Nmm / mm
M0 1,0
General data
End plate
Alpha factor for effective lengths
mp 33,66
1    0,53
mp  ep 33,66  30
mp2 35,14
2    0,55
mp  ep 33,66  30
  5,5
General data
Bolts
0,9 fub As 0,9  800 157 103

Ft ,Rd    90, 43kN
 Mb 1, 25
0,6 fub As 0,6  800 157 103

Fv ,Rd (shear plane in thread)    60,3kN
 Mb 1.25
1
Lb  t fc  t p  0,5  hbolt  hnut  12 15  10 14,8   2  4  47, 4mm
2
Component No 1 – Column web in shear
Resistance
0,9 Avc f y ,cw 0,9 1307,6  235 103
Vwc ,Rd   159,7 kN
F 3 M 0 3 1,0
Vwp Transformation parameter
M Assumption :  1

z Vwc ,Rd 159,7
FRd ,1   159,7 kN
Vwp  1
F
Stiffness coefficient
0,38 Avc 0,381307,6
k1    3,004mm
h 1165, 4
Component No 2 – Column web in compression

Resistance
beff ,c ,wc  min t fb  2a f 2  2t p  5  t fc  s  ; t fb  a f 2  t p  u  5  t fc  s  
 min 9, 2  2  5 2  2 15  5 12 12  ; 9, 2  5  2 15 10  5 12 12   161, 27 mm
Reduction factors to account for compression stresses and instability
Assumption : kwc  min 1,0; 1,7   com ,Ed / f y ,wc  1,0
beff ,c ,wc d c f y ,wc 161, 27  92  235

 p  0,932  0,932  0,543  0,673    1,0
Et 2
wc 210000  7  7
1 1
  1    0,713
11,3  beff ,c ,wc twc / Avc  11,3 161, 27  7 1307,6 
2 2
FRd ,2  kwc  beff ,c ,wc twc f y ,wc /  M 1 1 0,713 1161,27  7  23510 3 1,0 189,1kN
Component No 2 – Column web in compression
0,7 beff ,c ,wc twc 0,7 161, 27  7 F

k2    8,589mm
hwc 92
Fi  ki E  i
Component No 3 – Column web in tension

Resistance
beff ,t ,wc  min  2 m ;4m 1, 25e   min  2  26,9;4  26,9 1, 25  30  145,10 mm
1 1
1    0,749
11,3  beff ,t ,wc twc / Avc  11,3 145,1 7 1307,6 
2 2
FRd ,3   beff ,t ,wc twc f y ,wc /  M 0  0,749 145,1 7  235103 1,0 178,7 kN
0,7 beff ,t ,wc twc 0,7 145,1 7

k3    7,728mm
hwc 92
Component No 4 – Column flange in bending

Component No 5 – End plate in bending
Equivalent T-stub in tension
Ft
Ft /4 Ft /4
Ft /4 m e
Ft /4 l eff
T-stub – Effective length

Distinction between circular and non-circular yield line patterns
Circular patterns Non-circular patterns


Groups effects to consider in addition to the individual response of each bolt-row
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
Group 1+2 Group 2+3 Group 1+2+3


Groups effects to consider in addition to the individual response of each bolt-row
Row 3
FRd ,3  min ( FRd ,3,indiv ; FRd ,3, group )

Bolt rows considered

In this example: only bolt row 1 is considered for tension forces
w= 4 M16 8.8
30 80 30 15
p=60 u=10
V
+ + Row 1
3
120 240 M
IPE220 Row 2
+ + 10
60 HEB140
140 5
Resistance
leff ,t , fc  beff ,t ,wc 145,1mm (see column web in tension)
n  min  e ;1, 25m ;  bp  w  / 2   min  30;1, 25  26,9;30   30mm

Mode 1 - Complete yielding of the flange
4leff ,t , fc m pl , fc 4 145,1  8460

Ffc ,Rd ,t1   103 182,5kN
m 26,9
Mode 2 - Bolt failure with yielding of the flange

2 leff ,t , fc m pl , fc  2 Bt ,Rd n 2 145,1 8460  2  90, 4  103  30
Ffc ,Rd ,t 2    103  138,5kN
mn 26,9  30
Mode 3 - Bolt failure

Ffc ,Rd ,t 3  2 Bt ,Rd  2  90, 43 180,9kN

Resistance
FRd ,4  min  Ffc ,Rd ,t1 ; Ffc ,Rd ,t 2 ; Ffc ,Rd ,t 3  138,5kN
0,9 leff , fc ,t t 3fc 0,9 145,1123

k4   11,59mm
m3 26,93

Resistance
leff ,t , p  min  2 m p ; m p   min  2  33,66; 5,5  33,66  185 mm
n p  min  e p ;1, 25m p ; e   min  30;1, 25  33,66;30   30mm
4leff ,t , p m pl , p 4 18513.218
Mode 1: Fep ,Rd ,1   103  291kN
mp 33,66
2 leff , p ,t m pl , p  2 Bt ,Rd n p 2 18513.218  2  90, 43 103  30

Mode 2: Fep ,Rd ,2    103 162,1kN
mp  np 33,66  30
FRd ,5  min  Fep ,Rd ,1 ; Fep ,Rd ,2 ; Fep ,Rd ,3  162,1kN

0,9 leff ,t , p t 3p 0,9 185,0 153

k5   14,73mm
m3p 33,663
Component No 7 – Beam flange and web in compression
Resistance
FRd ,7  M c ,Rd /  hb  t fb  
67,07
 318, 2kN
210,8103
k7  
Component No 8 – Beam web in tension
Resistance
beff ,t ,wb  leff ,t , p 185mm
FRd ,8  beff ,t ,wb twb f yb /  M 0 185 5,9  235 103 1,0  256,5kN
k8  
Component No 10 – Bolts in tension
Resistance
FRd ,10  2 Bt ,Rd  2  90, 43 180,9kN  Mode 3 in T-stubs for components:

• “column flange in bending”
• “end plate in bending”
As 157
k10 1,6 1,6   5,30mm
Lb 47, 4
Design moment resistance
Relevant component
M j,Rd
FRd  min  FRd ,i  138,5kN (Column flange in bending)
Design plastic moment resistance
M j ,Rd  FRd z 138,5  165,4  103  22,91kNm
Design elastic moment resistance

2
M j ,el ,Rd  M j ,Rd 15, 27 kNm
3
Stiffness

Initial stiffness
S j,ini
210000 165, 42 106
S j ,ini  E h / 1 ki 
2
 6234 kNm / rad
1 1 1 1 1 1
i
    
3,004 8,589 7,728 11,59 14,73 5,30
Secant stiffness
S j  S j ,ini / 2  3117 kNm / rad

Design moment-rotation characteristic
M
M j,Rd
Sj,ini
2/3Mj,Rd
Sj Secant stiffness
Ersatzsteifigkeit:
S j = S j,ini /

Steel Joints
• Introduction
• Simple joints
• Design tools
Nominally pinned joints
Braced frame
Nominally pinned joints
V0 M=0
Design of simple joints

ECCS Publication No 126 (EN)
• Background information
• Design guidelines
Classification and modelling of joints

“Nominally pinned” joints :
Mj
Rigid Sj,ini <<
Semi-rigid
Nominally pinned

Limits for classification of joints by stiffness
Initial stiffness of the joint

“Semi-rigid” joints :
Mj
Rigid Sj,ini
Semi-rigid
Nominally pinned

Limits for classification of joints by stiffness
Initial stiffness of the joint

As an alternative to a semi-continuous modelling (semi-rigid joints), is it safe to
model the joints as nominally pinned whilst they are actually semi-rigid?
Semi-rigid Sj,ini > 0,5EIb/Lb
Partial strength Mj,Rd > 0,25 Mfull-strength
Nominally pinned Sj,ini = 0

?? Nominally pinned Mj,Rd = 0

Yes, …under the reservation the joint has:
• a sufficient rotation capacity

= capacity to “rotate”
M
• a sufficient ductility MRd Yielding criterion
= capacity to follow the actual
Actual loading
loading path in a ductile way
path
Supposed
loading path
V
VRd
Supplementary design requirement

Sufficient resistance to «catenary effects» so as to provide required structural
robustness
Example: Partial depth end-plate

Components
• Bolts in shear
• End-plate in bearing
• End-plate in shear (gross section)
• End-plate in shear (net section)
• End-plate in shear block
• End-plate in bending
• Beam web in shear
• Welds in shear
• Column flange in bearing
Partial depth end-plate

Strength requirement
• Use of “component method” for the assessment of VRd
Assessment of the strength of all the constitutive

components of the joint
+
“Assembly” of these components

Rotation capacity requirement
Bending moment
Bolts in tension
Bending Contact between

moment supported beam and
supporting element
Compression force
 avail Rotation

Rotation capacity 
requirement
avail
hp
db hb
hp  db
tp
he avail 
he
tp

Ductility requirement
• Prevent premature fracture of the bolts
• Prevent premature fracture of the welds
under unavoidable bending moment in the joint


Ductility requirements
• Prevent premature collapse of the bolts
d f yp
 2,8 for the end-plate
tp fub
d f ycf
 2,8 for the supporting column
tp fub
d and fub : diameter and tensile strength of bolts
Yielding of end-plate prior to tensile fracture of bolts

Steel Joints
• Introduction
• Simple joints
• Design tools
Practical design tools

• Tables of standardized joints
• Dedicated software
Worked Example Configuration

 Beam IPE 500
 Column HEA 340
 End plate connection
Design assumption
 Rigid joint
Frame analysis
 MEd = 220 kNm
CoP software used for this example: http://cop.fw-ing.com

Design resistance: MRd = 196 kNm < 220 kNm

Classification: Semi-rigid
Failure mode: Column web in compression
Failure mode:
End plate in bending
Failure mode:
Column web panel in shear
Failure mode:
Failure mode:
Steel Joints
Dr. Klaus Weynand

Feldmann + Weynand GmbH, Aachen, Germany
Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

University of Liège, Belgium

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Design of Structural

Dr. Klaus Weynand

Prof. Jean-Pierre Jaspart

EN 1993 Part 1.8

Design of simple joints

2 – Basis of design  Partial safety coefficients

3 – Connections made mechanical fasteners

Actual joint response

Actual joint response

Influence on the structural response

Four successive steps for structural integration

Various configurations (1)

Various configurations (2)

Various configurations (3)

Various cross-section shapes (1)

Various cross-section shapes (2)

Various connection elements

Specific design criteria

Background: COMPONENT METHOD

Characterization (3) - component method

Characterization (4) - component method

Applicable for simple joint and moment resistant joint

Characterization (4) – Hollow section joints

Four successive steps for structural integration

Four successive steps for structural integration

Four successive steps for structural integration

t 2fc f yc 122  235

mp 2  p  u  t fb  0,8 2a f  60 10  9,2  0,8 2 5  35,14mm

Alpha factor for effective lengths

0,9 fub As 0,9  800 157 103

0,6 fub As 0,6  800 157 103

Component No 1 – Column web in shear

Component No 2 – Column web in compression

Reduction factors to account for compression stresses and instability

Assumption : kwc  min 1,0; 1,7   com ,Ed / f y ,wc  1,0

beff ,c ,wc d c f y ,wc 161, 27  92  235

Component No 2 – Column web in compression

0,7 beff ,c ,wc twc 0,7 161, 27  7 F

Component No 3 – Column web in tension

0,7 beff ,t ,wc twc 0,7 145,1 7

Component No 4 – Column flange in bending

Equivalent T-stub in tension

T-stub – Effective length

Circular patterns Non-circular patterns

T-stub – Effective length

Group 1+2 Group 2+3 Group 1+2+3

T-stub – Effective length

FRd ,3  min ( FRd ,3,indiv ; FRd ,3, group )

Bolt rows considered

Component No 4 – Column flange in bending

leff ,t , fc  beff ,t ,wc 145,1mm (see column web in tension)

n  min  e ;1, 25m ;  bp  w  / 2   min  30;1, 25  26,9;30   30mm

Component No 4 – Column flange in bending

Mode 1 - Complete yielding of the flange

4leff ,t , fc m pl , fc 4 145,1  8460

Mode 2 - Bolt failure with yielding of the flange

Mode 3 - Bolt failure

Component No 4 – Column flange in bending