Kenya (/ˈkɛnjə/; locally [ˈkɛɲa] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Kenya (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Kenya), is

a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors. At 580,367 square
kilometres (224,081 sq mi), Kenya is the world's 48th largest country by total area. With a population of
more than 52.2 million people, Kenya is the 27th most populous country.[10] Kenya's capital and largest
city is Nairobi while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa. Kisumu City is the third
largest city and a critical inland port at Lake Victoria. Other important urban centres
include Nakuru and Eldoret.Nilotic-speaking pastoralists (ancestral to Kenya's Nilotic speakers) started
migrating from present-day Southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC.[11] European colonisation of
Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior. The modern-day Kenya
emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony,
which began in 1920. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colony led to the Mau Mau
revolution, which began in 1952, and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963. After
independence, Kenya remained a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The current constitution was
adopted in 2010 to replace the 1963 independence constitution.Kenya is a presidential representative
democratic republic, in which elected officials represent the people and the president is the head of state
and government.[12] Kenya is a member of United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary
Fund, COMESA, and other international organisations. With a GNI of 1,460,[13] Kenya is a lower-middle-
income economy. Kenya's economy is the largest in eastern and central Africa,[14][15] with Nairobi serving
as a major regional commercial hub.[15] Agriculture is the largest sector; tea and coffee are traditional cash
crops, while fresh flowers are a fast-growing export. The service industry is also a major economic driver,
particularly tourism. Kenya is a member of the East African Community trade bloc, though some
international trade organisations categorise it as part of the Greater Horn of Africa.[16] Africa is Kenya's
largest export market, followed by the European Union.[17]
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is
bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres (1,739 mi) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along
the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans;[9][10][11] to the north by the neighbouring countries
of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini
(Swaziland); and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho.[12] South Africa is the largest country in
Southern Africa and the 25th-largest countryin the world by land area and, with over 57 million people, is
the world's 24th-most populous nation. It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or
the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan
African ancestry,[5]divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of
which have official status.[11] The remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities
of European (White), Asian (Indian), and multiracial (Coloured) ancestry.South Africa is a multiethnic
society encompassing a wide variety of cultures, languages, and religions. Its pluralistic makeup is
reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, which is the fourth highest number in the
world.[11][11] Two of these languages are of European origin: Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves
as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans; English reflects the legacy of British
colonialism, and is commonly used in public and commercial life, though it is fourth-ranked as a
spoken first language. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, and regular
elections have been held for almost a century. However, the vast majority of black South Africans were
not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from
the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a large role in the country's recent history and
politics. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation. After
a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress (ANC) and other anti-apartheid
activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in 1990.Since 1994,
all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which
comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the "rainbow
nation" to describe the country's multicultural diversity, especially in the wake of apartheid. [13] The World
Bank classifies South Africa as an upper-middle-income economy, and a newly industrialised
country.[14][15] Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world.[6] In terms
of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However,
poverty and inequalityremain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on
less than US$1.25 a day.[16][17] Nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in
international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence.
Cameroon (French: République du Cameroun), is a country in Central Africa. It is bordered
by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republicto the east;
and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies
on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although Cameroon is not
an ECOWAS member state, it geographically and historically is in West Africa with the Southern
Cameroons which now form her Northwest and SouthwestRegions having a strong West African
history. The country is sometimes identified as West African and other times as Central African due
to its strategic position at the crossroads between West and Central Africa.French and English are
the official languages of Cameroon. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its
geological and cultural diversity. Natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests,
and savannas. The highest point at almost 4,100 metres (13,500 ft) is Mount Cameroon in
the Southwest Region of the country, and the largest cities in population-terms are Douala on
the Wouri river, its economic capital and main seaport, Yaoundé, its political capital, and Garoua.
The country is well known for its native styles of music, particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its
successful national football team.Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao
civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern
rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos
Camarões(Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani soldiers founded
the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and
northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroon became a German colony in
1884 known as Kamerun.After World War I, the territory was divided between France and the United
Kingdom as League of Nations mandates. The Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) political
party advocated independence, but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to the Bamileke
War fought between French and UPC militant forces until early 1971. In 1960, the French-
administered part of Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroun under
President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form
the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was
renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon in 1984. Large
numbers of Cameroonians live as subsistence farmers. Since 1982 Paul Biya has been President,
governing with his Cameroon People's Democratic Movement party. The country has experienced
tensions coming from the English-speaking territories. Politicians in the English-speaking regions
have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in
the Southern Cameroons National Council) from Cameroon. In 2017, tensions in the English-
speaking territories escalated into open warfare.
Namibia (/nəˈmɪbiə/ ( listen), /næˈ-/),[17][18] officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern
Africa. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the
north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Although it does
not border Zimbabwe, less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River (essentially a small bulge in Botswana
to achieve a Botswana/Zambia micro-border) separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence
from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest
city is Windhoek, and it is a member state of the United Nations (UN), the Southern African Development
Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Commonwealth of Nations.Namibia, the driest
country in Sub-Saharan Africa,[19] was inhabited since early times by the San, Damara, and Nama
peoples. Around the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived as part of the Bantu expansion.
Since then, the Bantu groups, one of which is known as the Ovambo people, have dominated the
population of the country; since the late 19th century, they have constituted a majority.In 1878, the Cape
of Good Hope, then a British colony, had annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin
Islands; these became an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910. In 1884
the German Empire established rule over most of the territory as a protectorate (Schutzgebiet). It began to
develop infrastructure and farming and maintained this German colony until 1915, when South African
forces defeated its military. In 1920, after the end of World War I, the League of Nations mandated the
country to the United Kingdom, under administration by South Africa. It imposed its laws, including racial
classifications and rules.From 1948, with the National Party elected to power, South Africa
applied apartheid also to what was then known as South West Africa.In the later 20th century, uprisings
and demands for political representation by native African political activists seeking independence resulted
in the UN assuming direct responsibility over the territory in 1966, but South Africa maintained de
facto rule. In 1973 the UN recognised the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) as the
official representative of the Namibian people; the party is dominated by the Ovambo, who are a large
plurality in the territory. Following continued guerrilla warfare, South Africa installed an interim
administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990.
However, Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994.Namibia
has a population of 2.6 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy.
Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem
diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals – form the basis of its economy. The large, arid Namib
Desert has resulted in Namibia being overall one of the least densely populated countries in the world