Vei

nui
no
Ot
iong,
Kri
sti
anneS.
J.,
Paci
s,JohnMi
chael
C.,
Rami
rez,
JohnCai
ruB.
Abstract :Veni punct ure,t hepr ocessofobt ainingi ntr
avenous( I
V)access,i sanev erydayi nv asiv epr ocedur ei n
medi calset t
ings.Themaj orpr oblem f acedbyt hedoct orstodayi sdi ff
icult
yinaccessi ngv einsf ori ntra-venousdr ug
deli
ver y&ot hermedi calsi t
uat ion.Bloodcl ot
s,br ui ses,rashes,et c.occur sduet oi mpr operdet ect i
onofv ei
ns.The
vei
npat t
er nisnotobser vableundert hev isi
blelight .Veinscont ai
ndeox ygenatedhemogl obi n-r
ichbl oodt hatal most
compl etelyabsor bsl ightatnear -i
nfraredwav elengt hsatadi stanceofupt osev eralcent imet ers.Neari nfrared
spectr oscopy( NIRS)isani magi ngt echniqueusedi nbot hclinicalandemer gencymedi cine,aswel lasi nr esear ch
l
abor at oriest o quant i
fyand measur et hen oxy genat i
on stat usofhuman t i
ssuenon- i
nv asivelyA non- i
nv asive
subcut aneousv ei
ndet ect i
onsy stem hasbeendev elopedbasedonnearI Rspectroscopyandi nterfacedt oal apt op
tomakei tportablei nor dert oeasev eindet ectionwhenper formi ngmedi calpract ices.Thedev icewast estedby
compar i
ngt hemeansofunpr ocessedhandi mages,handi magesobt ainedf r
om t hedev iceandt hehandi mages
captur edbyt hecommer ciallyav ail
ablev eindet ect i
ondev i
ce.Fi ndingsshowt hatther eisnosi gnificantdi fferencei n
theaccur acyoft hedev i
ce( x=3.67)ascompar edt oacommer ciall
y-avai
lablev eindet ect i
ondev ice( x=3.87) .In
addition, result
sshowt hatther eisasi gnifi
cantdi fferenceint hel ev elofv ei
nv i
sibi
lityupont heappl icat ionoft hev ein
i
magi ngsy stem wi t
hr espectt ounpr ocessedhandi magesorsampl es.Mor eover,t hereismoder at eaccept ancei n
thelev el ofaccept abil
ityoft hedev i
cei nter msoff unct i
onali
ty,usef ulnessandmai ntenance.

Key
wor
ds:Veni
punct
ure,
IRSpect
roscopy
,vei
ndet
ect
ion,
vei
n,bl
ood

▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬♦▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬

INTRODUCTI ON Excessi ve v eni punct ur es ar e bot h t i

me and
Venipunctur e, t he pr ocess of obt aini
ng resour ceconsumi ngev ent scausi nganxi ety ,pain
i
nt r
avenous( I
V)access,i sanev erydayi nvasive anddi sstressi npat i
ent s,orcanl eadt osev ere
procedureinmedi calset ti
ngs( Lamper t
i&Pi t
ti
rut i
, harmf ulinj uri
es( Jur ic&Zal ik,2014) .Chi l
dr enar e
2013).Ithasbeenest imat edt hatther ear
enear ly probabl yt hemostcommonl yst udi edpopul ation
500mi l
li
onv enipunctur esdoneev eryy ear
,95. 2– ast hei rexper iencei smostt raumat ic.Chi ldrencan
97.3per centoft hesear esuccessf uli nthef i
rst be di f f
icul tt o cat het erize due t o l ack of
attempt,whi chindicat est hatitisdif fi
cul
ttof i
nd cooper ation,decr easedamountofsubcut aneous
veinsinar ound14mi ll
ioncasesont hef i
rsttr y fat,andsmal l
erv eins( deNegr i et.al, 2012) .
(Anduig,2015) .Themaj orpr oblem f acedbyt he Locat ingv einsi ny oungchi l
dr enandi nfant smay
doctorst odayi sdi f
ficultyinaccessi ngveinsf or beespeci allydi ffi
cul tandhav i
ngt opunct uret hem
i
nt r
a-venous dr ug del i
very & ot her medi cal sev eralt imeswi thaneedl ei sv er yf rightfuland
sit
uations( Limbad&Par mar ,2014).Anav erageof agoni zingf orthechi ld( Apt e&Bawase, 2015) .
2.35at t
empt sisnecessar yt oinsertaper i
pher al Obesepat ientsar eahi ghl yspeci alizedpopul ation
IVcatheteri nachi l
d(deGr aaffet.al,2013). tomanagewi thint heheal thcar esy stem.Excess
__ __
__ _____
_ ____________
____ _ wei ght cont ribut es t o changes i n pat ients'
anat omyandphy siology( Houst on, 2013) .Ger iatri
c
 Oti
ong,Kr i
sti
anne S.J.StudentofRi zal patient shav ev einswhi chcancol l
apseeasi lydue
Nati
onalSci enceHi gh School,Bat
ingan, tol ossoft heirel asticitywhi lepedi at ri
cpat i
ents
Bi
nangonan,Ri zal,Mobi
le09228522590.E possessv einst hatar et autbutf ragileandv ery
-
mail:krisot
iong@gmai l
.com smal li nsi zecausi ngt hepat ient’sbl oodpr essur e
 Paci
s,JohnMi chaelC.StudentofRi zal tor i
set herebynar rowi ngt hev eins( Ganesh, 2007) .
Nati
onalSci enceHi gh School,Bat
ingan, The ov eral lpr ev alence of obesi t y among US
Bi
nangonan,Ri zal,Mobi
le09178190885.E childrenand adol escent si n 2010 was 16. 9%
-
mail:jmcpacis@yahoo.com assessedt he r elat ionshi p bet ween body mass
 Ramirez,JohnCai ruB.StudentofRi zal i
ndex( BMI )and easeofv enousaccessi n 103
Nati
onalSci enceHi gh School,Bat
ingan, children aged 2 t o 18 y ear sandf oundoutt hat
Bi
nangonan,Ri zal,Mobi
le09155086363.E obesechi ldrenwer emor el ikelyt ohav efai l
edf i
rst-
-
mail:johncair
u@gmai l.
com attempt cannul ations t han l ean cont rols,and
thatobese pat ient swer e mor el ikel yt or equi r
e
2at tempt satcannul at ion( Naf iuet .al,2010) .
Unlikemuscl eandski n, bloodi sast rongabsor ber
ofNI Rr adi ationwhi chcont rast st hesubcut aneous fi
rstf ailur er at e.The exper ienced ER pedi atric
vessel sagai nstski nandmuscl ei nNI Ri magi ng nur sesmostf requent l
y( 73. 5%)def i
nedt heuseof
(Paqui tet .al ,2007) .Hemogl obi nmol ecul ei st he theNI R dev iceaseasy .Phi ppsetal .(2012) ,i n
primar yt r
anspor terofoxy geni nmammal sand anot her st udy t hat assessed per ipher al
manyot herspeci es( Casi day&Fr ey , 2007) . i
nt rav enous cat het eri nser tion car ried outbya
Thev ei npat terni snotobser vabl eundert hev i
si ble neonat alnur sing t eam i n pr eter m and t er m
l
ight ( Yuksel et . al , 2011) . Vei ns cont ain neonat es, r epor ted t hat pat ient s of si mi lar
deoxy genat edhemogl obi n-richbl oodt hatal most gest at ionalage had a hi gher success of I V
compl etel y absor bs l ight at near -
inf rared placementassoci at edwi tht heuseoft heVei n
wav elengt hs at a di st ance of up t o sev eral Imagi ng Sy st em. In anot her cl inical t rial of
cent imet er s.NI Rspect roscopyt akesadv ant ageof per i
pher al I V cat het er i nser ti
on i n pedi atric
thisdi ff erent ialabsor pt iont ocl ear lydi stingui sh i
nt ensi vecar euni t( ICU)pat ient s( 3mont hs–17
thev ei nsf rom t hear ter i
esandt hesur roundi ng year s ol d),f ound t hat t he NI R dev ice was
ti
ssue ( Jur ic & Zal ik, 2014) . Near i nf rared associ ated wi th a shor tert ime t oi dent ify an
spect roscopy( NI RS)i sani magi ngt echni queused appr opr iat ev ei nandaf ewernumberofat tempt s
i
nbot hcl i
ni calandemer gencymedi cine,aswel l requi red compar ed t ot he st andar dt echni que.
as i n r esear ch l abor at or ies t o quant ify and Also,t het imef orI Vpl acementwasshor teri nt he
measur et henoxy genat ionst at usofhumant i
ssue NIRgr oup,ar el ev antf act ori ncr itical l
yi l
lpat ient s
non- inv asi v ely( Bakker ,2012) . (Sunet .al ,2013) .Inanot hercl inicalt ri
alconduct ed
Many st udi es r ev eal ed t he ef ficacy of v ein byHess( 2010) , NI Rdev i
cewasusedbynur sest o
det ect ionsy stem i ni mpr ov ingcat het erizat i
ondue per for m a ser ies of per ipher al I V cat het er
toadecr easei nt henumberofi nj uriesandt i
me i
nser tionsi nagr oupofpat i
ent s( newbor nt o17
spentascausedbysev er alat tempt si npunct ur i
ng year sol d)dur ing pat i
enthospi talizat i
on.I nt his
thev ei n. Int hest udyofBhowmi cket .al( 2005) case,t heuseoft heNI Rdev icewasassoci ated
ent i
tled “ Vei n Det ect ion Sy stem usi ng I nf rared witha31% i mpr ov ementi nf irstst i
cki nser ti
on
Light ”, thest and- al one, por t
abl eNI Rv eindet ect i
on success,a 35% decr ease i nt he number of
sy stem wasabl et ov i
sual izeanddet ectv essel s attempt s,anda39%decr easei nt imer equi redf or
from ant eriorf or ear m. Iti ssuppor tedbyBadshah IVi nser tioncompar edt ohi st oricalcont rol satt he
et.al ’s( 2013)st udy“ Real -ti
mel aw casti nf rared sameuni tusi ngst andar dcar e.Ast udyper for med
vei n i magi ng sy stem” showed ef fi
cacy of byt rai nedphl ebot omi stsl edbyCuperetal .(2011)
i
llumi nat ing a desi red body par twi thi nf rared showedt hatNI Ri magi ngwasassoci atedwi than
l
ight .Lov hoi den et . al ( 2004) on t he cl i
ni cal i
mpr ov edf ai l
ur er at eanddecr easedbl ooddr aw
ev aluat ion of v ein cont rast enhancement ti
me,compar edt ohi stor icalcont rolsi nchi ldren
descr i
bed t he appl icat i
on ofa pr ototy pe v ein aged 0 t o6y ear s ol d.Hi dal go et .al( 2013)
cont rast enhancer sy st em i n 146 pedi atric expl ai ned t he ef fect of t he appl icat ion of
subj ect sandf oundi mpr ov edv i
si bilit
yi n84%.The enhancementt echni quessuchasi magenegat ive,
studypr esent edi nt hisr epor thasdemonst rated grayl ev elsl icing,hi st ogr am equal izat i
on,cont rast
thatanear -i
nf raredi magi ngsy stem canbeused stret chi ng, lapl aci anshar peni ng, unshar pmaski ng,
toai dv eni punct ureandcannul ationi nchi ldr enof highboostf ilter ing,andhi stogr am equal izat ionof
differentages. Inast udyofper i
pher alI Vcat het er highboostf il
ter .Ther esul tshowst hehi stogr am
i
nser tioni nemer gencyr oom ( ER)pat ients,Per ry equal izat ion of hi gh boost f ilt
er ing t echni que
et.al( 2011)r epor tedt hatev ent hought her ewas prov ides bet ter enhancement of v ein
noi mpr ov ementi nt hef i
r stat temptsuccessr at e pat ter n.Accor di ngt oFer rel let .al( 2008)di fferent
associ at edwi tht heuseofVei nVi ewer ,90%oft he NIRi llumi nationscanbecombi nedt oi mpr ov et he
sur vey edpedi at ri
cERnur sesexpr essedt hatt he cont r astofv enousi mager yandt hatt hef orm of
dev icewashel pful indi fficul taccesspat i
ent s. this combi nat ion may v ar y under di fferent
Chapmanetal .( 2011)ev aluat edt heef fi
cacyof phy si ologi cal char act eristics.
Vei nVi eweri nagr oupofpat ient s( 0–17y ear sol d)
compar edt ot hatofst andar dcar e.Thei rr esul ts
showedt hatt her ewasnoi mpr ov ementi nt imet o MATERI
ALSANDMETHODS
per i
pher alI V cat het er pl acement ,number of
attempt s,orpai nscor esi ncasesassoci at edwi th Preparati
onofMateri
als
useoft hedev ice.Howev er ,asubgr oupanal ysi sof The mat er
ial
s used i n the study were
chi l
dr en( 0–2y ear sol d)demonst ratedabenef i
ti n purchased i
nt he l
ocalmar
ketsuchas E-
per i
pher alI Vcat het eri nser tiont imeandal ower gi
zmoMechat roni
xCenterl
ocat
edatTaftAve.
,
Malat
e,Mani
la,Ci
rcuit
-helpi
nKatipunan,Quezon addi
ti
on,morehol
esweredr
il
ledont
healuminum
Ci
tyandDeecoEl ect
ronicsCent
erinC. M.Recto casi
ngfort
heswit
ches,
andRCAfemaleadapt
ers.
Av
enue,St
a.Cruz,
Mani l
a.
Programmi ngt heDevice
Wi r
ingtheLEDs The r esearchers used an ar
dui
no sket
ch i
n
High power ed i
nfrar
ed LEDs wer e powered by uploading t he f ollowi
ng code t o the
establi
shingacommongr oundfortheseLEDsand microcontroll
er:
connectingthecathodestotheground( GND).The
anodeswer econnectedtosepar atedigi
talpins, i
ntledPins[
]={9,
10,11,
12};/
/di
gital
Pindecl
arat
ion
representi
ngeachsetofcircul
arl
yarrangedLEDs. i
ntCount=4; //t
otalnumberofpins
v
oi dsetup(
){
Wi r
ingt heCamer a f
or( i
ntiPi
n=0; i
Pin<Count;i
Pin++){
Thecamer ausedwasaTTLSer i
alCamer ainiti
all
y pinMode(l
edPins[
iPi
n],
OUTPUT) ;
designedf orsur veil
l
ancepur poses.Themodul e }
could snap pi ct
ures at640x480,320x240 or }
160x120i nJPEGf ormat .Inaddi t
ion, t
hecamer ais
sensitiv
et oInfrar
edLi ght.Thecamer awassetup v
oi dloop(){
bysol deri
ngt hewiresatt heconnect i
onpads.The f
or( i
ntiPin=0;iPi
n<Count
;iPi
n++){
researchersusedt he+5V pi n,Gr oundpi n,CBVS pinMode(ledPi
ns[
iPi
n],HI
GH);
pin and CVBS gr ound pi n.
The wi res weret hen }
connect edtot heAr duino Uno,anopensour ce }
comput ing pl at
form based on a si mpl e
i
nput /output(I/O)boar dandt heuseofst andar d Select ionofRespondent s
programmi ngl anguage;i notherwor ds,itisat ool Iti s wel lest ablished t hatwhen dev elopi ng a
forimpl ement i
ngapr ogr am y ouhav edesi gned. medi caldev ice,i tisi mpor tantt oi nv ol v
e and
Thewi reswer econnect edt otheirassi gnedpi ns. consi derdi ff
er entper spectivesatev eryst ageof
the dev el
opmentl i
fecycle,t o optimi ze cl ini
cal
TestingtheCamer a usabi li
ty, i mpr ov e pat ient saf ety, r educe
TheAr duinoUnowasconnect edtoal apt
opusing dev elopmentt i
meandcost s,andachi ev ehi gher
aUSBcabl e.Thecodeswereprogrammedi nt
othe l
ev elsofpat ientandusersat i
sfact
ion,whi chal l
ArduinoSof t
wareanduploadedtot heboard.To resulti nahigherqual it
yendpr oduct(Money ,et.al
,
testthecamer a,aCVBSj ackwasconnect edto 2011) .Furthermor e,mostoft hem do notev en
theCVBSandCVBSgr oundpi n.A digi
talvi
deo ment i
on any sor t of heal t
h pr of
essi onal s'or
recorder(DVR)wasusedtoconnectt hecamerato accur acyassessment sdur ingt hei
rdev el opment ,
thelaptopf orit
svi
deoout
put . whi chquest i
onst heirqual i
tyi ndeli
v eringheal t
h-
rel
at edi ntervent i
ons( Bender ,et.al,2013) .
Int his
Const ruct i
onoft heDev ice study ,apur posi ver esearchgr oupcomposedof30
The r esear chers used an acr yl
ic glass wher ein children aged 1- 10 y ear s ol d wher eby t he
holeswer edr i
l
ledf ortheLEDs.Addi ti
onalhol es resear cherst eamed up wi th 30 cl i
nici ans and
wer edr i
lledatt hecent erofeachLEDar rayf orthe otherheal thpr ofessionalswasest ablished,wi th
camer a.TheLEDar raysweref i
rstinstalledwi t
ha the ai m t o ev aluatet he desi gn and pr otot ype
commongr ound,aser i
esci r
cuitwasest abl
ished throughmul ti
pl ei terati
onsf rom thecl inicaland
betweent heLEDsi neachar ray.
Next ,thecamer a techni calpoint sofv i
ew.
was pl aced att he mi ddle oft he LED ar ray ,
exposi ngi tsmanual lyadjustedl ens.Theboar d
wasi nst alledatt het opoft heacr yl
icsheet ,along
wi t
ht heLED andcamer aconnect ions.Thewi res
from theLEDar ray swer eseparatelyconnect edt o
each oft he assi gned digit
alpi ns.Fur thermor e,
swi t
cheswer einst al
ledbetweent hecamer asand
theCVBSj ack.

Prot
otypi
ngtheCasi
ng
The resear
cher
s used an aluminum casing
wherei
ntheacryl
i
cglasswasi
nstal
l
edont op.In
Test
ingoft
heDev
ice l
ev elofacceptabi
l
ityofthedevi
cetothemedical
professional
s in t er
ms of i t
s funct
ional
it
y,
usefulnessandmaintenance.

RESULTSANDDI
SCUSSI
ON

Pri
ce(i
n
Mat
eri
als Qt
y.
Peso)

TTLSer
ial
Camer
a 4 8400

Ar
dui
noUno(
SecondHand) 1 800

NearI
nfr
aredLED 64 352

Sol
i
dWi
re 5m 30

Mal
etoMal
eWi
res 25 175

RCAFemal
eAdapt
er 1 50
Fi
gur
e1.Fl
owchar
toft
heSy
stem
Toggl
eSwi
tch 4 80
Imageacqui siti
oni st hef ir
stst epi nanyi mage
processi ng appl ications f r
om setdi stance wi th Al
umi
num Body 1 1000
properi l
lumi nat i
on. I
mageenhancementi samong
TOTAL 10887
thesi mpl estandmostappeal ingar easofdi gital
i
magepr ocessi ng.Thei deabehi ndenhancement
techni quesi st obr i
ngoutdet ailt hati sobscur ed Tabl
e1.CostofPr
oduct
ion
orsi mpl yt ohi ghli
ghtcer tai
nf eat uresofi nteresti n
ani mage.Thi si sv erysubj ect i
v ear eaofi mage Thedev icewasconst ructedusi nglocal
lyav ail
able
processi ng.Thechoi ceofal gor ithm useddepends mat eri
als.Thedev i
ceusedaMCU- basedi nfrared
on t he nat ure oft he i mage acqui r ed.Cont rast sensiti
veser i
alcamer aandanar rayofi nfrared
enhancement s i mpr ove t he per cept i
bi l
it
y of LEDs.The st udy focused on a ser i
alcamer a
object si nt hescenebyenhanci ngt hebr ightness programmi ng and st orage usi ng Arduino Uno
diff
erencebet weenobj ectsandt heirbackgr ounds. microcont roll
er. The mat erials used i n t he
developmentoft hev eindet ectorwerepur chased
Cont rastenhancement sar etypi callyper formedas
atE- gi
zmo Mechat r
onixCent erlocated atTaf t
a cont rast st retch f oll
owed by a t onal
Ave.,Mal ate,Mani l
a,Ci rcuit
-helpi n Katipunan,
enhancement ,al t hough t hese coul d bot h be QuezonCi tyandDeecoEl ect r
onicsCent erinC.M.
perfor medi nonest ep.Di splayi susedf ordi splay RectoAv enue,Sta.Cruz,Mani l
a.
i
magef i
nali mageoncomput er .Int hati magewe
see t he cl ear di ffer
ence bet ween v ein and DataPr esentati
on
backgr ound.I nor dert oat t
aint hemai nobj ectives Thepr esentati
onoft hedat aisdividedi nt
of our
i
nt hisst udy ,ther esear chmet hodol ogywi llbe parts,(1)t hecostofpr oducti
onoft hedev i
ce( 2)
compr isedoft hreeset -
upswi th30subj ect sand thel evelofaccept abili
tyofVei nui
noasper ceiv ed
30ev aluat orsthatwasconduct edi nMay2017. by medi cal pr ofessi onals with r espect t o
functionalit
y,usef ulness and mai nt
enance ( 3)
Stati
sti
calAnal ysis
weight ed arit
hmet i
c mean i nterms ofv i
sibilit
y
The r esearchers used Mi crosoft Excel Dat a
betweent hedev iceand anunpr ocessed subj ect
Analysi
sofMi crosoftExcel2013i ncomputingf or
the t -
test whi ch det ermines t he diff
erence and ( 4)wei ghted ar i
thmet i
c mean int erms of
betweent hev isi
bil
ityoftheunpr ocessedsubj ect accur acybet weent hedev iceandacommer cially-
andt hesubj ectputundert hei mplementati
onof availabledev i
ce.
the dev i
ce and t he di ff
er ence between t he
accuracy oft he device and t he commer cially
-
avail
ablev ei
ndet ectiondev iceindetermini
ngt he
 FUNCTI
ONALITYOFTHE USEFULNESSOFTHE
Wx VI Wx VI
PROJECT PROJECT

1.Thev ei
ndetect
ionsy
stem 1.Thev ei
niseasi
l
ydet
ect
ed
3.
73 MA
provi
desadequate 3.
8 andclearl
yshown.
MA
i
ll
uminat i
ont
oenablevein
i
magi ng. 2.Thedev
icedispl
ays
4 EA
accur
atevei
nimages.
2.Thedevi
cedi
spl
aysact
ual
4.
2 EA 3.Thedevicedecreasest
he
vei
nimages.
ti
mespentf orvei
n 3.
67 MA
3.Thedevi
ceprov
ides detect
ion.
4.
067 EA
speci
fi
cvei
nlocat
ions.
4.Thedevicei
mpr
ovesthe
4.
067 EA
4.Thedevi
ceenables percept
ionoft
hevei
n.
vari
ousvei
nlocat
ionsalong 4.
03 EA
thesubj
ectt
obedi spl
ayed. 5.Thedevi
ceisef
fect
ivef
or
3.
83 MA
vei
ndetect
ion.
5.Thesyst
em allowst he
speci
alf
eaturesoft he Mean 3.
8594 MA
3.
9 MA
devi
cetodisplayrealt
ime
foot
age.

Mean 3.
9994 MA
Table3.Computedmeanont helevelof
acceptabi
li
tyofVei
nuinoaspercei
vedbymedi cal
professi
onal
swithrespectt
ousefulness.
Table2.Computedmeanont hel
evelof
acceptabil
it
yofVei
nuinoaspercei
vedbymedi cal Theper cepti
onofthemedi calprofessi
onal
st othe
professi
onal
swit
hr espectt
ofunct
ional
it
y. device interms ofusef ulness has an average
weightedmeanof3. 8594,v erbal
l
yi nt
erpr
etedas
Theper cepti
onofthemedicalprof
essi
onal
st othe “ModeratelyAccept
ed.”
deviceint ermsoff uncti
onal
it
yhasanav erage
weightedmeanof3. 9994,ver
ball
yint
erpr
etedas The f ourthi ndicator,“the dev ice impr oves t he
“ModeratelyAccept
ed.” percept i
onoft hev ein”rankedf ir
stwi thawei ghted
meanof4. 067,v erball
yi nt
er pretedas“ ext
remel y
Indicatornumber2,“ the dev i
ce displaysact ual accept ed.”Fol lowedbyi ndicat ornumber2,“ t
he
veinimages”r ankedf irstwithawei ghtedmeanof device di splay s accurat ev eini mages”wi tha
4.2,v erballyi nterpretedas“ extremelyaccept ed. ” weighted mean of4. 0,v erbal l
yi nterpreted as
Followed by i ndicator number 3,“ the dev ice “extr
emel y accept ed.”I ndicatornumber5,“ t
he
prov i
desspeci ficv einl ocati
ons”wi t
hawei ght ed devicei sef fectiveforv eindet ect i
on”r ankedt hir
d
meanof4. 067,v erballyinterpretedas“ extr
emel y withawei ght edmeanof3. 83,v erballyinter
pr eted
accept ed.”I ndicatornumber4, “t
hedev iceenabl es as “ moder at ely accepted.”The f irstand t hir
d
various v einl ocat i
ons al ong t he subjectt o be i
ndicat or,“thev ei
ni seasi l
ydet ect
edandcl earl
y
displayed”r ankedt hirdwi thawei ght
edmeanof shown”and“ thedev icedecr easest het imespent
4.03,v erballyi nterpretedas“ extremelyaccept ed. ” forv ei
ndet ect i
on”r ankedf our t
handf i
fthwi t
ha
Thef ifthi ndicat or,“t
hesy stem al l
owst hespeci al weighted mean of3. 73 and 3. 67 r espect i
vely,
featuresoft hedev i
cet odisplayr ealti
mef ootage” verball
yi nterpretedasmoder atelyaccept ed.
”
and f irsti ndicat or,“ t
he v ein det ecti
on sy st em
prov i
des adequat ei ll
umi nation t o enabl ev ein
i
magi ng”r ankedf ourt
handf ift
hr espect i
vel
ywi th
a mean of3. 9 and 3. 8,v erballyint
er pret
ed as
“moder atelyaccept ed.”
 MAI
NTENANCEOFTHE
Wx VI
PROJECT

1.Int
imesof
tr
oubl
eshooti
ng,thedevi
ce 4 EA
canbeeasi
lyrepair
ed.

2.Themat
eri
alsusedar
e
4.
3 EA
l
ocall
y–av
ail
able

3.Thepart
sorcomponent
s
ofthedev
icepl
acear
eeasy 4.
03 EA
tofi
nd. Gr
aph1.LevelofVei
nvisi
bil
i
tyi
nthet
hree(
3)set
-
ups.
4.MaintenancePr
ocess
3.
93 MA
requi
reslessti
meandcost
.
Standard Mean
5.Thedevi
ceisofl
ow Tr
eat
ment Mean df t
c t
z
H V
4.
3 EA Deviat
ion Dif
f. 0 1

maint
enance.
Unpr
oceesed
1.
5 0.
861
HandImage
Mean 4.
112 EA 2.
17 58 8.
11 1.
67 R S
Vei
nui
no 3.
67 1.
184
]

Table4.Computedmeanont helevelof
acceptabi
li
tyofVei
nuinoasper cei
vedbymedi cal Tabl
e5.Thest
ati
sti
calvaluesbet
weenthe
pr
ofessi
onalswit
hr espectt
omai nt
enance. visi
bil
i
tyoft
heunprocessedsubj
ectandt
he
Veinuino
Theper cepti
onofthemedicalprofessi
onal
st othe
deviceint er
msofmai nt
enancehasanav erage Int ermsofv einv i
sibil
it
y,theunpr ocessedhand
weightedmeanof4. 112,verball
yi nt
erpr
etedas i
mageobt ainedanav eragemeanof1. 5,v erbal ly
“Ext
r emelyAccept
ed.” i
nt erpreted as“ l
owlyaccept ed.”Meanwhi l
e,t he
dev elopedl ow costsubcut aneousv ei
ndet ect or
Indicators number2,“ The mat eri
al s used ar e (Veinui no)obt ained an av erage mean of3. 67,
l
ocal ly–av ai
lable”andnumber5, “Thedev i
cei sof verbal l
yi nterpreted as “ moder ately accept ed. ”
l
owmai ntenance”bot hrankedf ir
stwi thawei ghted Sincet hecomput edt-valueof8. 11i shighert han
mean of4. 3,v erball
yi nterpreted as “ extremel y the cr it
ical v alue of 1. 67 at 0. 05 l ev el of
accept ed.”Followedbyi ndicatornumber3,“ t
he significancewi th58degr eesoff reedom,t henul l
par t
sorcomponent soft hedev icepl acear eeasy hypot hesi sisr eject
ed.Thus,t herei sasi gni ficant
tof ind.”wi t
hawei ghtedmeanof4. 03,v erbally difference bet ween t he v ein v isibil
i
ty of an
i
nt erpreted as “ extremel y accept ed. ”I ndi cator unpr ocessedhandi mageandt heimagepr oduced
number1,“ I
nt i
mesoft roubleshoot ing,t hedev i
ce byt heVei nuino.
can be easi l
yr epair
ed” r anked t hird wi tha
wei ghted mean of4. 0,v erball
yi nt erpreted as
“extremel y accept ed.” The f ourth i ndicator,
“mai ntenancePr ocessr equireslesst imeandcost ”
ranked f our
th wi th a mean of 3. 93,v erbally
i
nt erpretedas“ moder atelyaccept ed.”
 Tr
eat
ment Mean
Standar
Deviat
i
d
on
Mean
Dif
f.
df t
c t
z
H
0
V
1
thatgr eatl
yimpr ovedthemanuscr i
pt.Wewoul d
also li
ke t o show ourgr ati
tude to Mr .Shi nj
i
3.
67 1.
184 ArasawaandMr .JoshuaRazonf orsharingtheir
Vei
nui
no
pearlsofwi sdom withusdur i
ngt hecourseoft his
F N
Commer ci
all
y 0.
2 58 0.
71 1.
67
R S research.Toourpar entsfortheunconditi
onallov e
-
avail
abl
ev ei
n
det
ecti
on
3.
87 0.
973 andsuppor t
,thanky ou.Lastly
,toourf r
iendsand
devi
ce fell
owr esearchers,whosuppor t
edandl i
ftedusup
i
nt imesofpr essureaspar tofaccomplishingthe
Table6.Thestati
sti
calval
uesbetweenthe wholest udy.
accuracyoftheVeinui
noandt hecommerci
all
y-
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Pat ter n Det ect ion Sy stem Usi ng Cost -Ef f
ect ive
 APPENDI
XA
Sampl
eImagesf
rom t
heTr
ial
s

Sampl
eImagesofUnpr
ocessedHandI
mages

Sampl
eImagesf
rom aCommer
cial
l
-avai
l
abl
eVei
nDet
ect
ionDevi
ce

Sampl
eImagesf
rom Vei
nui
no
 APPENDI
XB
St
ati
sti
cal
Comput
ati
on

I
ndependetT-
Testbet
weenthel
evelofvei
nvi
sibi
l
ityoftheunpr
ocessedhandi
mage
andimageobtai
nedf
romVei nuino

I
ndependetT-
Testbet
weentheaccur
acyofacommer
cial
l
y-avai
l
abl
evei
n
det
ect
iondevi
ceandVei
nui
no