TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No. CONTENT Page No.

1. Acknowledgement

2. About :
Introduction 5
Types 5
Advantages 6
Disadvantages 6

3. Design details :
Design data 7
Assumptions 7
7
Design of Planks
8
Design of cross beam
11
Influence line Diagram 14
Forces on members 19
Wind load calculations 22
Final design 23
Design of rakers 29
Design of Bearing Plates 31

4. Drawings :
Joint U0 32
Joint U1 U2 U3 U4 33
Joint U5 34
Joint L0 35
Joint L1 L2 L3 L4 36
Joint L5 37

5. References

4
 INTRODUCTION
A footbridge or person on foot connect is a scaffold intended for walkers and now and
again cyclists, creature movement and stallion riders, as opposed to vehicular activity.
Footbridges supplement the scene and can be utilized beautifully to outwardly connect
two particular zones or to flag an exchange. In numerous created nations, footbridges
are both useful and can be lovely masterpieces and figure. For poor provincial groups
in the creating scene, a footbridge might be a group's just access to medicinal centers,
schools and markets, which would some way or another be inaccessible when
waterways are too high to cross. Straightforward suspension connect outlines have
been created to be reasonable and effectively constructible in such rustic zones
utilizing just neighborhood materials and work.

An encased footbridge between two structures is in some cases known as a skyway.

Scaffolds accommodating the two people on foot and cyclists are regularly alluded to
as green extensions and frame a vital piece of economical transport development
towards more reasonable urban areas. Footbridges are frequently arranged to enable
people on foot to cross water or railroads in territories where there are no adjacent
streets to require a street connect. They are likewise situated crosswise over streets to
give walkers a chance to cross securely without backing off the activity. The last is a
kind of passerby detachment structure, cases of which are especially found close
schools, to help counteract kids running before moving autos.

Sorts of footbridge (which are not likewise kinds of street connect) include:

• Simple suspension connect

• Clapper connect

• Moon connect

• Step-stone extension
5
• Zig-zag connect

Kinds of private scale footbridges include:

• Plank

• Boardwalk

• Joisted

• Simple truss

The private scale footbridges all traverse a short separation and can be utilized for an
expansive scope of uses. Entangled building isn't required and the footbridges are
worked with promptly accessible materials and fundamental tools.

Distinctive sorts of plan footbridges include:

• Timber footbridges
• Steel footbridges
• Concrete footbridges

Favorable circumstances

Gives protected and economical intersections and gives specialized help to nearby
government and groups require straightforward, effortlessly connected rules on the
6
determination and development of compelling water intersections. Much rustic travel
happens on nearby ways, tracks and town streets. These give basic access to water,
kindling, cultivate plots and the grouped street organize. Groups or potentially nearby
government are by and large in charge of this foundation.

Disadvantage

One of the primary issues that groups and additionally nearby governments confront
when managing building footbridges is in giving powerful water intersections.
Especially in the stormy season, the absence of a satisfactory intersection can
counteract access to administrations, or temporary routes of numerous km or going for
broke, particularly by ladies and kids, on a hazardous intersection.

7
Design data of foot over bridge
Clear span = 21m
Width of carriageway = 25m
Cross girder spaced at centers = 2.1m
Type of truss configuration = N type

Assumptions:
Dead load and live load loads IS 875 part I &II
Wind loading IS 875 part III
Pedestrian loading = 4000 N/m2
Flooring to be made timber planks

Design of planking:
Span = 2.1 m
Assume the thickness of planking = 60 mm
Dead load of planking:
= (60×1000) ×8000 [dead load of wood = 8000 N/m3]
= 480 N/m2
Live load = 4000 N/m2
Total load = 4480 say 4500 N/m2

For 1 m width of timber planking

Total load = 4500 N/m2
Maximum bending moment = wl2/8
= [4500×(2.1)2]/8 =2480.625 N/m
Equating this moment of resistance, we have
(1/6)fbd2 = 2480.62×1000

(1/6)×f×1000×(60)2 = 2480.625×1000
f = 2480.625/600 = 4.135 N/m2
Where permissible value of bending stress
f = 10 N/mm2
Maximum shear force = wl2/2
= (4500×2.1)/2 = 4725 N

8
Mean shear stress = w/bd
= 4500/(60×1000) = 0.075 N/mm2
Maximum shear stress = 1.5× mean shear stress
= 1.5× 0.075 = 0.1125 N/mm2

Safe shear stress = 0.8 N/mm2

M.I of section of strip = bd3/12
=1000×(60)3/12 = 18×106 mm4

Maximum deflection seen δ =

=

= 6.33 mm
Allowable/permissible deflection = span/325
= 2100/325 =6.46mm

Design of cross beams

Clear width of footway = 2.5m
Assume the center to center distance between two girders
= 2.5+0.3 = 2.8m

Load transmitted to one girder from the flooring

= 2×2.5×4500 = 23625N
Self weight of the beam (assumed)
=300 N
Total load = 23925 N
Bending moment = wl/8

= (23925×2.8)/8 = 8373.75 Nm
Permissible bending stress = .66×fy

σbc = 0.66×250 = 165 N/m

As we know that section modulus (Z) is given by

9
 Z = M/ σbc

= (8373.75×1000)/165 = 50750 mm3

Using steel table we found that the permissible channel section that can be used for
Z = 50.750 cm3 is

ISLC 125 with value of Zxx = 57.1 cm3

Seismic coefficient method using IS 1893
αh = βIαo
Zone IV αo = 0.05
β = 1.0 (for type II medium soil)
I = 1.5 (important bridges)

αh = 0.05×1×1.5 = .075
Fh = Horizontal seismic force

Fh = αh × wm

= 6200 × 0.075 = 465 N/m

Dead load transmitted from cross beam

= 696.42 N/m or say 700 N/m
Weight of one truss assumed
= 400 N/m
Total dead load = 700 + 400 = 1100 N/m
Live load on one truss = (4000 × 2.5)/2 = 5000 N/m

2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1

10
= (8.4 × 12.6)/(21 × 1.8) = (8.4 × 12.6)/(21 × 2)
= 2.80 = 2.5

Maximum tension in the member L3 L4

= Area of Influence line diagram × load intensity

= (1/2)×21×2.80×6100 = (1/2)×21×2.5×6100
= 179340/150 = 1195 m2 = 161406/150 = 1076 m2

Allowing a stress of 150 N/m , Net area required for this member
= 162750/150 = 1085 m2

Weight of two truss including bracing

= 1085 × 0.785 = 851 N/m
Weight of one truss including bracing
= 851/2 = 425.5 N/m
Hence safe

11
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U10 U10

L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10

(9/10)*(4.2/2) = 0.945

U0U1 & L0L2 = 0.945

(8/10)*(6.3/2) = 1.68

U1U2 & L1L2 = 1.68

(7/10)*(6.3/2) = 2.205

U2U3 & L2L3 = 2.205

(6/10)*(8.4/2) = 2.5

U3U4 & L3L4 = 2.5

(5/10)*(8.4/2) = 2.625

U4U5 & L4L5 = 2.625

Figure 1: Influence line Diagram for Horizontal Member

12
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U10 U10

L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10

x= 0
y = 2.1

y
y

x= 0.23
2.1 y = 1.87
x
y 16.8
x=
y 0.47
y = 1.63
x
4.2

y 14.7 y
x= 0.70
x y = 1.40
6.3

y 12.6
y
x= 0.93

x y = 1.17
8.4

y 10.5 y

Figure 2: Influence line Diagram for Vertical Member

13
U0 U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U10 U10

L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9 L10
h1 = 1.32

h1= 1.178

y h2 = 0.145

x
y

h1= 1.03
y h2 = 0.29
h2

x
y
h1

h1= 0.885
h3 = 0.435
y

x y

h1= 0.745
y h2 = 0.585

x
y

Figure 3: Influence line Diagram for Diagonal Member

14
 Forces in various members of truss
1. For loading condition 1.
Dead load + Live Load that had been already worked out i.e. = 6200 N/m

Top chord members

All members are compression members, maximum force will be there when whole span is loaded
Member U0U1
= 6200×(1/2)×21×0.94 = 61519.5 N
Member U1U2

= 6200×(1/2)×21×1.68 = 109368 N
Member U2U3
= 6200×(1/2)×21×2.205 = 143545.5 N
Member U3 U4
= 6200×(1/2)×21×2.5 = 162750 N
Member U4 U5

= 6200×(1/2)×21×2.625 = 170887.5 N
So maximum compressive force in top chord will be 170887.5 N

Bottom chord members

These are the tension members
Member L0 L1
There will be no force in this member
Member L1 L2
The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U0 U1 i.e.
= 61519.5 N (Tensile)
Member L2 L3

15
 The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U1 U2 i.e.

= 109368 N (Tensile)
Member L3 L4
The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U2 U3 i.e.

= 143545.5 N (Tensile)
Member L4 L5
The tensile force in this member will be numerically equal to the force in compressive
member U3 U4 i.e.

= 162750 N (Tensile)
So maximum compressive force in bottom chord will be 162750 N

Vertical Members
Member U0 L0
This is the compression member. Maximum compression in this member will occur when the
whole span is loaded

Maximum compression in U0 L0
= 6200×(1/2)×21×(9/10) = 58590 N (Compressive)
Member U1 L1
Area of +ve zone of ILD
= (1/2)×(16.8+1.87)×(8/10) = 7.468
Area of -ve zone of ILD
= (1/2)×(2.1+0.23)×(1/10) = 0.1165

Dead load in this member

= 1200(7.468 – 0.1165) = 8521.8 N (Compressive)
Live load compression
= 5000×7468 =37240 N (Compressive)
Live load tension
= 5000×1.165 = 582.5 N (Tension)

16
 Extreme forces in this member
8821.8 + 37340 = 46161.8 (compressive)
8821.8 – 582.5 = 8239.3 (compressive)
Member U2 L2

Area of +ve zone

= (1/2)×(14.7 + 1.63)× (7/10) = 5.71units2
Area of –ve zone
= (1/2)×(4.2+0.47)×(2/10) = 0.467 units2
Dead load
= 1200×(5.71-0.467) = 6291.6 N (compressive)

Live load compression

= 5.71×5000 =28550 N
Live load tensile
= 0.467 × 5000 = 2335 N
Load on extreme values
6291.6 + 28550 = 34841.6 N (compressive)

6291.6 – 2335 = 3956.6 N (compressive)

Member U3 L3
Area of +ve zone
= (1/2)×(14)× (6/10) = 4.2
Area of –ve zone
=(1/2)×(7)×(3/10) = 1.05

Dead load
= 1200×(4.2-1.05) = 3780 N (compressive)
Live load compression
= 5000×4.2 = 21000 N (compressive)
Live load tensile
5000×1.05 = 5250 N (Tension)

17
 Load on extreme values
3780 + 21000 = 24780 (compressive)
3780 – 5250 = 1470 N (tensile)
Member U4 L4

Area of +ve zone

=(1/2)×(11.67)×(5/10) = 2.91
Area of –ve zone
= (1/2)×(9.33)× (4/10) = 1.866
Dead load
1200×(2.91+1.86) = 1269 N

Live load compression

= 5000×2.91 = 14550 N
Live load tensile
5000×1.86 = 9300 N
Load on extreme values
1260 + 14550 = 15810 (compressive)

1260 – 9330 = 8040 N (tensile)

Diagonal Members
Force in U0 L1

= Force in U0 L0 cosecθ
= 58590×1.45 = 84955.5 N (Tensile)
Force in U1 L2
= Force in U1 L1 cosecθ
= 46161.8 × 1.45 = 66934.610 N (Tensile)
Force in U2 L3

= Force in U2 L2 cosecθ
= 34841.6 × 1.45 = 50520.320 N (Tensile)
Force in U3 L4

18
 = Force in U3 L3 cosecθ
Tensile force = 247870 ×1.45 = 39846 N
Compressive force = 1470 × 1.45 = 2131.5 N
Force in U4 L5

= Force in U4 L4 cosecθ
Tensile force = 15810×1.45 = 22924.5 N
Compressive force = 8040×1.45 =11658 N

19
 Wind load calculations
Basic wind speed for delhi zone is vb = 47 m/s
Design wind speed at any height z is given by
Vz = Vb K1 K2 K3 K4
K1 = Probablity factor (risk factior)

K2 = Terrain roughness and HF

K3 = Topography factor
K4 = importance factor
Using IS 875 we came to know that
From table 1: Risk factor for different classes of structure in different wind speed zones.
K1 = 1.07

From table 2:
K2 = 0.8
Topography factor (K3) = 1.00 for as slope < 30
Importance factor for cyclonic region (K4)
As our structure is a post cyclonic importance
Pz = 0.6 Vz2

Vz = 47×1.07×0.5×1.0 =40.232 m/s

Pz = 0.6×40.232 = 971.168 N/m2
But design wind pressure (Pd) is calculated as follows
Pd = Kd Ka Kc Pz
Kd = wind directionality factor
Ka = area average ring factor

Kc = combination factor
Pd = 0.9×0.9×1.0×971.168 = 786.65 N/m2
20
 Table 1: Dimensions of chords

S.No. Details of exposed Width (mm) Depth (mm) Face (mm) Total length
area (mm)
1. Top chord 60 120 60 21
2. Bottom chord 60 120 60 21
3. End post 60 120 60 2×2.0
4. Verticals 60 60 60 9×2.0
5. Diagonals 60 60 60 10×2.9

Gusset for top chord @ 0.25 m2

11×0.005 = 0.055m2
Same for bottom chord @ 0.25 m2
11×0.005 = 0.055m2

Wind load on windward and leeward girder both is as follows

Wind Load
On top girder chord
= 786.65 × 21 × .06 = 1982 N
On bottom chord
= 786.65 × 21 × .06 = 1982 N
On end posts
= 4×2.0×0.06×786.65 =755.185 N

On diagonal
= 10×2.0×0.06×786.65 = 2737.5 N
On verticals in between
= 9×2×0.06×786.65 = 1699.16 N
Gusset for top chord
= 11×.005×786.65×2 = 86.53 N

For bottom chord

= 11×.005×786.65×2 = 86.53 N
Basic design wind pressure for unloaded conditions
21
 Pd = 2354.4 N/m2
Wind load on top chord
= (1982×2354.4)/786.65 = 5932 N (296 N)
Wind load on bottom chord

= 5932 N (296 N)
Wind load on vertical end posts = 2260 N
On diagonal member = 8185 N
On verticals in between = 5080 N

22
 Table 2: Design forces in Newton

Member Combination 1 Combination 2 Combination 3 Design loads

Dead load + Live load Dead load + wind load Dead + Live + wind
Comp. Tension Comp. Tension Comp. Tension Comp. Tension
Top chord
U0 U1 61519.5 12234.78 61619.5
U1 U2 109368 21517.32 109468.00
170987.50
U2 U3 143545.5 28291.00 143645.5
U3 U4 162750 323036.25 16289.50
U4 U5 170887.5 33623.00 170987.50
Bottom
chord
L0 L1 5932.00 100.00
L1 L2 61519.5 17866.70 61619.50
L2 L3 109368 27144.32 109468.00 162850.00
L3 L4 143545.5 33923.00 143645.50
L4 L5 162750 39255.00 162850.00
Verticals
U0 L0 58590.00 11625.00 58685.00
U1 L1 46161.80 9106.00 46256.80
U2 L2 34841.60 6756.60 34936.60 58685.00 8040.00
U3 L3 24780.00 1470.00 4065.00 24875.00 1470.00
U4 L4 15810.00 8040.00 1545.00 15905.00 8040.00
U5 L5 285 95
Diagonals
U0 L1 84955.50 16976.32 850.50
U1 L2 66934.61 13201.01 67029.61
U2 L3 50520.34 9532.82 50615.32 11658.00 85050.00
U3 L4 2131.50 39846.00 5891.00 2131.50 39041.00
U4 L5 11658.00 22924.50 2237.00 11658.00 23019.5

23
 The final Design of Girder of Foot Over Bridge
Top chord of the Girder
Design force = 170987.5 N (Compressive)

Length of Top chord = 2.1 m or 2100mm

Try Double L‟s 60×60×10
Area = 2200 mm2
r = 1.78 cm or 17.8 mm
Slenderness ratio = l/r
= (0.85×2100)/17.8 = 100.2

or say l/r = 100

For value of l/r = 100, safe compressive stress = 80 N/mm2
Safe load
= 80×2200 = 176000 N
But the maximum load that chord has to bear is 170987.5 N
Hence safe
Other top chord member will be designed in the same way

Bottom chord of the Girder

Design force = 162850.00 N

Safe tensile force = 150 N/mm2

Net area required
A(req) = 162850.00/150 = 1085.66mm2
Try Double L‟s 60×60×10
Gross area
A(g) = 2200 mm2

Diameter of rivets = 20mm

Making allowance for 4 rivet hole
24
 4 ×d×t = 4×21.5×10 = 860mm2
So, Net area available
Anet = 2200 – 860 = 1340 mm2
A(req) = 1085 mm2

Hence safe

Vertical members
Member U0 L0
Compressive force = 58685.00 N
Length of member = 2.0 m
Since the end vertical members it is desirable to provide a double section
Try Double L‟s 60×60×10
Area = 2200 mm2

r = 1.78 cm or 17.8 mm
Slenderness ratio = l/r
= (0.85×2100)/17.8 = 95.50
for value of l/r = 95.50, safe compressive stress = 84.5 N/mm2
Safe load
= 84.5×2200 = 185900 N
Hence safe

Member U1 L1
Compressive force = 46256.8 N
Length of member = 2.0 m
Try single L‟s 60×60×10
Area = 1100 mm2
r = 1.15cm or 11.5 mm

Slenderness ratio = l/r

= (0.85×2000)/11.5 = 147.5
Permissible compressive stress 50.22 N/mm2

25
 so the total allowable load is
50.22 × 1100 = 55242 N
Hence safe
Member U2L2 , U3L3 , U4 L4 and U5 L5 can be designed in the same way with one LS
60×60×10 for compressive force
For Tension force in U4 L4
Maximum tension = 1470 N
Effective area for single angle Tension

= A1 + A2 K
A1 = Net section area of connected leg
= (60-5)×10-21×10 = 340 mm2
A2 = Net section area of outstanding leg
= (60-5)×10 = 550mm2
K = 3A1/(3A1+A2)

= 1020/(1020+550) = 0.649
Net area provided
= 0.649×550+340 = 697.324 mm2
Permissible tensile stress = 150 N/mm2
Safe tensile load
= 649.324×150 = 104598.72 N

But the maximum tension in member is just 1470 N

The section is safe
Same for tension force U5 L5

Diagonal member
Member U0 L1
Maximum tension = 85050 N
Permissible tensile stress = 150 N/mm2
Try single L‟s 60×60×10

26
 Safe tension for this section = 104598.72
Hence the section is safe
Member U1 L2
Maximum tension in this member = 67029.61 N

So, again let us provide single LS 60×60×10

hence safe
Member U2 L3
Maximum tension in this member = 50615.32 N
So, again let us provide single LS 60×60×10
which is safe

Member U3 L4
Design compressive force = 2131.5 N
Design tensile force = 39941.0 N
So, both for compression and tension single LS 60×60×10 will be safe to be provided
Member U4 L5
Design compressive force = 23019.5 N

Design tensile force = 11658 N

So, both for compression and tension single LS 60×60×10 will be enough

Design of joints
Assume the thickness of gusset plate = 8mm
Diameter of rivets = 20 mm
Finished diameter of rivets
= 20 + 1.5 = 21.5mm
Rivet value in single shear

= τvf × (π/4)d2 [τvf = 100 N/mm2 ]

= 100 × (π/4) × 21.52 = 36305 N

Rivet value in double shear
= 2 × 36305 = 72610 N

27
 Rivet value in bearing on 8mm plate

= σcb × d × t
= 300 × 21.5 × 8 = 51600 N

Joint U0
Riveting in U0 U1 = 61619.5/51600 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U0 L0 = 58685/51600 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U0 L1 = 85050/51600 = 3 rivets
Joint U1
U1 U2 as this is continuous chord

Riveting in U1 U2 = 2 × No. of members meeting the continuous member -1

= 2×2-1 =3
No. of rivets in U1 L1 = 46256.80/36305 = 2 rivets
No. of rivets in U1 L2 = 67029.6/36305 = 2 rivets
Joint U2
Again U2 U3 is continuous member so 3 rivets will be enough

Riveting in U2 L2 = 34936.6/36305 = 2 rivets

Riveting in U2 L3 = 50615/36305 = 2 rivets
Joint U3
Again U3 U4 = 3 rivets same as in U1 U2
Riveting in U3 L3 = 24875/36305 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U3 L4 = 39941/36305 = 2 rivets

Joint U4
Again U2 U3 = 170987.5/51600 = 3 rivets
Riveting in U4 L4 = 15905/36305 = 2 rivets
Riveting in U4 L5 = 23019.5/36305 = 2 rivets
Joint U5
No. of joints in top continuous chord

= 2 ×2 – 1 =3

28
 No. of rivets in U5 L5 = 2 rivets

Bottom chord
Joint L0
Riveting in L0 U0 = 2 rivets

Joint L1
Provide 3 rivets in bottom chord
Riveting in L1 U0 = 2 rivets
Joint L2
Provide 3 rivets in bottom chord
Riveting in L2 U1 = 2 rivets

Joint L3
Riveting in L3 L2 = 109468/51600 = 3 rivets
Riveting in L3 U2 = 2 rivets
Riveting in L3 L4 = 143645.5/51600 = 3 rivets
Joint L4
No. of rivets in L4 L3 = 3 rivets

No. of rivets in L4 L5 = 162850/51600 = 4 rivets

No. of rivets in L4 U5 = 2 rivets
Joint L5
Bottom chord
= 2×3-1 = 5 rivets
No. of rivets in L5 U4 = 2 rivets

No. of rivets in L5 U5 = 2 rivets

29
 Rakers
Assume the rakers be provided at an angle θ with the vertical

For the arrangement shown in fig.

2.8
θ
2.0 m

0.5 m

tan θ = 0.5/2.0 = 1/4

θ = 14002‟
H in rakers is assumed to be 2.5 % of maximum compressive force in top girder
T = thrust in rakers
Tsinθ = (2.5/100) × 170987.50 = 4274.68 N

T = 4274.68/sin14002‟ = 17628.50
Length of rakers
= 2.0 sec14002‟ = 2.062m
The rakers can be designed as compression member of 2.062 long for 17628.50 N

So, max. force in rakers = 17628.5 (compressive).

Length of raker
= 2.062m = 2062mm
Effective length „l‟
0.85 ×L = 0.85 × 2062 = 1752.7 mm

Try single L‟s for this;

30
So, Slenderness ratio = l/r
= (0.85×2062)/16.9 = 103.7
or say l/r = 100
So, for this value, the safe compressive strength of the section

= 80 N/mm2 for [fy = 225 MPa]

Therefore total compressive load taken up by the section

=
Which is for above from total max. Compressive of 1728.5N.
Hence section is safe.

31
 BEARING PLATE:
Maximum end reaction

[Dead load + live load = 6200 / and wind load

=
So, total load = 5.199N/m]

Total end reaction = 65595.58

Area of bearing plate

Try a bearing plate of

So, cantilever projection

Upward pressure on bearing plate =

B.M per mm width of plate =

Allowable bending stress of bearing plate = 185

Equating moment of resistance to maximum bending moment

Therefore;

So, provide a bearing plate of 10 thickness.

32
Drawings of joints

33
34
35
36
37
REFERENCES
[1] IS 800:2007 Code of Practice for General Construction in Steel, Bureau of Indian Standards,
2007
[2] IRS (Steel Bridge Code) Indian Standard Code of Practice for the Design of Steel or Wrought
Iron Bridges carrying Rail, Road or Pedestrian Traffic, Research Designs and Standards
Organisation, 2003.
[3] Steel Tables- M.K.S and S.I units, R. Agor, Birla Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2010.
[4] Design of Steel Structures‟, N. Subramanian, Oxford University Press, 2008.
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