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Karsinoma Genesis
Karsinoma Genesis
KARSINOGENESIS,
IMUNOLOGI TUMOR
dan
TARGETED THERAPY
Syarifuddin Wahuid
Bagian Patologi Anatomi
Fak Kedokteran Unhas
Fak. Unhas.
SEL TUMOR
???
PENUAAN
MUTASI DAN KARSINOGENSIS
Environmental agents
(Chemicals,radiation, Normal Cell DNA damage
viruses)
apoptosis
MUTASI DAN KARSINOGENSIS
Environmental agents
g Failure of
Normal Cell DNA damage
(Chemicals,radiation, DNA repair 1
viruses)
DNA repair
Mutation in the g
genome of Failure
Somatic cells apoptosis
2 Activation of growth
growth- Tumor suppressor Alteration in gene
promoting oncogenes 3 genes
4 Regulate apoptosis
Clonal Expansion
MUTASI DAN KARSINOGENSIS
Environmental agents Failure of
(Chemicals,radiation,
Normal Cell DNA damage
DNA repair 1
viruses)
DNA repair Permanent DNA damage
Clonal Expansion
5 angiogenesis
Additional mutation6
7 Escape from immunity
Tumor Progression
Invasion and
metastasis
8
MALIGNANT NEOPLASM
Mismatch repair abnormallities
APC mutation
t ti
K-ras mutation DC LOH,
LOH LOH off P53 mutation
t ti
DNA methylation Other Genes on 18q And/or LOH
abnormalities
2
1
4
Cytoplasm
y p HER2 DNA
Nukleus
Cytoplasmic
membrane
1 = ↑ jumlah copy gen
2 = ↑ transkripsi mRNA
3 = ↑ ekspresi reseptor protein permukaan sel
4 = ↑ pelepasan reseptor dari bgn extraselluler
VEGF
B CELL DEVELOPMENT
H chain
h i H & L chain IgM IgD
IgM,IgD
Mature B
Stem Cell Pro-B Pre-B Immature B Activated B
Bone Marrow Peripheral lymphoid
organ or tissue
No antigen dependence Self antigen Foreign antigen
RAG-1 & RAG-2 expression
CD43+
CD43+ CD19+ B220 IgM(low)
CD10+ CD43+ CD43- IgM(high) IgM(high)
CD20
CD20 CD20
CD20 CD20
CD20 CD20
CD20 CD20
CD20
Tipe targeted therapy
1. Fokus pada molekul yang merupa-
kan komponen internal dan fungsi
sel. (Menggunakan molekul kecil yang
dapat mencapai sel dan meng meng-hambat
hambat
fungsi sel dan akhirnya mati).
- Single
Si l ttransduction
d ti inhibitor
i hibit
(Imatinib mesylate, Genefitinib, Laptinib,
HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor)
inhibitor),
- Biologic response Modifier Agent
(D il ki diftit
(Denileukin diftitox),
) ddan
- proteosome inhibitor (Bortezomib).
Tipe targeted therapy
2. Fokus pada molekul di bagian luar sel
(membran sel) misalnya reseptor atau molekul
membran lainnya.
(Menggunakan antibodi monoklonal)
mis: Anti HER2, Anti CD20
3. Fokus pada molekul (growh factor) yang ada
dalam sirkulasi
(Menggunakan antibodi monoklonal)
Mi : A
Mis Anti
ti VEGF
4. Fokus pada gen (Gene therapies).
JENIS TARGETED THERAPY
1. Menggunakan
gg Small Molecule Drug
g
(SMD)
2. Menggunakan Monoclonal Antibody
(MAB)
3 Menggunakan Gene Therapy
3.
Cara Kerja Small Molecule (SMG)
ANIMAL
Antigen Antibody
Diagnose &
Therapy
TUMOR CELLS
Antigen-X
MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODY
Mouse myeloma
Anti-X antibody- Cell line
FUSION
producing spleen cells
“Clone” cells
Hybridomas producing
Monoclonal anti-X antibody
y
Antigen-X
MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODY
Mouse myeloma
Anti-X antibody-
producing spleen cells Cell line
FUSION
“Clone” cells
Hybridomas producing
Parent mouse
Monoclonal anti-X antibody
y antibody
Genetic engineering
HUMAN/MOUSE CHIMERIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (HUMANIZED MAB)
Antigen-X
MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODY
Mouse myeloma
Anti-X antibody-
producing spleen cells Cell line
FUSION
“Clone” cells
MONOCLONAL
ANYIBODY-LIKE
MOLECULE
Hybridomas producing
Parent mouse
Monoclonal anti-X antibody
y antibody
Genetic engineering
HUMAN/MOUSE CHIMERIC MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (HUMANIZED MAB)
HUMAN/MOUSE CHIMERIC
Idiotype MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY Antigen
(cdr) (HUMANIZED MAB) Binding Site
H-Chain
Murine
Variable
Fab region
L Ch i
L-Chain (biru)
papain -s-s-
Constan
Human constant Fc region
region
Fc (merah)
Variable region
a amino tikus (murin)
a.amino
(<10%)
Constant region
a.amino manusia
(>90%)
Keuntungan chimeric antibody
• Pembuatan antigeng binding g site (Fab
(
variable region) yang spesifik pada mencit
akan menjamin ikatan efektif dengan target
antigen.
antigen
• Unsur human pada Fc constan region
memungkinkan interaksi lebih efektif dengan
human effector mechanisms dari respon
imun pasien untuk membunuh sel target.
• Unsur human pada struktur antibodi di atas
90% memperkecil kemugkinan timbulnya
reaksi penolakan/allergi/syok dari pasien
pasien.
CANCER TARGETED DRUGS
Gefitinib :
- SMD mengikat HER1 dari EGFR
- Non-small
N ll cellll llung cancer.
Imatinib
- SMD menghambat aktipitas protein
tyrosine kinases
kinases.
- Chronic Myelogeous leukemia, GIST
CANCER TARGETED DRUGS
Trastuzumab
- MAB terhadap terhadap HER-2 dari EGFR
- Metastatic Breast Cancer
Rituximab - MAB terhadap CD20.
- non-Hodgkin
non Hodgkin’s
s lymphoma
Gemtuzumab - MAB-chemotherapy
complex
- Acute myeloid leukemia
CANCER TARGETED DRUGS
Ibritumomab tiuxetan
- Radio-conyugate MAB drug terhadap
CD20.
CD20
- Follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
T it
Tositumomab b
- Radio (Iodine 131)-conyugate MAB
terhadap CD20.
- Follicular non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.
CANCER TARGETED DRUGS
Bevacizumab
- MAB terhadap VEGF.
,
- metastatic colorectal cancer,BC dan NSCLC
Cetuximab
- MAB terhadap EGFR
- colorectal cancer
Alemtuzumab
- MAB terhadap reseptor CD52
- B-cell Chronic Lymphocytis Leukemia.