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Direct 2nd Order Analysis R Liew 2013 PDF
Direct 2nd Order Analysis R Liew 2013 PDF
J Y Richard Liew
Professor
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
National University of Singapore
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Load P P
H H
x x
h
x / h
Frame
Second-Order Effects
P
• P– effect :
– due to floor sway
– 1st order frame stiffness modified
– dominant effect
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Frame Behaviour
Factored load level
Displacement
Load
Full elastic response
Load
Peak load
Deformed
geometry
Geometric and
material nonlinearity
Elastic limit
Service load level
Frame
Displacement
Frame stability
Significant of second order effects depends on
critical buckling load factor:
αcr= Ncr/NEd
Frame
Nonsway
Sway
Direct
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Design of Sway Frames αcr< 10
If the effects of deformed geometry has to be considered, the
design of sway frame may be accomplished by one of the
following methods:
1. Direct second order analysis that considers frame and
member stability
2. Member buckling check with second order moment or
amplified moment method
3. Member buckling check using column effective buckling
lengths according to the global buckling mode of the
structure.
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Effective length for sway frame
Second order moment / amplified moment OR
Effective length for sway frame
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Amplified Sway Method
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Non‐sway mode Sway mode
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αcr= Ncr/NEd
from buckling analysis
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Be Careful!
• Critical buckling load analysis is not
second order analysis
• It is often used to check if the structure is
sensitive to buckling.
• It is a means to calculate amplified second
order moment or effective length factor.
There are limitations to the use of these
simplified methods.
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Design using KL
Second order moment is still needed!
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Example:
Second order moment OR
Member verification is
needed.
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Effective length KL
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http://www.amazon.com/Stability-Design-
Semi-Rigid-Frames- http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyT
Chen/dp/0471076708#reader_047107670 26
itle/productCd-0470030615.html#
http://en.nidacse.com/ 8
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Resistance to horizontal force is
provided by concrete core
(a)
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Experience shows that conventional method over design the main members and under-design the bracing members
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collapse of a telecom tower in Vietnam
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Collapse of Water Tank Tower - Brunei
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Temporary Support
braced
Unbraced
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Fundamental differences
between old and new codes (1)
• Old codes mention nothing about analysis as it
is often based on linear analysis. Checking of
strength and stability is at the design stage.
→ Analysis simple and design complex.
Fundamental differences
between old and new codes (2)
• Modern codes consider member and frame
stability directly into the analysis and design
becomes simple.
→ Analysis complex and design simple.
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Collapse
Analysis of
Composite
Frames
20-story building
subjects
to Wind Load
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Imperfections
• In Eurocode-3, a special feature is the
consideration of frame and member
imperfections which are not so explicitly
expressed in most other codes.
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Imperfections
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Frame imperfections
5.3.2 - The effects of frame imperfections shall be
incorporated in frame analysis using an equivalent
geometric imperfection or equivalent horizontal force.
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Member imperfections
For a compression member, the equivalent initial
bow imperfection specified in Table 5.1 of
Eurocode-3 may be used in a second order
analysis of the member.
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NIDA Software
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Example 1
CHS88.9x3.2 (A= 8.62cm2, I=79.2cm4, Z=17.8cm3, S=23.5
cm3, fy=355 N/mm2, E=2.05x105 N/mm2)
Second order direct analysis predicts the same load as EC3 based on cross section check
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NIDA- Nonlinear Integrated Design and Analysis software
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NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
1.1
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NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
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Recent projects
NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
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NIDA Software
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Gardens by the Bay
The Cloud Forest and The Flower Dome
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Second order over turning moment
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Concrete-filled section
Concrete-cased section
Composite Stiffness
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Modelling of Semi-Rigid
Connections
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20-Storey Composite
Building Frame
30 % Increase by considering
composite action
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Core-Braced Frame
System
Republic Plaza 80
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Compartment
Fire
Compartment
Fire
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Closure
• Advanced nonlinear analysis has been developed for
core-braced, semi-rigid, steel and composite frames
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