Dynamic Languages: The Dynamic Languages: The Next Big Thing For The JVM or An Evolutionary Dead End? An Evolutionary Dead End?

Dynamic Languages: the
next big thing for the JVM or

an evolutionary dead end?
Chris Richardson
Author of POJOs in Action
y
Founder of Cloud Tools and Cloud Foundry
Chris Richardson Consulting, Inc
www.chrisrichardson.net
Overall p
presentation g
goal
Dynamic languages have many

benefits
But
Static languages,
languages which have the
safety net of compile-time
checking can be just as expressive
checking,
4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

Slide 2
About Chris
• Grew up in England and live in Oakland, CA
• Over 20+ years of software development
experience including 12 years of Java
• Author of POJOs in Action
• Speaker at JavaOne, SpringOne, NFJS,
JavaPolis, Spring Experience, etc.
• Chair of the eBIG Java SIG in Oakland
(www.ebig.org)
• Run the Groovy/Grails meetup
(http://java.meetup.com/161)
• Run
u a consulting
co su t g and
a d training
t a g company
co pa y that
t at
helps organizations reduce development costs
and increase effectiveness
• Founder of Cloud Tools, an open-source project
for deploying Java applications on Amazon EC2:
http://code google com/p/cloudtools
http://code.google.com/p/cloudtools
• Founder of a startup that provides outsourced,
automated, and Java-centric datacenter
management on the cloud:
y
www.cloudfoundry.com

Slide 3
Agenda
g
The fall and rise of dynamic
languages
Favorite Groovy features
The frustration of using Groovy
Scala: expressiveness
p and compile-
p
time checking

Slide 4
Dynamic vs. static languages
Dynamic (run-time) Static (compile-time)

Types associated with Types associated with
values rather than variables
variables Compile-time
Ability to define new checking of language
program elements at elements and types
runtime Not a new idea
Not a new idea: either:
Lisp – 1958! Algol 60
SmallTalk - 1980
anObject.someMethod(someArgs)

Slide 5
LISP/CLOS – an early (late 1980s)
y
dynamic language
g g
(defclass Account ()
((account-id :accessor account-id :initarg :account-id)
(balance :accessor account-balance :initarg :balance)) Develop by adding and
) g gp
changing program
g
elements in a running VM
(defmethod debit ((Account account) amount)
(decf (account-balance account) amount))
(defmethod credit ((Account account) amount)

(incf (account-balance
(account balance account) amount))
CL-USER 5 > (setq a (make-instance 'account :account-id "abc123" :balance 10.0))

#<ACCOUNT 200C05AF>
CL-USER 6 > (describe a)
#<ACCOUNT 200C05AF> is an ACCOUNT

ACCOUNT-ID "abc123"
BALANCE 10.0
CL-USER
CL USER 7 > (debit a 5)
5.0
#<ACCOUNT 200C05AF> is an ACCOUNT

ACCOUNT ID
ACCOUNT-ID ""abc123"
b 123"
BALANCE 5.0

6
… a very
y dynamic
y language
g g
((defclass Account ()
((account-id :accessor account-id :initarg :account-id) Existing instances
(balance :accessor account-balance :initarg :balance) are updated when
(description :accessor account-description :initarg :description)) the class is redefined
)
#<ACCOUNT 2168DCBF> is an ACCOUNT

ACCOUNT-ID "abc123"
BALANCE 10.0
DESCRIPTION #<unbound slot>
CL-USER 10 > (setf (account-description a) "checking account")

"checking account"
#<ACCOUNT 2168DCBF> is an ACCOUNT

ACCOUNT-ID "abc123"
BALANCE 10.0
DESCRIPTION "checking account"

7
Ruby
y on Rails woke up
p Java
Ruby on Rails:
Significantly more productive
Simplicity of Convention over
C fi
Configuration
ti
Motivated the Java community to
improve
Reopened the debate about
programming
i llanguages

Slide 8
Dynamic
y languages
g g on the JVM
JRuby
http://jruby.codehaus.org
p //j y g
Ruby on the JVM
Jython
http://www.jython.org/Project
p // jy g/ j
Python on the JVM
Clojure
http://clojure.org/
p j g
Functional programming language
Software Transactional Memory
…
Groovy
http://groovy.codehaus.org/
Java-compatible, dynamic language

Slide 9
Small…

Slide 10
… but growing
g g

Slide 11
Agenda
g
languages
p and compile-
p
time checking

Slide 12
About Groovy
y
Object-oriented, dynamic language
Java compatible
Runs on the JVM
Made popular by the Grails
framework:
Rails-like productivity
Usingg robust Java frameworks including
g
Spring and Hibernate

Slide 13
Things
g I like: Java compatible
p
import javax.crypto.Mac;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
class EC2RequestExecutor { Java-like syntax

Use Java libraries
Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(getClass())
public String calculateRFC2104HMAC(String data, String key) {

try {
SecretKeySpec signingKey = new SecretKeySpec(key.getBytes("UTF8"),
HMAC_SHA1_ALGORITHM)
M mac = Mac.getInstance(HMAC_SHA1_ALGORITHM)
Mac M tI t (HMAC SHA1 ALGORITHM)
mac.init(signingKey)
byte[] rawHmac = mac.doFinal(data.getBytes())
return new String(Base64.encodeBase64(rawHmac))
}
catch (Exception e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Failed to generate HMAC : ", e)
}
}

Slide 14
Groovy
y is concise and expressive
p
def configureAsMaster() {
writeFile fileName: "/etc/my.cnf", templateName: "/templates/master.my.cnf"
restartService "mysqld"
exec command: "mysql -u root",

templateName: "/templates/createSchema.sql",
/templates/createSchema.sql , No parens
templateArgs: [schemaSpec: schemaSpec] Keyword parameters
executeSchemaScripts()
}
class TomcatServer { tomcatServer.contexts

N get…()
No t ()
def getContexts() {
webApps.context
}
}

Slide 15
Literals for lists and maps
p
def myList = [“a”, “b”, “c”]
def params = ['Action': 'RunInstances',

'MinCount': n.toString(), 'MaxCount': n.toString(),
' ImageId': awsProperties."imageId.${instanceType}",
'KeyName': awsProperties.keyName,
' InstanceType': instanceType] + extraParams
def response = requestor.executeRequest(params)
requestor executeRequest(params)

Slide 16
GStrings
g
def schemaScript = """

DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS ${schemaSpec.name};
CREATE SCHEMA ${schemaSpec.name};
"""

Slide 17
Closures
public EC2Server findInstance(String instanceId) {

d f server = servers.find
def fi d {instanceId
{i t Id == it.instanceId}
it i t Id}
if (server)
return server
else throw new RuntimeException(….)
RuntimeException( )
}
Simplified collection processing

Slide 18
Closures – new control structures
public class Ssh {
public Object
p j withTunnel(String
( gppublicDnsName,, int localPort,, int remotePort,, Closure closure)) {
SshConnection sshConnection = makeSshConnection(publicDnsName);
try {
sshConnection.connect()
…
return closure.call()
} finally
fi ll {
sshConnection.close()
}
}
}
class EC2 {
String snapshotEbsVolume(String hostName, EbsVolume ebsVolume, String schemaName) {

int localPort = PortUtil.allocatePort()
def result = ssh.withTunnel(hostName,
( , localPort,, 3306)
){
…
}
return (String)result
}

Slide 19
An interactive shell
Great for experimentation and learning

Slide 20
Simple
p reusable code
interface Quackable {
void q
quack();
();
Java:
} complexity
l it off
class QuackableContainer<T extends Quackable>
generics
void add(T element) {

element.quack();
…
}
…
}
class
c ass Quac
QuackableContainer
ab eCo ta e { Groovy: just assume that
void add(T element) { there is a quack()
element.quack()
…
method
}

Slide 21
Groovy
y metaclasses
public class StringMetaclassExampleTest extends GroovyTestCase {
void testAddMethodToString() {
String.metaClass.doubleString = { -> delegate + delegate }
String.metaClass.static.makePowerString = { String s, int n ->
def result = s
n.times { result = result.doubleString() }
result
}
assertEquals "CommunityOne EastCommunityOne East",
"CommunityOne
CommunityOne East
East".doubleString()
doubleString()
assertEquals "NewYorkNewYorkNewYorkNewYork",
String.makePowerString("NewYork", 2)
}
}
Runtime definition of p
program
g elements

Slide 22
Method Missing
g
public class ClassWithMissingMethods {
Object methodMissing(String name, args) {

Closure method = makeMethodImplementation(name)
if (method) {
method(args)
} else {
throw new MissingMethodException(name, getClass(), args)
}
}
def makeMethodImplementation(String name) {

….
}
def foo = new ClassWithMissingMethods()

g ()
foo.nonExistentMethod()

Slide 23
XML and GPath expressions
p
<RunInstancesResponse>
…
<instancesSet>
<item>
<instanceId>i-4ef21327</instanceId>
<imageId>ami-3795705e</imageId>
<instanceState>
<code>0</code>
def client = new HttpClient() <name>pending</name>
… </instanceState>
def responseStream = <dnsName/>
getMethod getResponseBodyAsStream()
getMethod.getResponseBodyAsStream() …
</RunInstancesResponse>
def parser = new XmlParser(false, false)
def response = parser.parseText(responseStream)
def newServers = response.instancesSet.item.collect

response instancesSet.item collect {
new EC2Server(this, awsProperties, ssh,
it.instanceId.text(),
it.instanceState.name.text())
}

Slide 24
Builders
def report(String path, hosts, cpuCount, threadCount) {
def builder = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder(new OutputStreamWriter(new FileOutputStream(path)))
builder.performanceReport {
cpus cpuCount
threads threadCount
hosts.entrySet().each { hostEntry ->
host {
name hostEntry.key <performanceReport>
cpuUtil hostEntry.value.getAverageBusy()
hostEntry value getAverageBusy() <cpus>1</cpus>
} <threads>10</threads>
} <host>
requests {
<name>database</name>
timings.entrySet().sort{ a, b-> a.key <=> b.key}.each{ pair ->
request { <cpuUtil>3.27</cpuUtil>
name pair.key
pair key </host>
art pair.value.average() <host>
errors pair.value.errorPercentage() <name>tomcat0</name>
}
<cpuUtil>94.32</cpuUtil>
}
} </host>
d f durationValue
def d ti V l = ((float)(endTime
((fl t)( dTi - startTime))/1000.0
t tTi ))/1000 0 …
duration durationValue <duration>557.943</duration>
def tpsValue = transactionCount/ durationValue <tps>10.753786677133686</tps>
tps tpsValue
<art>916.6578333333</art>
art averageResponseTime()
} </performanceReport>
}
4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved. Slide 25
Grails/GORM
/ p
persistence methods
class Customer { Implemented using
String
g name metaclasses and method
} missing
C t
Customer c = new Customer("John
C t ("J h Doe")
D ")
if (!c.save())
fail "validation failed: ${c.errors}"
Customer c2 = Customer.get(c.id)
c2.delete()
assertNull Customer.get(c.id)
def customers = Customer.findAllByName(

Customer findAllByName(“Fred”)
Fred )

Slide 26
Agenda
g
languages
p and compile-
p
time checking

Slide 27
Getting Groovy code to work can
g
be frustrating
Dynamic language = less information
for IDE:
Limited compile-time checking
Limited refactorings
Limited completion

Slide 28
Groovy fans say "write unit tests“
BUT…
Groovy
When you have typos

versus
Java

Slide 29
Unit tests don't always
y catch errors
void testPollStatus_discoveringNewServer() {
mockEC2RequestExecutor.demand.executeRequest {params ->
….
}
def mockEC2Server = new MockFor(EC2Server.class)
….
mockEC2Server.use {
mockEC2RequestExecutor.use {
ec2 = new EC2(awsProperties)
ec2.pollStatus() public class EC2 {
assertEquals 1, ec2.servers.size()
} public pollStatus() {
} def params = ['Action':
} 'DescribeInstances']
def p =
requestor executeRequest(params)
requestor.executeRequest(params)
class EC2RequestExecutor { …
}
public Node executeEc2Request(Map …
parameters) { } Method signature changes are
… often
ft missed
i d
}
Slide 30
The trouble with duck typing
yp g
Interface between components not
defined in a single place
It is scattered throughout caller
Difficult to understand
Difficult to change
g

Slide 31
The outcome: fear of change
g
Did my tests
catch all
the obvious errors?

Slide 32
Writing
g Java becomes frustrating
g
Importing the obvious, e.g. java.util
Tedious collection manipulation
Painful XML processing
p g
Repetitive type declarations

Slide 33
Agenda
g
languages
p and
compile-time checking

Slide 34
Distilling
g a language
g g

Slide 35
Scala – a modern (2003) static
g g
language
Object-oriented
Pure object-oriented language
All values are objects
Class-based
Traits support "multiple inheritance"
Functional
Functions are values
Higher-order functions
Currying
Statically typed
Expressive
Type inference
E t
Extensible
ibl tto supportt d
domain
i specific
ifi languages
l
Methods as infix and postfix operators
Automatic closure construction
Fully interoperable with Java

Slide 36
Simple
p example
p
object StringFunctions {
def reverseSentence(sentence : String) = sentence.split(" ").reverse.mkString(" ")
import org.junit._
import Assert._
@Test
class StringFunctionsTest {
@Test
def testReverseSentence() = {
val input = "Hello New York"
val expected = "York New Hello"
assertEquals(expected, StringFunctions.reverseSentence(input))
}
}

Slide 37
Collection literals example
p
@Test
class ScalaCollectionExamplesTest {
@Test
def listExample() = {
val myList = List(1, 2, 3)
assertEquals(3, myList.length)
assertEquals(List(0 1
assertEquals(List(0, 1, 2
2, 3),
3) 0::myList)
assertEquals(List(2, 3), myList.tail)
assertEquals(1, myList.head)
}
@Test
def testMapExampleList() : Unit = {
val myMap = Map( "x" -> 1, "y" -> 2, "z" -> 3)
assertEquals(1, myMap("x"))
}
}

Slide 38
Closure example
p
@Test
class ScalaCollectionExamplesTest {
@Test
def testMapList()
p () = {
assertEquals(List(2,4,6), myList.map ( x => x * 2))
assertEquals(List(2,4,6), myList.map ( _ * 2))
}
@Test
def testFilterList() = {
assertEquals(List(1, 3), myList.filter( _ % 2 == 1));
}

Slide 39
Pattern matching
g
case class Organization(name: String,
industry: Industry.Value, revenue: Double, assets: Double, liabilities: Double) {
object Industry extends Enumeration {

val Banking, GreenEnergy, IT, Other = Value
class LoanApprovalPolicy {
def isLoanApproved(organization : Organization) = organization match {

case Organization(_, Industry.GreenEnergy, _, _, _) => true
case Organization(_, Industry.Banking, _, assets, liabilities)
if liabilities < assets * 1.5 => true
case Organization(_,
O i ti ( Industry.Banking,
I d t B ki _, _, _)) => false
f l
case Organization(_, _, _, assets, liabilities) if assets > liabilities => true
case _ => false
}

Slide 40
XML generation
g
@Test
class ScalaXmlExampleTest {
@Test
def xmlLiterals() {
val now = new Date()
val loanRequestor =
new Organization("Community Bank, Inc", Industry.Banking, 10, 10, 5)
val doc = <loanRequest>

<time>{now.getTime()}</time>
<requester>{loanRequestor.name}</requester>
<industry>{loanRequestor.industry}</industry>
<revenue>{loanRequestor.revenue}</revenue>
<assets>{loanRequestor.assets}</assets>
<liabilities>{loanRequestor.liabilities}</liabilities>
</l
</loanRequest>
R t>
val docAsString : String = doc.toString()

println(docAsString)
}

Slide 41
XML parsing
p g
class ScalaXmlExampleTest {
@Test
def xmlProcessing() {
val doc = xml.XML.loadString(docAsString)
assertEquals ("Community Bank, Inc", (doc \ "requester").text)
node match {
case <loanRequest>{children @ _* }</loanRequest> =>
for (x <- children if !x.isInstanceOf[scala.xml.Text]) {
processChildren(x)
}
}
}
def processChildren(node : scala.xml.Node ) = {

node
d match
t h{
case <time>{value}</time> => println(value.text)
case <requester>{value}</requester> => println(value.text)
…
}
}

Slide 42
DSL Example
p
class OrganizationDslTest {
val o : Organization = (Organization
called "Bernie
Bernie Madoff & Associates"
Associates
in Industry.Banking
withRevenuesOf (10 million)
withAssetsOf (10 billion)
withLiabilitiesOf (30 billion))
} object Organization {
def called(name : String) = new OrganizationBuilder(name)
class OrganizationBuilder(name
g ( : String)
g) {
var industry : Industry.Value = null
def in(industry : Industry.Value) = { this.industry = industry; this }
def withRevenuesOf(…) = …
…
def make()= new Organization(name
Organization(name, industry
industry, revenue
revenue, assets,
assets liabilities)
}
implicit def organizationBuilderToOrganization(builder : OrganizationBuilder)

= builder.make
}

Slide 43
Constructing
g object
j hierarchies
object ExampleSwingApp extends SimpleGUIApplication {
def top = new MainFrame {

title = "Example Swing App"
val button = new Button {

text = "press"
press
}
contents = button
var countt = 0
listenTo(button)
reactions += {
case ButtonClicked(b) =>
count = count + 1
Console.println(count);
b.text = "press: " + count
}
}

Slide 44
Scala command line

Slide 45
Traits
Consist of members
methods
fields
types
The members can be abstract
Multiple traits can be mixed into a
class
Alternative to multiple inheritance
Class must define abstract members

Slide 46
Dependency
p y injection
j in Scala
Dependency injection = component
definition and composition
Traditional approach
Metadata: XML, annotations
Framework: Spring, Guice, EJB3
Scala: use traits and other language
features

Slide 47
Dependency injection –
p g/
Spring/Java example
p
Names a
@Component("organizationRepository")
component
p and class OrganizationRepositoryImpl extends OrganizationRepository {
specifies it's …
implementation }
@Component("loanProcessingService")
class LoanProcessingServiceImpl extends LoanProcessingService{
Expresses a @Autowired
dependency private OrganizationRepository organizationRepository;
void processLoan(….)
processLoan( ) {
}
…
}

Slide 48
Dependency
p y injection
j - repository
p y
trait OrganizationRepositoryComponent {
Names a
component
p val organizationRepository : OrganizationRepository
and defines
it's interface trait OrganizationRepository {
def findByName(name : String) : Organization
}
}
Specifies the
implementation
trait OrganizationRepositoryComponentImpl extends OrganizationRepositoryComponent {
val organizationRepository = new OrganizationRepositoryImpl()
class OrganizationRepositoryImpl extends OrganizationRepository {

d f findByName(name
def fi dB N ( : String)
S i )={
… Access the database here…
}
}
}

Slide 49
Dependency
p y injection
j - service
trait LoanProcessingServiceComponent {
val loanProcessingService : LoanProcessingService Expresses a
trait LoanProcessingService { dependency
def processLoan(organizationName : String )
}
}
trait LoanProcessingServiceComponentImpl extends LoanProcessingServiceComponent
{ this : OrganizationRepositoryComponent =>
val loanProcessingService = new LoanProcessingServiceImpl()

val policy = new LoanApprovalPolicy()
class LoanProcessingServiceImpl extends LoanProcessingService {
def processLoan(organizationName : String ) = {

val organization = organizationRepository.findByName(organizationName)
if (policy.isLoanApproved(organization))
( li i L A d( i i )) {
// process the loan
} else {
throw new LoanRequestRejectedException()
….
}

Slide 50
Dependency
p y injection
j - application
pp
object LoanProcessingApplication
extends LoanProcessingServiceComponentImpl
with OrganizationRepositoryComponentImpl {
LoanProcessingApplication.loanProcessingService.processLoan("Green Co")

Slide 51
Dependency
p y injection
j – testing
g
class LoanProcessingApplicationTest {
trait OrganizationRepositoryComponentStub extends OrganizationRepositoryComponent {

val organizationRepository = new OrganizationRepositoryStubImpl()
class OrganizationRepositoryStubImpl extends OrganizationRepository {
def findByName(name : String) = {
name match {
case "Bernie Madoff & Associates" => new Organization(…)
…
}
}
}
}
object LoanProcessingApplicationWithStub extends

LoanProcessingServiceComponentImpl
g p p with OrganizationRepositoryComponentStub
g p y p {
}
@Test
def testProcessLoanOk() = {
LoanProcessingApplicationWithStub loanProcessingService processLoan("Green
LoanProcessingApplicationWithStub.loanProcessingService.processLoan( Green Co")
Co )
}

Slide 52
The bad news about Scala
IDEs are rough around the edges
Expressiveness comes from complex
language features
Generics are better than Java but still
complex
BUT
The investment in learning these
features is repaid with every
pp
application you
y write

Slide 53
Summary
y
Today’s interest in dynamic
languages is natural reaction to Java
Not evolving sufficiently
Showing its age
But many benefits of those languages
are due to good language design
Scala = expressiveness + static
typing

Slide 54
Final thoughts
g
Download or contribute to Cloud
Tools today
y:
www.cloudtools.org
Checkout Cloud Foundry:
www cloudfoundry com
www.cloudfoundry.com
Buy my book ☺
Send email:
chris@chrisrichardson.net
Visit my website:
www.chrisrichardson.net
Talk to me about consulting and
training
Phone: 510 904 9832

Slide 55

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Dynamic Languages: the

next big thing for the JVM or

Dynamic languages have many

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

Dynamic (run-time) Static (compile-time)

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

(defmethod credit ((Account account) amount)

CL-USER 5 > (setq a (make-instance 'account :account-id "abc123" :balance 10.0))

CL-USER 6 > (describe a)

#<ACCOUNT 200C05AF> is an ACCOUNT

CL-USER 8 > (describe a)

#<ACCOUNT 200C05AF> is an ACCOUNT

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

CL-USER 9 > (describe a)

#<ACCOUNT 2168DCBF> is an ACCOUNT

CL-USER 10 > (setf (account-description a) "checking account")

CL-USER 11 > (describe a)

#<ACCOUNT 2168DCBF> is an ACCOUNT

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

class EC2RequestExecutor { Java-like syntax

public String calculateRFC2104HMAC(String data, String key) {

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

exec command: "mysql -u root",

class TomcatServer { tomcatServer.contexts

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

def myList = [“a”, “b”, “c”]

def params = ['Action': 'RunInstances',

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

def schemaScript = """

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

public EC2Server findInstance(String instanceId) {

Simplified collection processing

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

String snapshotEbsVolume(String hostName, EbsVolume ebsVolume, String schemaName) {

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

Great for experimentation and learning

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

void add(T element) {

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

Object methodMissing(String name, args) {

def makeMethodImplementation(String name) {

def foo = new ClassWithMissingMethods()

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

def newServers = response.instancesSet.item.collect

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

def customers = Customer.findAllByName(

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.

4/8/2009 Copyright (c) 2009 Chris Richardson. All rights reserved.