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Paper English in Nursing I "Musculoskeletal and Integumentary System"
Paper English in Nursing I "Musculoskeletal and Integumentary System"
By :
Group 5 ( A1 )
FACULTY OF NURSING
UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA
SURABAYA
2015
i
PREFACE
With the utter sense of gratitude to Allah Almighty who has given His
blessing and guidance, the authors managed to complete a paper about
Musculoskeletal and Integumentary System.
Authors would like to thank anyone who have helped in the settlement
process of this paper especially the teacher of English in Nursing, Ma’am
Nuzul Qur’aniati, S.Kep., Ns., M.Ng. Hopefully this paper can be beneficial
to all people, especially students of the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas
Airlangga.
Authors are aware in this paper there are so many weakness spot. thus,
authors really expected to take any criticism and constructive suggestions in
order to improve this paper in the near future. Hopefully this paper can be
utilized as appropriate and useful to readers.
Surabaya,
May, 24th 2015
Authors
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CONTENS
iii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The musculoskeletal system is the body system that consist of muscle
and the bones that compose the scale. Muscle is the body tissues that has the
ability to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy (motion).
Meanwhile, framework is the part of body that is consist of bones that allows
the body to maintain the shape, posture, and position.
Musculoskeletal system have many diseases, such as Osteoporosis. Today
experts have finally come to the realisation that osteoporosis can effect
everybody, independent of sex and age. Twenty-five per cent of cases of
osteoporosis and fractures now occur in men. Exceptional progress has been
made in fundamental research on osteoporosis, its diagnosis, and therapy.
(Bartl, 2004)
Osteoporosis is now identified as one of the most important diseases
affecting the human race, along with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. For
example, an estimated 30 million people suffer from it in USA, and equally
high precentages of the population in European and other countries. While
every eighth woman suffers from breast cancer, every third woman sustains a
fracture due to osteoporosis. Seventy per cent of the 1.3 million fractures that
occur annually in the USA in patients aged 45 years or older are attributable to
osteoporosis. From the age of 50 years a woman has the following risk of
fracture: (Bartl, 2004)
a. Vertebral 32%
b. Lower arm 16%
c. Hip 15%
As a nurse, we should give education to the client, include exercises to
keep the joint moving as well as application of ice and heat. Also we told to
the client to have a bedrest.
The skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, and glands) make up the
integumentary system. The primary function of the integumentary system are
protection, thermoregulation, metabolism, sensation, and communication. The
skin, the largest organ in the body, is vital for survival. The principal layers of
the skin are the superficial epidermis and the deep dermis. (Rosdahl, 2008)
The skin is important for human, and there is disease of skin is burning
skin. There are two causes of burning skin, they called burns and scalds. Burn
means burning of skin from dry heat (for example from hot electric, press,
from fire flame, burning charcoal, chemicals) used in face creams and from
sun-heat called sun burn. Scald means burning of skin with hot liquids (for
example, burning with boiling water, milk, tea or hot oil). (Gupta, 1999)
Burn injuries take a huge toll in global health care and may represent the
greatest worldwide need for reconstructive surgery. With the advancements in
trauma and burn management over the past three decades, there has been a
significant improvement in survival from major burns. Better resuscitation and
a multidisciplinary burn team approach have facilitated the reduction in
1
mortality an improved care; hence, there is an increased need for burn
reconstruction. Without question, access to health care and available resources
for reconstruction are the limiting steps in providing adequate reconstruction
of burn injuries worldwide. (Norman, 2014)
As nurse, we should spend some time educating the clients about treating
their skin at home. Emphasize the importance of avoiding activities and
procedures that can increase redness or chance of reactions and damage to the
barrier function. With the client, discuss the following precautions. (Lees,
2011)
1.2 Purpose
1.2.1 General Purpose
To understand the Musculoskeletal system and the Integumentary system.
1.2.2 Spesific Purpose
1. To understand the anatomy and physiology of Musculoskeletal system
2. To understand types and clasification of Musculoskeletal system
3. To understand etiology and clinical appearances of Musculoskeletal
system
4. To understand the anatomy and physiology of Integumentary system
5. To understand types and clasification of Integumentary system
6. To understand etiology and clinical appearances of Integumentary system
1.4 Benefit
1. Adding insight to students about Musculoskeletal and Integummentary
2. Increase student knowledge about the clinical appearances of
musculoskeletal.
2
CHAPTER 2
CONTENTS
3
2 Brachii Arm it helps control the motion of
two different joints,
playing minor roles in
moving the arms forward,
upward, and sideways.
en.wikipedia.org
3 Carpus Wrist To flex the flexor tendons
cannot shorten sufficiently to
produce effective movement
at the interphalangeal joints.
www.studyblue.com
4 Palmaris Palm of the that runs to the palm and
hand activates flexibility at the
wrist. Muscles assist in
movement, blood flow,
speech, heat production, body
shaping, and protection of
some internal organs.
en.wikipedia.org
5 Digiti Finger or toes, to control the movement of
singular the little finger. When the
muscle moves, it forces the
little finger to bend and
stretch.
metrocrossfit.com
4
6 Digitorum Finger or toes, In producing the thrust from
plural the toes when the demand
arises
www.rad.washington.edu
7 Indicis Index finger to enable extension of the
index finger. It also helps in
extension of the midcarpal
joints and the wrist.
www.studyblue.com
8 Hallucis Great or big toe To runs along the medial, or
interior, border of each foot,
covering the origins for most
of the plantar (sole of foot)
nerves and vessels.
bochikun.com
9 Femoris Thigh To support the weight of the
body and allowing motion of
the lower extremity
en.wikipedia.org
5
10 Gluteus Gluteal or To play its most important
buttock region role in the support and control
of pelvic movement.
breatheeasymassage.wordpress.co
m
11 Tibialis Lower leg or as a dorsiflexor of the foot by
shin bone pulling the top, or dorsum, of
the foot towards the shin also
provides a slight inversion of
the foot by pulling the plantar
surface of the foot toward the
body’s midline.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikip
edia/commons/d/d4/Tibialis.png
12 Peroneus Fibula/Fiburalis Working as a plantar flexor,
the peroneus longus assists
the much larger
gastrocnemius and soleus
muscles in pointing the toes,
Eversion of the foot is an
important part of standing on
one foot, centering the body’s
weight over the planted foot.
thewellnessdigest.com
13 Spina, Spinalis Spine as flexion, extension, or
rotation. Muscles and
ligaments work together to
support the spine, hold it
upright, and control
movement during rest and
activity.
www.med.umich.edu
6
14 Spinatus Spine of the 1. lateral/external rotation of
scapula the shoulder
2. stabilizing the shoulder
joint
canuckrmt.wordpress.com
15 Pollicis Thumb to abduct the thumb at
the carpometacarpal joint,
there by moving the thumb
anteriorly. It also assists in
extending and rotating the
thumb
pixshark.com
16 Oculi Eye receiving the light entering
the eye and then continues
with refraction to come down
to the retina and can detect
light.
healthfixit.com
17 Oris Mouth to destroy food's mouth with
teeth so its size is small
enough to be swallowed into
the stomach. Besides the
mouth is also a tool for
talking.
en.wikipedia.org
7
18 Labii Lips to keep food and drinks are
not scattered out, feeling hot
and cold food, to play
musical instruments, and
much more.
www.theodora.com
19 Capitis Head to rotate and bend toward one
side; together, these muscles
bring the head into an upright
position.
code.google.com
20 Cervicis Neck Neck serves to prop up the
head and protect the throat
(breathing), esophagus (food)
and the vocal cords
(producing sound).
www.memrise.com
21 Thoracis Mid Back/ to hold the rib cage and
Thorax protect the heart and lungs.
www.kidport.com
8
22 Abdominis Abdomen The muscle is activated while
doing crunches because it
pulls the ribs and the pelvis in
and curves the back. The
muscles are also used when a
child is delivered, during
bowel movements, and
coughing. Breathing in and
holding the rectus abdominis
in pulls in the abdomen.
thewellnessdigest.com
23 Lumborum Lower back or 1. Lateral rotation of the
lumbar lumbar spine when acting
unilaterally
2. Elevation of the pelvis
when acting unilaterally
www.onlinehealthmag.com
24 Scapularis Scapula to stabilize and rotate the
shoulder joint to allow the
arm to turn inward. When the
arm is extended, it draws the
humerus forward and
downward. It also prevents
the dislocation of the head of
the humerus.
en.wikipedia.org
25 Costals Ribs The external intercostal
muscles are responsible for
forced and quiet inhalation.
The internal intercostal
muscles are responsible for
forced exhalation. They
depress the ribs and decrease
space in the chest cavity.
www.medguidance.com
9
2. Tendon
Tendons are bands of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscles to
periosteum, the fibrous covering of the bone. Tendons enable bones to
move when skeletal muscles contract. (Lippincott, 2009)
3. Ligament
Ligaments are dense, strong, flexible bands of fobrous connective tissue
that bind bones to other bones. (Lippincott, 2009) Function of Ligaments
is connecting one bone to another bone, according to
MedlinePlus. Ligaments also protect the joints from damage by limiting
certain types of movements.
(Source: fungsi.web.id)
10
4. Skeletal
(Source: http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel03.htmsl)
11
No Image Medical English Function
1 Cranium Skull to encloses the brain and
protect the organs of sight,
hearing and balance.
Protect the brain
To protect the brain.
www.visiondoble.net
2 Facial Face to support the face and and
hold the eyes in place
en.wikipedia.org
3 Rib Cage Ribs protects vital organs, such
as the heart and lungs.
www.sciencekids.co.nz
4 Clavicle Collarbone to provide support for free
range movement of the arms
and to protect the
neurovascular bundle.
en.wikipedia.org
12
5 Scapula Shoulder blade to provide movement and
stabilization of the arm at
the shoulder by attaching it
to the trunk of the body,
known as the thorax.
en.wikipedia.org
6 Sternum Breast bone to protects the aorta, vena
cava, heart and thymus
gland
commons.wikimedia.org
7 Vertebrae Spine To support body weight,
support the head, gives
shape to our body, contains
spinal cord for most reflex
action
en.wikipedia.org
8 Humerus Upper arm bone to anchor the major muscles
that move the shoulder and
elbow
en.wikipedia.org
13
9 Radius Short forearm To rotate the forearm
commons.wikimedia.org
10 Ulna Long forearm to support the forearm and
allow it to move
en.wikipedia.org
11 Carpals Wrist to allow for the easy and
free movement of the wrist.
oncourse.iu.edu
12 Femur Thigh bone support of the body,
providing a human the
ability to be walk, run or
jump.
en.wikipedia.org
14
13 Patella Knee protects the knee-joint
anteriorly and improves the
leverage of the knee
extensor muscles
www.alientravelguide.com
14 Tibia Shin bone connecting the knee to the
ankle in the bodies of
humans and other
vertebrates. to form part of
the skeleton in the lower leg
en.wikipedia.org
15 Tarsals Ankle supporting movement,
creating insertion points for
muscles, tendons, and
ligaments, and storing some
minerals
www.sundayobserver.lk
(Source: biostudy4u.com)
16
Skin Structure
Skin is composed of two primary layers (Nursalam, 2010) :
1. The epidermis is the ectodermally derived outer layer composed of
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
2. The dermis is the mesodermally derived layer of dense irreguler
collagenous connective tissue that underlines and interdigitates with
the epidermis
3. The hypodermia is a loose connective tissue contain varying amounts
of adipose that underlines and support the skin; it is the superficial
fascia that covers the entire body.
B. Physiology of Integument
1. The function of protection
2. The function of absorbtion
3. The function of excreation
4. The function of making vitamin D
5. The function of temperature setting
6. The function of ceratinisation
(Source: jcb.rupress.org)
2. Dermis
The dermis is a dense, irregular, connective tissue, and composed of
collagen. Its networks of elastic fibers function to support epidermis and
bind the skin to the deeper hypodermis. The dermis contains two layers,
the papillary layer and the reticular layer. (Nursalam, 2010)
3. Hypodermis
The hypodermis provides insulation, shock absorption, energy storage, and
the ability of skin to slide over joints. It also contains major blood vessels
of the skin. (Nursalam, 2010)
19
e. Raised and leathery
f. The skin may feel clammy. Lips and fingernails may turn blue.
Breathing may be very fast, and you could faint.
g. Dehydration. You might feel very thirsty, dizzy, weak, or have trouble
urinating.
h. Color changes in the skin. The skin might look white or yellow,
brown, purple, or black.
i. Skin that looks feels thick, dry and leather like.
j. Numbess or only a little pain. This happen because nerve endings have
been destroyed. The area around the burn may hurt more than the
burned area of skin.
4. Fourth degree burn
a. The most severe form of burn affect structures well beyond the skin,
such as muscle and bones.
b. The skin may appear blackened or charred.
c. If nerve damage is substantial, you may feel no pain at all.
20
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
3.1 Conclusion
Musculoskeletal system consists of muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones,
and joints. These structures give the human body its shape and ability to
move. Various parts of the musculoskeletal system work with the nervous
system to produce voluntary movements. Muscles contract when stimulated
by impulses from the nervous system. (Lippincott, 2009)
Musculoskeletal system have many diseases, such as Osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is now identified as one of the most important diseases affecting
the human race, along with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. (Barti, 2004)
Osteoporotic fractures affect more women than heart attacks, strokes and
all female cancers combined. Primarily through complications stemming from
hip fractures. (Barti, 2004)
Etiology of Osteoporosis is calcium deficiency, Vitamin D Absorption and
Metabolism, Fluctuations in Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), Estrogen
Deficiencies. There are clinical appearances of osteoporosis is High levels of
serum calcium or alkaline phosphatase on a blood test, Vitamin D deficiency,
etc.
The integumentary system is the largest body system and includes the
skin, or integument, and its appendages (the hair, nails, and certain glands).
(Lippincott, 2009)
Function of the integumentary system is protection, absorbtion, excreation,
making vitamin D, temperature setting, and ceratinisation. (Nursalam, 2010)
The skin is important for human, and there is disease of skin is burning
skin. There are three degree until four degree, refer to the severity of that
wounds. Etiology of burning skin it called burns and scalds. Clinical
appearances of burning skin from all of the degree is so different in each
degree. For first degree is redness and peeling skin, etc. For the second degree
is deep redness and Skin that is painful to the touch, etc. For the third degree
is The skin may feel clammy. Lips and fingernails may turn blue. Breathing
may be very fast, and the client could faint also dehydration. For the fourth
degree is The most severe form of burn affect structures well beyond the skin,
such as muscle and bones.
21
REFERENCES
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