SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development (SD) is a pattern of economic

growth in which resource use aims to meet human
needs while preserving the environment so that these
needs can be met not only in the present, but also for
generations to come (sometimes taught as ELF-
Environment, Local people, Future The term
'sustainable development' was used by the Brundtland
Commission which coined what has become the most
often-quoted definition of sustainable development as
development that "meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs." Alternatively, sustainability
educator Michael Thomas Needham referred to
'Sustainable Development' "as the ability to meet the
needs of the present while contributing to the future
generations’ needs." There is an additional focus on the
present generations' responsibility to improve the
future generations' life by restoring the previous
ecosystem damage and resisting contributing to
further ecosystem damage.
Wind Power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a
useful form of energy, such as using: wind turbines to
make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, wind
pumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel
ships.

A large wind farm may consist of several hundred

individual wind turbines which are connected to the
electric power transmission network. Offshore wind
farms can harness more frequent and powerful winds
than are available to land-based installations and have
less visual impact on the landscape but construction
costs are considerably higher. Small onshore wind
facilities are used to provide electricity to isolated
locations and utility companies increasingly buy back
surplus electricity produced by small domestic wind
turbines.
Hydro Power
Hydropower or water power is power derived from the
energy of falling water, which may be harnessed for
useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower has
been used for irrigation and the operation of various
mechanical devices, such as watermills, sawmills, textile
mills, dock cranes, and domestic lifts.

Water's power is manifested in hydrology, by the

forces of water on the riverbed and banks of a river.
When a river is in flood, it is at its most powerful, and
moves the greatest amount of sediment. This higher
force results in the removal of sediment and other
material from the riverbed and banks of the river,
locally causing erosion, transport and, with lower flow,
sedimentation downstream.
Solar Energy
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has
been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a
range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy
technologies include solar heating, solar photovoltaics,
solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which
can make considerable contributions to solving some of
the most urgent problems the world now faces.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either

passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active
solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels
and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to
the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal
mass or light dispersing properties, and designing
spaces that naturally circulate air.
Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of
rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. It
has been used to provide drinking water, water for
livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical
uses. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses and
local institutions can make an important contribution to
the availability of drinking water.

Rainwater harvesting can ensure an independent water

supply during water restrictions, though somewhat
dependent on end-use and maintenance, is usually of
acceptable quality for household needs and renewable
at acceptable volumes, despite climate change
forecast. It produces beneficial effects by reducing
peak storm water runoff and processing costs. In
municipalities with systems, reducing storm runoff is
especially important, because excess runoff during
heavy storms leads to the discharge of raw sewage
when treatment plant capacity cannot handle the
combined flow. Rainwater harvesting systems are
simple to install and operate. Running costs are
negligible, and they provide water at the point of
consumption. Rainwater harvesting in urban
communities has been made possible by various
companies. Their tanks provide an attractive yet
effective solution to rainwater catchment. Sometimes
a practice is adopted of directing collected rainwater
deep inside the ground through pipes or shafts. Such a
practice will carry surface pollutants to the ground
water and thus pollute it. The best practice is to store
water in ponds, lakes and other unlined surface
reservoirs so that the water gets filtered through
before entering the ground.
Biogas Plant
Biogas is practically produced as landfill gas (LFG) or
digester gas. A biogas plant is the name often given to
an anaerobic digester that treats farm wastes or
energy crops. Biogas can be produced using anaerobic
digesters. These plants can be fed with energy crops
such as maize silage or biodegradable wastes including
sewage sludge and food waste. During the process,as an
air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methane
producing renewable energy that can be used for
heating, electricity, and many other operations that
use any variation of an internal combustion engine, such
as GE Jenbacher gas engines. There are two key
processes: Mesophilic and Thermophilic digestion. In
experimental work at University of Alaska Fairbanks, a
1000-litre digester using psychrophiles harvested from
"mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200–
300 litres of methane per day, about 20–30 % of the
output from digesters in warmer climates.
Manure Creation
Green manure is broken down into plant nutrient
components by heterotrophic bacteria that consume
organic matter. Warmth and moisture contribute to
this process, similar to creating compost fertilizer.
The plant matter releases large amounts of carbon
dioxide and weak acids that react with insoluble soil
minerals to release beneficial nutrients. Soil that are
high in calcium minerals, for example, can be given
green manure to generate a higher phosphate content
in the soil, which in turn acts as a fertilizer.
Pollution Control
Pollution control is a term used in
environmental management. It means the
control of emissions and effluents into air,
water or soil. Without pollution control, the
waste products from consumption, heating,
agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation and other human activities,
whether they accumulate or disperse, will
degrade the environment. In the hierarchy
of controls, pollution prevention and waste
minimization are more desirable than
pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a
similar technique for the prevention of urban
runoff.
Compost pit
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed
and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.
Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At the
simplest level, the process of composting simply
requires making a heap of wetted organic matter
(leaves, "green" food waste) and waiting for the
materials to break down into humus after a period of
weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a
multi-step, closely monitored process with measured
inputs of water, air and carbon- and nitrogen-rich
materials. The decomposition process is aided by
shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring
proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture.
Worms and fungi further break up the material.
Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by
converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and
ammonium. The ammonium is further converted by
bacteria into plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates
through the process of nitrification.

Noise Pollution Control

Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise
barriers, limitation of vehicle speeds, alteration of
roadway surface texture, limitation of heavy vehicles,
use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to
reduce braking and acceleration, and tire design. An
important factor in applying these strategies is a
computer model for roadway noise, that is capable of
addressing local topography, meteorology, traffic
operations and hypothetical mitigation. Costs of
building-in mitigation can be modest, provided these
solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway
project.

Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet

engines. Altering flight paths and time of day runway
has benefitted residents near airports.

Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s

via redesign of industrial equipment, shock mounted
assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace.
Alarm Device
An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives
an audible, visual or other form of alarm signal
about a problem or condition.

Alarm devices include safety alarms, which go off

if a dangerous condition occurs. Common public
safety alarms include:

 tornado sirens
 fire alarms
 car alarms
 community Alarm or autodialer alarm (medical
alarms)
 air raid sirens
 personal alarm
 tocsins — a historical method of raising an
alarm
Biogas And Manure creating plant set up at home
in some village of Andhra Pradesh. This helps in
saving money,creating manure free of cost,waste
management and also getting cooking gas free of
cost.