Signal Processing First

Lecture 5
Periodic Signals, Harmonics
& Time-Varying Sinusoids

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READING ASSIGNMENTS
 This Lecture:
 Chapter 3, Sections 3-2 and 3-3
 Chapter 3, Sections 3-7 and 3-8

 Next Lecture:
 Fourier Series ANALYSIS
 Sections 3-4, 3-5 and 3-6

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Problem Solving Skills

 Math Formula  Plot & Sketches

 Sum of Cosines  S(t) versus t
 Amp, Freq, Phase  Spectrum

 Recorded Signals  MATLAB

 Speech  Numerical
 Music  Computation
 No simple formula  Plotting list of
numbers

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LECTURE OBJECTIVES
 Signals with HARMONIC Frequencies
 Add Sinusoids with fk = kf0
N
x(t )  A0   Ak cos(2 kf0t   k )
k 1
FREQUENCY can change vs. TIME

x(t) = cos(at )
Chirps: 2

Introduce Spectrogram Visualization (specgram.m)

(plotspec.m)
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SPECTRUM DIAGRAM

 Recall Complex Amplitude vs. Freq

1 X k 10 1 X k  ak
2 j / 3  j / 3 2
7e 7e
 j / 2 j / 2
4e j k
4e
X k  Ak e
–250 –100 0 100 250
f (in Hz)

x(t )  10  14 cos(2 (100)t   / 3)

 8 cos(2 (250)t   / 2)
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SPECTRUM for PERIODIC ?
 Nearly Periodic in the Vowel Region
 Period is (Approximately) T = 0.0065 sec

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PERIODIC SIGNALS

 Repeat every T secs

 Definition
x (t )  x (t  T )
 Example:
T ?
x(t) = cos(3t)

 Speech can be “quasi-periodic”

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Period of Complex Exponential
j t
x (t )  e
x (t  T )  x (t ) ? Definition: Period is T

j ( t T ) j t
e e e j 2 k  1
jT
e  1  T  2 k
2 k  2 
    k   0k k = integer

2/9/2015
T T 
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 Harmonic Signal Spectrum

Periodic signal can only have : f k  k f0

N
x (t )  A0   Ak cos(2 kf0t   k )
1
k 1 f0 
j k T
X k  Ak e

 
N
x (t )  X 0   1
2
X ke j 2 kf0t
 1
2
  j 2 kf0t
Xke
k 1
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Define FUNDAMENTAL FREQ
N
x(t) = A0 + å Ak cos(2p kf0 t + fk )
k=1

fk = kf0 (w 0 = 2p f0 ) 1
f0 
T0
f0 = fundamental Frequency
T0 = fundamental Period
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Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs)

3rd
5th

What is the fundamental frequency? 10 Hz

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POP QUIZ: FUNDAMENTAL
 Here’s another spectrum:
10
j / 3  j / 3
7e 7e
 j / 2 j / 2
4e 4e

–250 –100 0 100 250

f (in Hz)

What is the fundamental frequency?

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 IRRATIONAL SPECTRUM

SPECIAL RELATIONSHIP
to get a PERIODIC SIGNAL

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Harmonic Signal (3 Freqs)
T=0.1

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NON-Harmonic Signal

NOT
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16
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
 Now, a much HARDER problem
 Given a recording of a song, have the
computer write the music

 Can a machine extract frequencies?

 Yes, if we COMPUTE the spectrum for x(t)
 During short intervals

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Time-Varying
FREQUENCIES Diagram
Frequency is the vertical axis

A-440

Time is the horizontal axis

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SIMPLE TEST SIGNAL
 C-major SCALE: stepped frequencies
 Frequency is constant for each note

IDEAL

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R-rated: ADULTS ONLY
 SPECTROGRAM Tool
 MATLAB function is specgram.m
 SP-First has plotspec.m & spectgr.m
 ANALYSIS program
 Takes x(t) as input &
 Produces spectrum values Xk
 Breaks x(t) into SHORT TIME SEGMENTS
 Then uses the FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)

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SPECTROGRAM EXAMPLE
 Two Constant Frequencies: Beats

cos(2 (660)t ) sin(2 (12)t )

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AM Radio Signal
 Same as BEAT Notes
cos(2 (660)t ) sin(2 (12)t )
1
2
e j 2 ( 660 ) t
 e  j 2 ( 660) t  e
1
2j
j 2 (12 ) t
 e  j 2 (12 ) t 
1
4j
e j 2 ( 672 ) t
e  j 2 ( 672) t
e j 2 ( 648) t
e  j 2 ( 648) t

1 cos(2 (672)t  2 )  12 cos(2 (648)t  2 )
2

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SPECTRUM of AM (Beat)
 4 complex exponentials in AM:

1
4
e j / 2 1
4
e j / 2 1
4
e j / 2 1
4
e j / 2

–672 –648 0 648 672

f (in Hz)

What is the fundamental frequency?

648 Hz ? 24 Hz ?
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STEPPED FREQUENCIES
 C-major SCALE: successive sinusoids
 Frequency is constant for each note

IDEAL

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SPECTROGRAM of C-Scale
Sinusoids ONLY

From SPECGRAM
ANALYSIS PROGRAM

ARTIFACTS at Transitions

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Spectrogram of LAB SONG

Sinusoids ONLY
Analysis Frame = 40ms
ARTIFACTS at Transitions

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Time-Varying Frequency
 Frequency can change vs. time
 Continuously, not stepped
 FREQUENCY MODULATION (FM)

x(t )  cos(2 f c t  v(t ))

VOICE
 CHIRP SIGNALS
 Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM)

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New Signal: Linear FM

 Called Chirp Signals (LFM)

QUADRATIC
 Quadratic phase

x(t )  A cos( t  2 f0 t   )
2

 Freq will change LINEARLY vs. time

 Example of Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Define “instantaneous frequency”

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INSTANTANEOUS FREQ
 Definition
x(t )  A cos( (t ))
Derivative
 i (t )  dt
d  (t )
of the “Angle”

 For Sinusoid:
x(t )  A cos(2 f 0t   )
 (t )  2 f 0t   Makes sense

 i ( t )  d  (t )
dt
 2 f 0
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INSTANTANEOUS FREQ
of the Chirp

 Chirp Signals have Quadratic phase

 Freq will change LINEARLY vs. time

x(t )  A cos( t   t   ) 2

  (t )   t   t  
2

 i (t )  d  (t )  2 t  
dt
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CHIRP SPECTROGRAM

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CHIRP WAVEFORM

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OTHER CHIRPS

 (t) can be anything:

x(t )  A cos( cos(  t )   )

 i (t )  d
dt
 ( t )   sin(  t )
 (t) could be speech or music:
 FM radio broadcast

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SINE-WAVE FREQUENCY
MODULATION (FM)

Look at CD-ROM Demos in Ch 3

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