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Leep 202
Leep 202
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
2.1 Overview
2.1.1 Inverse function
Inverse of a function ‘f ’ exists, if the function is one-one and onto, i.e, bijective.
Since trigonometric functions are many-one over their domains, we restrict their
domains and co-domains in order to make them one-one and onto and then find
their inverse. The domains and ranges (principal value branches) of inverse
trigonometric functions are given below:
Functions Domain Range (Principal value
branches)
–π π
y = sin–1x [–1,1] 2 , 2
y = cos–1x [–1,1] [0,π]
–π π
y = cosec–1x R– (–1,1) 2 , 2 – {0}
π
y = sec–1x R– (–1,1) [0,π] –
2
–π π
y = tan–1x R ,
2 2
y = cot–1x R (0,π)
Notes:
(i) The symbol sin–1x should not be confused with (sinx)–1. Infact sin–1x is an
angle, the value of whose sine is x, similarly for other trigonometric functions.
(ii) The smallest numerical value, either positive or negative, of θ is called the
principal value of the function.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 19
–π π
tan–1(tan x) = x : x ∈ ,
2 2
cot–1(cot x) = x : x ∈ ( 0, π )
π
sec–1(sec x) = x : x ∈[0, π] –
2
–π π
cosec–1(cosec x) = x : x ∈ , – {0}
2 2
2. sin (sin–1 x) = x : x ∈[–1,1]
cos (cos–1 x) = x : x ∈[–1,1]
tan (tan–1 x) = x : x ∈R
cot (cot–1 x) = x : x ∈R
sec (sec–1 x) = x : x ∈R – (–1,1)
cosec (cosec–1 x) = x : x ∈R – (–1,1)
1
3. sin –1 = cosec –1 x : x ∈R – (–1,1)
x
1
cos –1 = sec –1 x : x ∈R – (–1,1)
x
20 MATHEMATICS
1
tan –1 = cot –1 x : x>0
x
= – π + cot–1x : x<0
4. sin–1 (–x) = –sin–1x : x ∈[–1,1]
cos–1 (–x) = π−cos–1x : x ∈[–1,1]
tan–1 (–x) = –tan–1x : x ∈R
cot–1 (–x) = π–cot–1x : x ∈R
sec–1 (–x) = π–sec–1x : x ∈R –(–1,1)
cosec–1 (–x) = –cosec–1x : x ∈R –(–1,1)
π
5. sin–1x + cos–1x = : x ∈[–1,1]
2
π
tan–1x + cot–1x = : x ∈R
2
π
sec–1x + cosec–1x = : x ∈R–[–1,1]
2
x+ y
6. tan–1x + tan–1y = tan–1 1 – xy : xy < 1
x− y
; xy > –1
tan–1x – tan–1y = tan–1 1 + xy
2x
7. 2tan–1x = sin–1 : –1 ≤ x ≤ 1
1 + x2
1 – x2
2tan–1x = cos–1 : x≥0
1 + x2
2x
2tan–1x = tan–1 : –1 < x < 1
1 – x2
2.2 Solved Examples
Short Answer (S.A.)
3
Example 1 Find the principal value of cos–1x, for x = .
2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 21
3
3
Solution If cos 2 = θ , then cos θ =
–1
.
2
3
Since we are considering principal branch, θ ∈ [0, π]. Also, since > 0, θ being in
2
3 π
the first quadrant, hence cos–1 2 = .
6
–π
Example 2 Evaluate tan–1 sin .
2
–π π π
Solution tan–1 sin = tan–1 − sin = tan–1(–1) = − .
2
2 4
13π
Example 3 Find the value of cos–1 cos .
6
13π π –1 π
Solution cos–1 cos
6
= cos–1 cos (2π + ) = cos cos
6 6
π
= .
6
9π
Example 4 Find the value of tan–1 tan .
8
9π π
Solution tan–1 tan = tan–1 tan π +
8 8
–1 π π
= tan tan =
8 8
–1
Example 5 Evaluate tan (tan (– 4)).
Solution Since tan (tan–1x) = x, ∀ x ∈ R, tan (tan–1(– 4) = – 4.
Example 6 Evaluate: tan–1 3 – sec–1 (–2) .
22 MATHEMATICS
π 1 2π π π
= − π + cos –1 = − + =− .
3 2 3 3 3
–1 3
Example 7 Evaluate: sin cos sin 2 .
–1
–1 3 –1 π –1 1 π
Solution sin cos sin = sin cos = sin = .
–1
2 3 2 6
Example 8 Prove that tan(cot–1x) = cot (tan–1x). State with reason whether the
equality is valid for all values of x.
Solution Let cot–1x = θ. Then cot θ = x
π π
or, tan – θ = x ⇒ tan x = – θ
–1
2 2
π π –1
So tan(cot x) = tan θ = cot – θ = cot − cot x = cot(tan x)
–1 –1
2 2
The equality is valid for all values of x since tan–1x and cot–1x are true for x ∈ R.
–1 y
Example 9 Find the value of sec tan .
2
y π π y
Solution Let tan
–1
=θ , where θ ∈ − , . So, tanθ = ,
2 2 2 2
4 + y2
which gives secθ= .
2
–1 y 4 + y2
Therefore, sec tan = secθ = .
2 2
–1 8
Example 10 Find value of tan (cos–1x) and hence evaluate tan cos .
17
Solution Let cos–1x = θ, then cos θ = x, where θ ∈ [0,π]
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 23
1 – cos 2 θ 1 – x2
Therefore, tan(cos–1x) = tan θ = = .
cosθ x
2
8
1–
Hence 8 17 15 .
tan cos –1 = =
17 8 8
17
–1 –5
Example 11 Find the value of sin 2cot
12
–5 −5
Solution Let cot–1 = y . Then cot y = .
12 12
–1 –5
Now sin 2cot = sin 2y
12
12 –5 π
= 2siny cosy = 2 since cot y < 0, so y ∈ 2 , π
13 13
–120
=
169
–1 1 4
Example 12 Evaluate cos sin + sec –1
4 3
–1 1 4 1 3
Solution cos sin + sec –1 = cos sin –1 + cos –1
4 3 4 4
–1 1 –1 3 –1 1 –1 3
= cos sin cos cos – sin sin sin cos
4 4 4 4
2 2
3 1 1 3
= 4 1 – 4 – 4 1 – 4
3 15 1 7 3 15 – 7
= 4 4 –4 4 = 16
.
24 MATHEMATICS
3 17 π
Example 13 Prove that 2sin–1 – tan–1 =
5 31 4
3 3 −π π
Solution Let sin–1 = θ, then sinθ = , where θ ∈ ,
5 5 2 2
3 3
Thus tan θ = , which gives θ = tan–1 .
4 4
3 17
Therefore, 2sin–1 – tan–1
5 31
17 3 17
= 2θ – tan–1 = 2 tan–1 – tan–1
31 4 31
3
2. 17
tan –1 4 – tan –1 24 17
= 31 = tan–1 − tan –1
1– 9 7 31
16
24 17
−
tan –1 7 31 π
= =
1+ 24 . 17 4
7 31
1 1
7+8 –1 1
+ tan 1 1
–1
tan . < 1)
= 1 1 (since x . y =
1− × 18 7 8
7 8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 25
3 1
+
–1 3 –1 1 tan –1 11 18
= tan + tan = (since xy < 1)
11 18 1− 3 × 1
11 18
–1 65 –1 1
= tan = tan = cot–1 3
195 3
Example 15 Which is greater, tan 1 or tan–1 1?
Solution From Fig. 2.1, we note that tan x is an increasing function in the interval
−π π π π
, , since 1 > ⇒ tan 1 > tan . This gives
2 2 4 4
tan 1 > 1
π
⇒ tan 1 > 1 >
4
⇒ tan 1 > 1 > tan–1 (1).
Example 16 Find the value of
2
sin 2 tan –1 + cos (tan –1 3) .
3
2 2
Solution Let tan–1 = x and tan–1 3 = y so that tan x = and tan y = 3.
3 3
2
Therefore, sin 2 tan –1 + cos (tan –1 3)
3
= sin (2x) + cos y
2
2.
2 tan x 1 3 + 1
+
( )
= 1 + tan x
2 = 4
1+ tan 2 y
2
1+ 1+ 3
9
12 1 37
= + = .
13 2 26
26 MATHEMATICS
1− x 1
tan –1 = tan x, x > 0
–1
1 + x 2
1− x
From given equation, we have 2 tan –1 = tan x
–1
Solution
1+ x
π π
⇒ 2 = 3tan –1 x ⇒ = tan –1 x
4 6
1
⇒ x=
3
⇒ x 2 x – x 2 + 1 − x 2 (1 − x −1) = 0
⇒x ( )
2 x – x 2 − 1− x 2 = 0
⇒x = 0 or 2x – x2 = 1 – x2
1
⇒x = 0 or x= .
2
π
Example 19 Solve the equation sin–16x + sin–1 6 3 x = −
2
π
Solution From the given equation, we have sin–1 6x = − − sin 6 3 x
–1
2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 27
π
sin (sin–1 6x) = sin − − sin 6 3 x
–1
⇒
2
⇒ 6x = – cos (sin–1 6 3 x)
α π β –1 sin α cos β
2 tan–1 tan .tan − = tan
2 4 2 cos α + sin β
α π β
2 tan .tan −
2 4 2 –1 2 x
since 2 tan x = tan
–1 –1
Solution L.H.S. = tan
α π β 1− x 2
1 − tan 2 tan 2 −
2 4 2
β
1 − tan
α 2
2 tan
2 1 + tan β
–1 2
= tan 2
β
1 − tan
α 2
1 − tan 2
2 1 + tan β
2
α
β
2 tan . 1 − tan 2
= tan –1
2 2
2 2
β 2 α β
1 + tan − tan 1 − tan
2 2 2
28 MATHEMATICS
α 2 β
1 − tan
2 tan
= tan –1 2 2
2 β 2 α β 2 α
1 + tan 1 − tan + 2 tan 1 + tan
2 2 2 2
α β
2 tan 1 − tan 2
2 2
2 α 2β
1 + tan 1 + tan
= tan –1 2 2
2 α β
1 − tan 2 tan
2+ 2
2 α 2β
1 + tan 1 + tan
2 2
sin α cos β
= tan –1 = R.H.S.
cos α + sin β
π π π π
(A) − , (B) − 2 , 2
2 2
π π
(C) − , – {0} (D) (0, π)
2 2
π π π
(A) − 2 , 2 − {0} (B) [0, π] −
2
π π
(C) (0, π) (D) − ,
2 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 29
π 3π 3π
(A) 2, 2 (B) [ π , 2π] −
2
(C) (0, π) (D) [2π, 3π]
–1 43π
Example 24 The value of sin cos is
5
3π −7 π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D) –
5 5 10 10
–1 40π + 3π 3π
= sin cos 8π +
–1
Solution (D) is the correct answer. sin cos
5 5
–1 3π –1 π 3π
= sin cos = sin sin −
5 2 5
–1 π π
= sin sin − = − .
10 10
2π − 2π 34π π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 9 9
Solution (A) is the correct answer. cos–1 (cos (680°)) = cos–1 [cos (720° – 40°)]
2π
= cos–1 [cos (– 40°)] = cos–1 [cos (40°)] = 40° = .
9
Example 26 The value of cot (sin–1x) is
1+ x 2 x
(A) (B)
x 1+ x 2
30 MATHEMATICS
1 1− x 2
(C) (D) .
x x
1 1− x 2
⇒ 1 + cot2 θ = ⇒ cotθ = .
x2 x
π
Example 27 If tan–1x = for some x ∈ R, then the value of cot–1x is
10
π 2π 3π 4π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
π
Solution (B) is the correct answer. We know tan –1x + cot –1x = . Therefore
2
π π
cot–1x = –
2 10
π π 2π
⇒ cot–1x = – = .
2 10 5
Example 28 The domain of sin–1 2x is
(A) [0, 1] (B) [– 1, 1]
1 1
(C) − 2 , 2
(D) [–2, 2]
2π π 4π 5π
(A) − (B) − (C) (D) .
3 3 3 3
Example 30 The greatest and least values of (sin–1x)2 + (cos–1x)2 are respectively
5π 2 π2 π −π
(A) and (B) and
4 8 2 2
π2 −π2 π2
(C) and (D) and 0 .
4 4 4
Solution (A) is the correct answer. We have
π2 π
= − 2sin –1 x − sin –1 x
4 2
π2
( )
2
= − π sin –1 x + 2 sin –1 x
4
π –1 π2
( )
2
=
2 sin –1
x − sin x +
2 8
–1 2
π π2
=
2 sin x − + .
4 16
π2 π2 −π π 2 π2
Thus, the least value is
2 i.e. and the Greatest value is 2 − 4 + 16 ,
2
16 8
5π2
i.e. .
4
Example 31 Let θ = sin–1 (sin (– 600°), then value of θ is
32 MATHEMATICS
π π 2π − 2π
(A) (B) (C) (D) .
3 2 3 3
–1 2π –1 2π
= sin − sin 4π − = sin sin
3 3
–1 π –1 π π
= sin sin π − = sin sin = .
3 3 3
(C) − 5, − 3 ∩ − 5, 3 (D) − 5, − 3 ∪ 3, 5
⇒ x∈ − 5, − 3 ∪ 3, 5
Solution (B) is the correct answer. Let sin–1 (.6) = θ, i.e., sin θ = .6.
π
Example 36 If sin–1 x + sin–1 y = , then value of cos–1 x + cos–1 y is
2
π 2π
(A) (B) π (C) 0 (D)
2 3
π
Solution (A) is the correct answer. Given that sin–1 x + sin–1 y = .
2
π –1 π –1 π
Therefore, – cos x + – cos y =
2 2 2
π
⇒ cos–1x + cos–1y = .
2
–1 3 1
Example 37 The value of tan cos + tan –1 is
5 4
19 8 19 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 19 12 4
–1 3 1 –1 4 1
Solution (A) is the correct answer. tan cos + tan –1 = tan tan + tan –1
5 4 3 4
34 MATHEMATICS
4 1
3+4 –1 19 19
= tan tan = .
= tan tan –1 1− 4 × 1 8 8
3 4
Example 38 The value of the expression sin [cot–1 (cos (tan–1 1))] is
1 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) (D) .
3 3
π 1 –1 2 2
sin [cot–1 (cos )] = sin [cot–1 ]= sin sin =
4 2 3 3
1
Example 39 The equation tan–1x – cot–1x = tan–1 has
3
(A) no solution (B) unique solution
(C) infinite number of solutions (D) two solutions
π π
tan–1x – cot–1x = and tan–1x + cot–1x =
6 2
2π
Adding them, we get 2tan–1x =
3
π
⇒ tan–1x = i.e., x = 3 .
3
Example 40 If α ≤ 2 sin–1x + cos–1x ≤β , then
−π π
(A) α = , β= (B) α = 0, β = π
2 2
−π 3π
(C) α = , β= (D) α = 0, β = 2π
2 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 35
−π π
Solution (B) is the correct answer. We have ≤ sin–1 x ≤
2 2
−π π π π π
⇒ + ≤ sin–1x + ≤ +
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 0 ≤ sin x + (sin x + cos x) ≤ π
–1 –1 –1
⇒ 0 ≤ 2sin–1x + cos–1x ≤ π
= 22 × 1 + 32 – 2 = 11.
2.3 EXERCISE
5π –1 13π
+ cos cos
–1
1. Find the value of tan tan .
6 6
– 3
Evaluate cos cos + .
–1
2.
2 6
3. Prove that cot – 2 cot –1 3 = 7 .
4
1 –1 1 –1 –
+ cot + tan sin 2 .
–1
4. Find the value of tan –
3 3
2π
5. Find the value of tan–1 tan .
3
– –1 –4
6. Show that 2tan–1 (–3) = + tan .
2 3
36 MATHEMATICS
8.
Find the value of the expression sin 2 tan
–1 1
3
–1
(
+ cos tan 2 2 . )
π
9. If 2 tan–1 (cos θ) = tan–1 (2 cosec θ), then show that θ = ,
4
where n is any integer.
–1 1 –1 1
10. Show that cos 2 tan = sin 4 tan .
7 3
3
11. (
)
Solve the following equation cos tan –1 x = sin cot –1 .
4
1 + x 2 + 1– x 2 1
= + cos x
–1 –1 2
12. Prove that tan
1 + x – 1– x 4 2
2 2
3 4 –3
Find the simplified form of cos cos x + sin x , where x ∈
–1
,
4 4
13. .
5 5
8 3 77
14. Prove that sin
–1
+ sin –1 = sin –1 .
17 5 85
5 3 63
15. Show that sin
–1
+ cos –1 = tan –1 .
13 5 16
1 2 1
16. Prove that tan
–1
+ tan –1 = sin −1 .
4 9 5
–1 1 1
17. Find the value of 4 tan – tan –1 .
5 239
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 37
1 3 4– 7 4+ 7
18. Show that tan sin –1 = and justify why the other value
2 4 3 3
is ignored?
19. If a1, a2, a3,...,an is an arithmetic progression with common difference d, then
evaluate the following expression.
d –1 d –1 d –1 d
tan tan –1 + tan + tan + ... + tan .
1 + a1 a2 1 + a2 a3 1 + a3 a4 1 + an –1 an
π
(C) [0, π] (0, π) –
(D)
2
21. Which of the following is the principal value branch of cosec–1x?
–π π π
(A) , (B) [0, π] –
2 2 2
–π π –π π
(C) 2 , 2 (D) 2 , 2 – {0}
22. If 3tan–1 x + cot–1 x = π, then x equals
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) .
2
33
The value of sin–1 cos is
5
23.
3π –7π π –π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 10 10
38 MATHEMATICS
–1 3
28. The value of cos cos is equal to
2
π 3π 5π 7π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
1
29. The value of the expression 2 sec–1 2 + sin–1 is
2
π 5π 7π
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
6 6 6
4π
30. If tan–1 x + tan–1y = , then cot–1 x + cot–1 y equals
5
π 2π 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) π
5 5 5
2a –1 1– a 2x
2
If sin 2
+ cos = tan –1 , where a, x ∈ ]0, 1, then
2
1– x 2
–1
31.
1+ a 1+ a
the value of x is
a 2a
(A) 0 (B) (C) a (D)
2 1– a 2
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 39
–1 7
The value of cot cos is
25
32.
25 25 24 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 7 25 24
1–1 2
33. The value of the expression tan cos is
2 5
(A) 2+ 5 (B) 5–2
5+2
(C) (D) 5+ 2
2
θ 1– cos θ
Hint :tan =
2 1 + cos θ
2x
If | x | ≤ 1, then 2 tan–1 x + sin–1
1 + x 2
34. is equal to
(A) 4 tan–1 x (B) 0 (C) (D) π
2
35. If cos–1 α + cos–1 β + cos–1 γ = 3π, then α (β + γ) + β (γ + α) + γ (α + β)
equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 6 (D) 12
36. The number of real solutions of the equation
π
1+ cos 2 x = 2 cos –1 (cos x)in , π is
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
–1 –1
37. If cos x > sin x, then
1 1
(A) < x≤1 (B) 0≤x<
2 2
1
(C) −1≤ x < (D) x>0
2
40 MATHEMATICS
3π
39. The value of sin–1 sin is__________.
5
40. If cos (tan–1 x + cot–1 3 ) = 0, then value of x is__________.
1
41. The set of values of sec–1 is__________.
2
42. The principal value of tan–1 3 is__________.
14π
43. The value of cos–1 cos is__________.
3
44. The value of cos (sin–1 x + cos–1 x), |x| ≤ 1 is______ .
sin –1 x + cos –1 x 3
45. The value of expression tan ,when x = is_________.
2 2
2x
If y = 2 tan–1 x + sin–1
1 + x 2
46. for all x, then____< y <____.
x− y
47. The result tan–1x – tan–1y = tan–1 1+ xy is true when value of xy is _____
48. The value of cot (–x) for all x ∈ R in terms of cot–1x is _______.
–1
State True or False for the statement in each of the Exercises 49 to 55.
49. All trigonometric functions have inverse over their respective domains.
50. The value of the expression (cos–1 x)2 is equal to sec2 x.
51. The domain of trigonometric functions can be restricted to any one of their
branch (not necessarily principal value) in order to obtain their inverse functions.
52. The least numerical value, either positive or negative of angle θ is called principal
value of the inverse trigonometric function.
53. The graph of inverse trigonometric function can be obtained from the graph of
their corresponding trigonometric function by interchanging x and y axes.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 41
n π
54. The minimum value of n for which tan–1 > , n∈N , is valid is 5.
π 4
–1 1 π
55. The principal value of sin–1 cos sin is .
2 3