Architecture

in Early Cultures
•

•
–Historical Background
•Location and period
•Social characteristics and beliefs
–Architecture of the Civilization
•Early Christian Architecture
 Location
•The Early Christian and
Byzantine architecture
started in two prominent
locations centered at
Rome and Byzantium or
Constantinople
•Early Christian
architecture occurred in
Rome and in areas around
Rome
•Byzantine architecture
was centered at
Byzantium
•From the two focal
points Early Christian and
Byzantine Architecture
spread to other areas in
the European and Asian
region

Historical Background
Period
The following is a time line of events for the Early Christian and Byzantine period:
• 29 A.D. Passing of Isa(AS) and beginning of Christian Religion
• 286 A.D. Emperor Diocletian reorganizes the Roman Empire splitting it into two, the Eastern and the Western part
• 313 A. D. Emperor Constantine recognizes the Christian religion and adopts it as a state religion
• 324 A.D. Emperor Constantine reunited the Roman Empire with a new capital at Byzantium
• 364 A.D. Rome finally splits into two; the Western and Eastern Empire
• 476 A.D. Rome is sacked by Visigoth and Vandals
• 632 A.D. Muslim begin an advance on the Byzantine empire
• 1453 A.D. Byzantium falls to Sultan Muhammad II ending the Byzantine Empire

Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs
The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
• The single most important social phenomenon of
the early Christian and Byzantine period was the
spread and acceptance of the Christian religion
• During the period from the first century to the third
century after the death of Jesus, Christianity was a
secret society –It was considered dangerous and
subversive by the government
• Christians met secretly in tombs and private houses
• Gradually, however, it spread and became widely
accepted in Asia minor and in Rome itself
• By the third century, Rome had a population of
50,000 Christians
• The religion was tolerated but it was still illegal
• The Empire was split into a Western and Eastern
Empires
Historical Background
Social Characteristics & Beliefs
The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion
• In A.D. 313, the Emperor Constantine issued the
Edict of Milan making Christianity legal
• He also adopted it as a state religion and he became
the first Christian emperor
• The acceptance of the religion by the emperor
fueled its expansion
• It also led to the early development of places of
worship for the new religion
• Constantine was able to unite the Roman Empire
during his reign
• The third century was for the Roman Empire a
period of political instability and decline
• He established the capital of the new empire at
Byzantium, renamed Constantinople or the city of
Constantine
Social Characteristics & Beliefs

The Roman Empire and the Christian Religion

• After his death, the Empire was again split
• The Western Empire was sacked by Vandals and Visigoths in 476,
leading to its disintegration
• The Eastern Empire with Constantinople as its capital survived for a
thousand years,
• Although the Eastern Empire was not yet "Byzantine" under
Constantine, Christianity would become one of its defining
characteristics
• The empire was a multinational state
• Greek became the everyday language as well as the language of the
church and everyday commerce in this empire
• The general identity of the Eastern Roman Empire was a combination of
Roman statehood, Hellenistic culture and Christian religion

Historical Background
Architecture of the Period
• With Christianity widely accepted as a state religion
in Rome it was necessary for architecture to respond
to the demands of the religion for worship space
• Mode of worship was the most important
determinant of the form of the church
• Requirement for church design was centered on
worship and burial
• The requirements include:
• A path for processional entry and exit
of the clergy
• An alter area, where the clergy
celebrate mass
• A space for the segregation of the
clergy from the congregation during
procession and communion
• Burial space
Historical Background
Architecture of the Period
• The focus of both Early Christian and Byzantine
architecture is on the Christian church
• Before the legal recognition of the new faith,
Christian places of worship were of necessity
inconspicuous with no fixed architectural form
• Afterward, however, imposing cult edifices were
erected in many parts of the Roman Empire,
especially in its major cities
• Early Christian builders adapted structures that had
been used in the Roman world
• The basilica, consisting of a nave flanked by lower
aisles and terminated by an apse, was adopted as
the standard structure in Christian congregational
worship
• This was not however the only form adopted
• More centralized plans which were of round,
polygonal, or cruciform shapes were adopted
occasionally
Architecture of the Period

• Martyria were erected on sites connected with certain events in the life of
Jesus and other places held to be sanctified by the sacrifice of the martyrs
• In such buildings the martyrium structure and basilica were combined,
creating a new formal synthesis of great significance for Christian
religious architecture
• Development of the Christian church continued during the Byzantine era
• In the Byzantine period focus shifted from the rituals or practices of
worship to the building as an embodiment or symbols of the majesty of the
faith
• Innovative structure was combined with light and decoration to create
fascinating interiors

Historical Background
 Introduction

The term early Christian architecture refers to the architecture of the early
Christian churches of the roman era

This is further divided into two types;

The basilica church and
The centralized church plans

With Christianity accepted as a state religion in Rome and expanding in

influence, it became necessary for architecture to respond to the space
demands of the new religion

A building used for Christian worship had to provide a path for the
processional entry and exit of the clergy, an alter area, where the clergy
celebrated mass, a space for the segregation of the clergy from congregation
during the procession and communion

Historical Background
BASILICA CHURCH TYPE
• Apart from administering to the spiritual needs of the
living, some churches also provided burial spaces for the
dead
• The early churches were generally simple and functional
in their design
• The emphasis was centered on the act of Christian
worship
• The architecture of the church that developed was not a
completely new style, but the use of available Roman
forms to satisfy a new program need
• The form chosen for the early church was the Roman
basilica
• It was suitable for use as a church with no serious
modification and it could be easily and rapidly built at
low cost
• The Basilica was also preferred because of the emphasis
on participation in mass.
• The most common form of the early churches had a
rectangular hall with a timber trussed roof.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE CIVILIZATION
• It also had one or two aisles on each side of a central
nave and an apse at one end facing the principal
entrance located at the other end
• The apse of the basilica was used as a location for the
alter
• The nave was used as a sitting for the clergy
• Common people sat in the aisles
• The early churches may have a courtyard or atrium in
front of it
• A fountain is usually located in the center of such an
atrium; This was used for baptism
• Most of the early churches had clerestory lighting
• Clerestory windows were developed to give light to
the central part of the interior
• Gradually, the clerestory windows became a symbol
of the transcendence and grace of god
• Variations in the character of the early church
reflected differences in local resources and traditions
•Christianity found its birth in the city of Bethlehem.
Until the birth of Christianity the universal religion in
all civilizations was based on pagan beliefs and the
worship of nature.
•Christianity began in and around the region of
Jerusalem and Palestine spreading to the Roman
Empire around the 3rd c. AD
•Christianity spread chiefly among the underprivileged
in those commercial centers visited by Jewish traders.
•By the early 2nd c. AD its adherents were found in all
parts of the society
•By the 3rd c. AD it had become numerous enough to
be a threat in the Roman Empire during the period of
Diocletian
•The most significant happening, which led to the
spread of Christianity, was the role of Constantine’s
decision to recognize Christianity as a religion equal to
all others in 313 AD
•Choosing to rule primarily from Constantinople
(Byzantium) in the eastern empire in 324 AD
Spread of Christianity:
BIRTH AND SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY
•Constantine’s decision to recognize Christianity
& ruling from the East
•Revival by Charlemagne under the name of the
Holy Empire by Pope Leo III in 800
•Growing prestige of the S Peter in the Christian
West- a prestige confirmed by the growing wealth
and temporal power filling the vacuum left by the
Roman Empire
•The only threat for the spread was from the
Persians on the East despite the existence of semi
independent Christian state of Armenia
•Expansion of the Byzantine empire to cover
Northern Africa, southern Spain and Italy
•They were affected badly due to the Arab attacks
leading to the loss of Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem,
N.Africa, Armenia & Asia Minor, even Spain by
the 7th c.AD
Spread of Christianity: •A style emerged which was influenced more by
the architecture of the near east, and used the

BIRTH AND SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY

•They were affected badly due to the Arab attacks Greek cross plan for the church architecture which
leading to the loss of Damascus, Syria, Jerusalem, mostly stands today.
N.Africa, Armenia & Asia Minor, even Spain by the
7th c.AD. • Brick replaced stone,
•Thus the Byzantine empire fell to the Turks. • classical orders were used more freely,
•But this was not the end for the Orthodox church • mosaics replaced carved decoration, and
which survived through the Turkish occupation. • complex domes were erected.
•Also survived in Russia.
•The various building typologies in EARLY CHRISTIAN
•The coronation of Charlemagne as the Holy Roman
were as follows:
Emperor in 800 marked the beginning of the new era
•Churches
with the Romanesque period in Europe.
•Commemorative structures
•Covered cemeteries
•Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the
•Baptisteries
Byzantine empire. The empire emerged gradually after
AD 330, when Constantine moved the capital of the
•The other periods are:
Roman empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed •BYZANTINE DURING JUSTINIANS PERIOD (6th C.)
Constantinople and is now Istanbul. •BYZANTINE AFTER JUSTINIAN/ LATER BYZANTINE
The invention of the Christian church was achieved by a process of assimilating and
rejecting various precedents, such as the

EVOLUTION OF CHURCH FORMS

•Greek temple,
•Roman public building,
•Private Roman house, and the
•Synagogue.

Early Christian Architecture consisted of various building typologies in:

•Churches
•Commemorative structures
•Covered cemeteries
•Baptisteries
•The 1st Christians had the Synagogue as a place of worship
•When the Jews severed their ties with the Christians, there was a need for a large
space for prayer, and the Liturgy of the Eucharist
•By the 3rd c. purpose built churches and adaptations of existing buildings
•There were requirements for spaces for activities such as the Eucharist, Baptism
•Thus forms were chosen which was suitable without much of modification
•Thus the Basilica was chosen
Early Christian Architecture - Church Forms
1. BASILICAL CHURCH developed from Roman secular basilica or axial, type, represented
by the basilica at the Holy Sepulcher
2. CENTRALISED type from Roman tombs.
These were nearly always vaulted, with a central dome
The central space was sometimes surrounded by a very thick wall, in which deep recesses, to
the interior, were formed, as at the noble church of St George, Salonica Vaulted aisle, as at
St. Costanza, Rome (4th century)
Annexes were thrown out from the central space in such a way as to form a cross, in which
these additions helped to counterpoise the central vault, as at the mausoleum of Galla
Placidia, Ravenna (5th century).
EVOLUTION OF CHURCH FORMS

1. Narthex. (covered porch)

2. Facade towers
3. Nave
4. Aisles
5. Transept
6. Crossing
7. Altar.
8. Apse.
9. Ambulatory.
PARTS OF TYPICAL CHURCH 10. Radiating chapels.
PARTS OF TYPICAL CHURCH

TYPICAL LAYOUT IN TYPICAL LAYOUT IN TYPICAL LAYOUT IN A

EASTERN ORTHODOX CATHOLIC AND LITHURGICAL PROTESTANT “FREE CHURCH”
CHURCHES CHURCHES OF WEST BAPTIST CHURCH
 FONT
ICONOTAISIS PULPIT

NAVE

PARTS OF TYPICAL CHURCH

LACTERN
The most famous church of this type was that of
the Holy Apostles, Constantinople. Vaults appear
to have been early applied to the basilica type of
plan; for instance, at St Irene, Constantinople
(6th century), the long body of the church is
covered by two domes.
Basilica plan modified for liturgical
requirements; congregation and clergy
segregated in nave and aisles vs. transept and
apse. Different variants in East and West.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE - CHURCH FORMS

BASILICAN CHURCH FORM

•Developed from Roman secular basilica or axial, type,

represented by the basilica at the Holy Sepulcher
•These were timber roofed rectangular halls with colonnaded
central space with aisles and galleries above
•The main space was higher than the aisles giving options of
clerestory lighting and 1 or more apses for legal transactions

•This form could be varied in size and form

•The only limitation was the span of the central space.
•Seating could be provided in the apse for the clergy as
it had been for the magistrate

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE - CHURCH FORMS

BASILICAN CHURCH FORM •The altar could be placed in the front there had been a
small altar for libations
•An atrium was added in front of the temple (typical
of the roman house) with a fountain at the center
•In the interiors a open screen separated the nave from
the sanctuary known as the Iconostasis
•This was surmounted by a canopy known as the
Baldachino or the Ciborium

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE - CHURCH FORMS

CENTRALIZED CHURCH PLAN

•The possible prototypes for this form could be the circular temple
(Pantheon) and the centralized audience hall or garden pavilion
(Minerva Medica) which was typical of a roman palace
•This form varied from a completely circular form to a more
complex lobed (tetraconch or 4 lobed) form set within a square or
an octagon
•These were nearly always vaulted, with a central dome
•The central space was sometimes surrounded by a very thick wall, in
which deep recesses, to the interior, were formed, as at the noble
church of St George, Salonica Vaulted aisle, as at San Costanza,
Rome (4th century)
•Annexes were thrown out from the central space in such a way as to
form a cross, in which these additions helped to counterpoise the
central vault, as at the mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna (5th
century).
•The most famous church of this type was that of the Holy Apostles.

EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE - CHURCH FORMS

 CONSTANTINOPLE

•A simple circular, octagonal or centralized form was

chosen for the Baptistery.
•In the west the aisle continued around the apse forming an
ambulatory.
Constantinople •In addition to all these the cross shaped plan was also
adopted with 4 arms leading to the transept and the
crossing usually surmounted by a dome.

•There are 2 types of cross plans in churches

•The one with equal arms referred to as the Greek cross
and the other known as the Roman cross

Baptistery EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE - CHURCH FORMS

Basilican Church Plan
Lateran Basilica, Rome
S. Peters, Rome
S. Clemente, Rome
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE, LATERAN BASILICA , ROME
•Constantine's 1st church commission
•Basilica with a wide nave terminating
in an apse
•Double aisles at each side
•The inner aisles were taller than the
outer
•Shallow projecting wings which cut
the ends of the outer aisles short
•Serving purpose similar to that of
modern sacristies
•Tall nave colonnade carrying
horizontal entablatures
•Lower aisles carry arcades
•No galleries
•Gilt ceilings
•silver altars
•Colored marble columns
•Wall facings
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE, S. PETERS, ROME 333 AD – 390 AD
•St Peter was the most
important of the basilica •Some of the early churches were
churches built by built over the tomb of martyrs and are
Constantine known as martyrium
•The church has a triple •St Peters is one of the earliest and
entrance gate leading to an most important of the martyrium
atrium churches
•The Basilica had a •It was built over what was believed
wooden roof of to be the tomb of Saint Peter who was
interlocking rafters a disciple of Jesus
•The nave did not lead
directly to the apse but
instead ends in a transverse
space that is as high as the
nave
•The nave terminated in a
triumphal arch that framed
the curve of the apse
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE, S. PETERS, ROME 333 AD – 390 AD
Church:
•Constructed over a cemetery
•Extended over an earlier circus
•CIBORIUM like canopy had
barley sugar twisted columns
•These columns are now set into great piers
that carry Michelangelo's dome
•Dome: Raised over S Peters tomb
•A broad platform – BEMA,
extended to each side of the dome
•Apse projected westwards
•Basilica- 210’ x 295’
•Double aisles
•22 huge antique columns support nave
walls
•22 shorter columns divide aisles from aisles
 https://upload.wikime
dia.org/wikipedia/com
mons/3/3e/ Giovanni
Paolo_Panini_-
Interior_of_St._Peter's
SECTION AA’ ,_Rome.jpg
Early Christian Architecture, S. Clemente, Rome (4th c/rebuilt in early 12 th c)

•The most interesting e.g.. Of GOSPEL AMBO

the continued use of Roman

Basilica Plan AMBULATORY AISLE
•The original church in 380
AD was rebuilt in 12th century
•A substantial portion of the ATRIUM

SANCTUARY
FOUNTAIN NAVE CHOIR

PORCH
earlier church still exists
below the floor
•The width of the structure AISLE

was reduced during the

rebuilding

•The fine marble floor and the ENTRANCE TO

CHANCEL EPISTLE AMBO ALTAR
mosaic do not belong to the CONVENT

early Christian
Early Christian Architecture,
S. Clemente, Rome (4th c/rebuilt in early 12th c)
The Mithraeum beneath the church of S. Clemente is one of
the artificial underground caves where those who were initiated
in the cult of Mithras celebrated their festivals, such as the birth
of the god on 25 December.
•The Mithraeum underneath the S. Clemente was built inside a
late-first century house in the late second century. The relief
shows how the god killed the devilish bull, the central part of his
myth.
Early Christian Architecture, S. Clemente, Rome (4th c/rebuilt in early 12 th c)
PLANNING:
•The entrance is on the East through a small porch
•The porch leads to the Atrium with a fountain at
the center
•From the Ambulatory is an entrance to the
convent
•Behind the atrium is the rectangular nave where
the crowd gathered
•An aisle on both sides flanks the nave
•There is a colonnade separating the nave and the aisle
•Towards the end of the nave is the Choir with the
•Epistle ambo on the right
•Gospel ambo on the left
•Behind the choir to the west lies the Sanctuary at the
apsidal end
•In front of the sanctuary is the Altar
•There is a balustrade between the choir and the
sanctuary
Early Christian Architecture, S. Clemente, Rome (4th c/rebuilt in early 12 th c)

Presbyterium
https://www.google.co.in/search?q=S.+Clemente,+Rome&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZ
yNSd5-NAhVWwGMKHaAbAJcQsAQIKA&biw=1517&bih=741&dpr=0.9#imgrc=20INfYZrDYFc1M%3A
Centralized Church Plan
S. Vitale, Ravenna
S. Hagias Sophia, Constantinople
St. Marks, Venice
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD

•Followed the Centralized plan

•Strong Byzantine character
•Italy was ruled by Ostragoths in 521-
532
•Fell under Justinian a decade later

Planning:
•Domed octagonal core
•Ground level ambulatory with a gallery
•Dome:
•The crown is 6m high
•Impression of the height is reinforced by emphasis on the verticality of the piers
•Contrast with the emphasis on horizontal by cornices at the piers at the gallery level
Byzantine Architecture,
S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
•The central space is 54’9” in dia.
•Large exedras open from the central space
•There is one exedra between each pair of piers
except at the east end where deeper opening is
provided with an apse
•The outer wall of the ambulatory is octagonal
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD

Aisles
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
CONSTRUCTION:
•The dome of the church is
constructed out of hollow tubes
•It has a tiled timber roof
wherein the normal practice in
Constantinople was to cover the
vault and the dome with lead
laid on brickwork
•It was only by raising a dome
on a drum that it could have
greater height
•This church has retained most
of its original character in
mosaic and the vaults at the
chancel
•There is a life-size
representation of Justinian with
his consort Theodora
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD

INTERIOR VIEW
Byzantine Architecture, S Hagia Sophia 532-537AD
Layout
Basilica with a double aisle and gallery
Designed by Anthemius and Isodorus
Features: masterly geometric ordering
of space and vaults
the dome collapsed 30 yrs.
later and rebuilt
Justinian's principle commission
•Dedicated to Christ
•Known as Megale Ecclesia or Great
•Church
Byzantine Architecture, S Hagia Sophia 532-537AD
Site:
•Located on the site of 2 earlier churches
•Along the principal axis of the city square
•The 1st church by Constantine in 360 burnt
in 404
•The 2nd by Theodorus II 415 burnt 532
•Greatest vaulted space without
intermediate supports through the history
of the byzantine empire

•Between the main piers and the secondary piers

the hemicycles open into smaller semicircular
Exedrae
•There is a single aisle on each side
•Above the aisle and the inner Narthex are
Galleries
Byzantine Architecture,
S Hagia Sophia 532-537AD
•The inward projection of the piers was a later
addition when the horizontal forces generated
above had begun to push the piers aside
•The inner boundaries are different in different
bays because of the great hemicycles.
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
Planning:
•70m x 75m
•Projecting apse at the E end
•Double Narthex
•Atrium on the W ( destroyed)
•The planning of the Hagia Sophia is based on the
centralised plan & basilican
•At the Center is a square 31.2m with a dome carried
on pendentives
•These Pendentives are between semicircular
arches carried on piers just outside the square
•Other piers face these piers across the aisle
•These help to resist the outward thrust of the dome in
NS
•There are 2 Semidomes of equal dia. To the main
dome carried on piers along the EW walls
•Below the semidomes are great Hemicycles that
double the EW extent of the nave
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
Columns:
•These run between the piers around the nave to carry the
aisle and gallery vaults
•There are further columns between the aisles and the
galleries
•Monolithic shafts with bronze collars of white
Proconnesian marble
•The columns at the nave are of green Thessalian marble
•Red Porphyry at the exedra at the gr. Level
•The capitals are of different designs with carved cornices
•The arrangement of the columns at the 2 levels runs around
the nave at the gallery level

Colonnades:
•Central colonnade-straight
•Around exedrae- curved
•These are closely spaced
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
Cornice: Materials:
Above the 2nd The main structure was partly built of large well
cornices are the fitted blocks of Limestone and local Granite
springing of the Partly Brick
main semi domes, Pier – Ashlar for lower levels
smaller semi domes Brick for higher levels
over the exedrae Vaults- Brick
and the arches that Brickwork – mortar joints were almost
carry the dome as thick as the bricks
•The semi domes are ¼ -Contributed to the collapse
of a sphere with a
flattened crown with 5 •No Pastophoria (rooms of apses for the clergy)
windows
•Originally 40 windows
lit the main dome
•Below the main axis at
N & S are window filled
walls called Tympana
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
•Multicolored marble •The Altar was
facings canopied behind the
•Gold and mosaic at the Chancel screen
aisles and the Narthex •The great Ambo was
vaults set further under the
•Bulky buttresses added to dome connected to the
the outer walls chancel by a screened
•Original furnishings in passageway
gold & silver with •Buttresses were
precious stones have added to the exterior
disappeared for the dome and the
The nave is divided into vaults later
horizontal bands by •Provisions for the
colonnades and cornices. Mosque
Aisle varied by shapes, •The museum garden
columns, colors, heights, has replaced the atrium
varying glimpses of the
nave
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
Additions for reconstruction:
•The original dome was lower than present
•The square base the dome stands on were also
lower
•The heights were increased later
•The main Semi domes were constructed later
•Western semi dome - 10th c.

DECORATION IN INTERIORS
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
METHODOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTION OF DOMES •The ribbed vault, buttress were used in
– Pendentive System gothic architecture
•Drawing a circle inside a square leaves 4 rough •This led to large no. of permutations and
triangles at the corners combinations of dome buildings
•When a dome was constructed over a square, it •Instead of one central dome, a whole series
was these 4 corners that had to bridged either in of square bays each with its own dome could
stone, brick or concrete be set producing a cluster of domes
•On a small scale various devices were used
•Eg. A simple stone slab from wall to wall
•On a large scale a structural element was essential
•This resulted in the “Pendentive”
•The pendentive is a small triangular segment of the
dome rising from each corner of the square
•These meet to form a circle upon which the true dome
is built
•The transformation from a square to circle is the
pendentive system used in the Byzantine
Byzantine Architecture, S Vitale, Ravenna 540-548AD
Byzantine Architecture, S Mark, Venice 1063-1073 & Later AD

•The church is an enlarged reconstruction of an earlier one with a cross shaped plan built in 830 AD
•It was built to receive the relics of the Apostle Mark from Alexandria
•The layout is similar to the Holy apostle Church at Constantinople
Byzantine Architecture, S Mark, Venice 1063-1073 & Later AD
•The plan is of 5 domes
on a group of 4 piers •Mosaics cover the arches, vaults and the domes – 12-16c.
•It originally had a •Exterior façade modified in 13c.
simple covering of lead •4 antique bronze horses in front of the large central window
as weather protection in the W gallery
•By mid 13c. It was •Late Gothic canopied niches, ogee arches, crocket pinnacles
given a more impressive and sculptures of saints and angels
external profile by
addition of outer timber
framed domes
•The narthex was
extended around each
side of the nave
•The Baptistery is on the
S making the aisles dark
•The galleries were
hence reduced to
walkways the interiors
were rich in surface and
finish