Problem Chapter 1 Electric Machinery Fundamentals

(Due date: Sec I 13/6/11, Sec II 14/6/11)

1. A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure P1-2. The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other
dimensions of the core are as shown in the figure. Find the value of the current that will
produce a flux of 0.005 Wb. With this current, what is the flux density at the top of the core?
What is the flux density at the right side of the core? Assume that the relative permeability of
the core is 1000.

400 turns

Figure P1-2
Solution

ℜ1

l1
ℜ2
l2 φ

+ ℜ4
ℑ = Ni
l4 -

ℜ3
l3

l1 = 27.5 cm,l2 = 30 cm, l3 = l1 = 27.5 cm,l4 = 30 cm

l1 l1 0.275 m
ℜ1 = = = = 29.18 kA ⋅ t/Wb
( )
µ A1 µr µ0 A1 (1000) 4π ×10−7 H/m ( 0.05 m × 0.15 m )

l2 l2 0.30 m
ℜ2 = = = = 47.75 kA ⋅ t/Wb
( )
µ A2 µr µ0 A2 (1000) 4π ×10−7 H/m ( 0.05 m × 0.10 m )

ℜ1 = ℜ3 = 29.18 kA ⋅ t/Wb

l4 l4 0.30 m
ℜ4 = = = = 95.49 kA ⋅ t/Wb
( )
µ A4 µr µ0 A4 (1000) 4π ×10−7 H/m ( 0.05 m × 0.05 m )

Equivalent reluctance from magnetic circuit:

ℜTOT = ℜ1 + ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4 = 29.18 + 47.75 + 29.18 + 95.49 = 201.6 kA ⋅ t/Wb

KVL@ loop φ :

ℑ = φℜTOT = ( 0.005 Wb )( 201.6 kA ⋅ t/Wb ) = 1008 A ⋅ t

ℑ 1008 A ⋅ t
i= = = 2.52 A
N 400 t

Flux density of the top of the core:

φtop = φright = φbottom = φleft = φ = 0.005 Wb

φtop 0.005 Wb
Btop = = = 0.67 T
Atop ( 0.15 m )( 0.05 m )

Flux density of the right of the core:

φright 0.005 Wb
Bright = = = 2.0 T
Aright ( 0.05 m )( 0.05 m )

2. A ferromagnetic core with a relative permeability of 1500 is shown in Figure P1-3. The
dimensions are as shown in the diagram, and the depth of the core is 7 cm. The air gaps on
the left and right sides of the core are 0.070 and 0.050 cm, respectively. Because of fringing
effects, the effective are of the air gaps is 5 percent larger than their physical size. If there
are 400 turns in the coil wrapped around the center leg of the core and if the current in the
coil is 1.0 A, what is the flux in each of the left, center, and right legs of the core? What is the
flux density in each are gap?
 Figure P1-3.

Solution

l1

l3

l5

l2 l4
 ℜ3

φleft φright
ℜ5
ℜ1 φTOT φTOT

ℜ4 ℜTOT = ℜ5 + ( ℜ1 + ℜ 2 ) / / ( ℜ3 + ℜ 4 )
ℑ = Ni ℑ = Ni
ℜ2

ℜTOT = ℜ5 + ( ℜ1 + ℜ2 ) / / ( ℜ3 + ℜ4 ) = ℜ5 +
( ℜ1 + ℜ2 )( ℜ3 + ℜ4 )
ℜ1 + ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4

l1 1.11 m
ℜ1 = = = 90.1 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µr µ0 A1 ( )
( 2000 ) 4π ×10 H/m ( 0.07 m )( 0.07 m )
−7

l2 0.0007 m
ℜ2 = = = 108.3 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µ0 A2 ( )
4π ×10 H/m ( 0.07 m )( 0.07 m )(1.05 )
−7

l3 1.11 m
ℜ3 = = = 90.1 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µr µ0 A3 ( )
( 2000 ) 4π ×10 H/m ( 0.07 m )( 0.07 m )
−7

l4 0.0005 m
ℜ4 = = = 77.3 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µ0 A4 ( )
4π ×10 H/m ( 0.07 m )( 0.07 m )(1.05)
−7

l5 0.37 m
ℜ5 = = = 30.0 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µr µ0 A5 ( )
( 2000 ) 4π ×10 H/m ( 0.07 m )( 0.07 m )
−7

ℜTOT = ℜ5 +
( ℜ1 + ℜ2 )( ℜ3 + ℜ4 ) = 30.0 + ( 90.1 + 108.3)( 90.1 + 77.3) = 120.8 kA ⋅ t/Wb
ℜ1 + ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4 90.1 + 108.3 + 90.1 + 77.3

The total flux in the core is equal to the flux in the center leg:

φcenter = φTOT =
ℑ
=
Ni
=
( 400 t )(1.0 A ) = 0.0033 Wb
ℜTOT ℜTOT 120.8 kA ⋅ t/Wb

The fluxes in the left and right legs can be found by the “flux divider rule”, which is analogous to
the current divider rule.
 ( ℜ3 + ℜ4 )  ( 90.1 + 77.3) 
φleft = φTOT =   ( 0.0033 Wb ) = 0.00193 Wb
ℜ1 + ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4  90.1 + 108.3 + 90.1 + 77.3 

( ℜ1 + ℜ2 )  ( 90.1 + 108.3) 
φright = φTOT =   ( 0.0033 Wb ) = 0.00229 Wb
ℜ1 + ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4  90.1 + 108.3 + 90.1 + 77.3 

The flux density in the air gaps can be determined from the equation φ = BA :

φleft 0.00193 Wb
Bleft = = = 0.375 T
Aairgap ,left ( 0.07 cm )( 0.07 cm )(1.05)
φright 0.00229 Wb
Bright = = = 0.445 T
Aairgap ,right ( 0.07 cm )( 0.07 cm )(1.05)

3. A core with three legs is shown in Figure P1-5. Its depth is 5 cm, and there are 200 turns on
the leftmost leg. The relative permeability of the core can be assumed to be 1500 and
constant. What flux exists in each of the three legs of the core? What is the flux density in
each of the legs? Assume a 4 percent increase in the effective area of the air gap due to
fringing effects.

Figure P1-5
Solution

l1

l2
l3 l4

ℜ2
ℜ1

ℑ = Ni ℜ3 ℜ4 ℜTOT = ℜ1 + ( ℜ 2 + ℜ3 ) / /ℜ 4
ℑ = Ni

φcenter φTOT
φleft = φTOT φright

ℜTOT = ℜ1 +
( ℜ2 + ℜ3 ) ℜ4
ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4

l1 1.08 m
ℜ1 = = = 127.3 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µr µ0 A1 (1500 ) ( 4π ×10 H/m ) ( 0.09 m )( 0.05 m )
−7

l2 0.34 m
ℜ2 = = = 24.0 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µr µ0 A2 (1500 ) ( 4π ×10 H/m ) ( 0.15 m )( 0.05 m )
−7

l3 0.0004 m
ℜ3 = = = 40.8 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µ0 A3 ( 4π ×10 H/m ) ( 0.15 m )( 0.05 m )(1.04 )
−7

l4 1.08 m
ℜ4 = = = 127.3 kA ⋅ t/Wb
µr µ0 A4 (1500 ) ( 4π ×10 H/m ) ( 0.09 m )( 0.05 m )
−7
The total reluctance is

ℜTOT = ℜ1 +
( ℜ2 + ℜ3 ) ℜ4 = 127.3 +
( 24.0 + 40.8)127.3 = 170.2 kA ⋅ t/Wb
ℜ2 + ℜ3 + ℜ4 24.0 + 40.8 + 127.3

The total flux in the core is equal to the flux in the left leg:

φleft = φTOT =
ℑ
=
Ni
=
( 200 t )( 2.0 A ) = 0.00235 Wb
ℜTOT ℜTOT 170.2 kA ⋅ t/Wb

The fluxes in the center and right legs can be found by the “flux divider rule”, which is
analogous to the current divider rule.

ℜ4 127.3
φcenter = φTOT = ( 0.00235 Wb ) = 0.00156 Wb
ℜ 2 + ℜ3 + ℜ 4 24.0 + 40.8 + 127.3

ℜ 2 + ℜ3 24.0 + 40.8
φright = φTOT = ( 0.00235 Wb ) = 0.00079 Wb
ℜ 2 + ℜ3 + ℜ 4 24.0 + 40.8 + 127.3

The flux density in the legs can be determined from the equation φ = BA :

φleft 0.00235 Wb
Bleft = = = 0.522 T
Aleft ( 0.09 m )( 0.05 m )
φcenter 0.00156 Wb
Bcenter = = = 0.208 T
Acenter ( 0.15 m )( 0.05 m )
φright 0.00079 Wb
Bright = = = 0.176 T
Aright ( 0.09 m )( 0.05 m )