EXPERIMENT 3 : REACTION OF HDROCARBONS

NAME
NO. MATRIX
GROUP
LAB
PARTNERS

LECTURER
NAME
DATE OF
EXPERIMENT
DATE OF
SUBMISSION
APPARATUS
Test tubes
Aluminium foil

CHEMICALS
Alkane: hexane or pentane
Alkene: hexene
Cycloalkene: cyclohexene
Aromatic hydrocarbon: toluene/methyl benzene
Bromine in CCl4
Bromine water
KMnO4(aq)
pH paper or blue litmus paper

PROCEDURE
All the hydrocarbons were tested using the following procedures.
Experiment A: Reaction with bromine in non-aqueous solution
1. 1 ml of each type of hydrocarbons was put in separate test tubes.
2. 3-4 drops of bromine in CCl4 were added in each test tube. A stopper was placed, shook well
and observed after 2-3 minutes.
3. The disappearance of the bromine color was noted immediately after the additions.
4. All your observations were recorded and the result interpreted.

Experiment B: Reaction with bromine water (Br2(aq))

1. 1.5 ml of 3% aqueous bromine solution was added to five test tubes.
2. 0.5 ml hexane as added to two of the tubes and 0.5 ml of other hydrocarbons was added in the
rest of the tubes.
3. A stopper was placed on the test tubes and shook. The initial observations were recorded (any
color change in any of the tubes was indicated).
4. Then, one of the tubes containing hexanes was wrapped with aluminum foil so it will not be
exposed to any light. Meanwhile, the other tube containing hexane was exposed to sunlight or
light bulb.
5. After an hour, the two tubes containing hexane was compared.
6. All your observation were recorded and the result was interpreted.

Experiment C: Reaction with aqueous potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4(aq)).

1. 1 ml of each type of hydrocarbons was placed in separate test tubes.

2. 3-4 drops of KMnO4 (aq) were added in each test tube. The solution was shook well and
observed.

RESULTS
Experiment A: Reaction with bromine in non-aqueous solution

n-hexane

Obtained: Orange colour remains unchanged and clear solution was

produced.
Observation(s)
Expected: The blue litmus paper will change to red showing the
presence of HBr gas given off. This reaction requires light and may
be slower.
Br2 (aq) + C6H14 (aq) → C6H13 + HBr (g)
Equation

Conclusion(s) This type of reaction is called a substitution reaction since the

bromine is being substituted for the hydrogen. The observation did
not succeed because during the observation, this reaction was not
tested with litmus paper.
 hexene

Observation(s) Obtained: The orange colour disappeared and clear solution was
produced.

Equation Br2 (aq) + C6H12 (aq) → C6H11Br2

Conclusion(s)
This reaction between reaction between hexene and bromine in CCl4
is called addition reaction. The bromine is being added to the chain.

cyclohexene
Observation(s) The orange colour disappeared and cloudy solution was produced.
 Brown color to colorless
Equation Br2 (aq) + C6H10 (aq) → C6H10Br2

Conclusion(s)
The reaction that occurs between cyclohexene and bromine in CCl4
are also known as electrophilic addition of bromine to cyclohexene.

toluene
Observation(s) Orange colour remains unchanged
 Colorless to yellowish solution.

Equation -
Conclusion(s) There are no reaction between toluene and bromine in CCl4 because
the halogenation reaction will not occur with the absence of
aluminium bromide.
Experiment B: Reaction with bromine water (Br2(aq))

n-hexane
Observation(s) Wrapped : & Unwrapped: Immiscible layer formed. Red on top and
yellow on the bottom.

Equation Wrapped & Unwrapped:

C6H14 + Br2 → C6H13Br (l) + HBr (g)

Conclusion(s) Wrapped & Unwrapped: Hexane react with Bromine to form

C6H13Br and HBr. Alkane does not effect in dark or light
environment.

hexene
Observation(s) The solution changes from orange to colourless.
 No reaction
 colorless
Equation Br2 (aq) + C6H12 (aq) → C6H11 + HBr

Conclusion(s) Hydrogen bromide is formed during this reaction.

Cyclohexene
Observation(s) The solution changes from light orange to colourless.

Equation Br2 (aq) + C6H10 (aq) → C6H10Br2

Conclusion(s) 1,2-dibromocyclohexane are formed during this reaction.

 toluene
Observation(s) True layer of yellowish solution with brighter yellow on the upper
part of layer.

Equation Br2 (aq) + C7H8 (aq) → C7H7Br + HBr

Conclusion(s) Toluene react with bromine water forming p-bromotoluene

Experiment C: Reaction with aqueous potassium permanganate solution (KMnO4(aq)).

n-hexane
Observation(s) The purple colour remains unchanged.

Equation -
Conclusion(s) There are no reaction between n-hexane and KMnO4(aq) as
n-hexane has no double bond.

hexene
Observation(s) The purple colour disappears and brown precipitate formed.

Equation
C6H12 + 2MnO4- + 4H2O → C6H12(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2OH-
Conclusion(s) The reaction between hexene and KMnO4(aq) is Oxidation reaction.

cyclohexene
Observation(s)
 The purple colour disappears and form clear solution.
 Black precipitate formed.

Equation
C6H12 + 2 KMnO4 → 2 C3H6O2 + 2 KMnO2

Conclusion(s) There is an oxidation reaction occur between cyclohexene and

KMnO4(aq)
 toluene

Observation(s) Immiscible layer of colorless toluene and purple KMnO4

Equation -

Conclusion(s) There is no reaction between toluene and KMnO4(aq) as toluene is an

aromatic compound.

REFERENCES
QUESTIONS
1. Alkane halogenation reactions occur in several steps via intermediates called radicals. Show
the reaction mechanisms for methane chlorination.

Initiation step

Propagation step

\
Termination step

2. Write equations for the combustion of n-hexane, hexene, cyclohexene, and toluene.
n-hexane
C6H14 (aq) + 13O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 7H2O (l)

Cyclohexene
C6H12 (aq) + 9O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

Toluene
C7H8 (aq) + 9O2 (g) → 7CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)