Intermediate PDF

e d i a te
I n t e r m
’s B o o k
u d e nt
St
4 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas
I have been here
for three years 1
1
I HAVE BEEN HERE FOR THREE YEARS

Part I - dialogue
George and Lynda are talking about themselves.
George: Lynda, how long have you been in the company?

Lynda: I’ve been in the company for three years.
George: Have you been in the company since 1991?
Lynda: Yes, I’ve been in the company since 1991.
George: How long has Paul been in the company?
Lynda: He’s been in the company for two years.
George: Has he worked for the company since 1992?
Lynda: Yes, he has. He has worked for the company since 1992.
George: What about Mary?
Lynda: She’s worked for the company for one year.
George: Has she worked there since 1993.
Lynda: Yes, she’s worked there since 1993.
George: By the way Lynda, what have you done with the picture you had in the living room?
Lynda: The one with the dog and the cat?
George: Yes, that one.
Lynda: I’ve sent it to my mother.
George: Why have you sent it to your mother? It was a beautiful picture.
Lynda: I’ve sent it to her because I’ve bought a new one.
George: Have you bought a new picture?
Lynda: Yes, I have.
George: How much has it cost you?
Lynda: It’s cost me $ 1,000 (one thousand dollars).
George: Have you paid one thousand dollars for a picture?
Lynda: Yes, why not?
George: How have you got the money?
Lynda: Well, it’s not too much. I’ve saved some money from my payment.
George: There have been cases like that. Last year I met a guy, he’s kept almost all the money from his check to buy a picture
next year.
Lynda: Have you ever bought a picture?
George: No, I’ve never bought a picture but I’ve bought a lot of books since I was a teen.

Lynda: By the way George, have you sold your car yet?
George: No, I haven’t sold it yet.
Lynda: What happened? I thought that you had already taken it to the mechanic.
George: I’ve already taken it to the mechanic but they haven’t given me an answer.
Lynda: Have they tried to repair it?
George: Yes, they have. And they have also told me that they’ve found a client.
Lynda: Have they talked to him?
George: Yes, they’ve talked to him.
Lynda: And what has he told them?
George: He’s told them that he likes the car and that he wants to buy it.
Lynda: I hope you can sell it.
George: Lynda, have you seen the new film?
Lynda: Yes, I’ve seen it twice.
George: Twice? Don’t you think that once is enough?
Lynda: Well, that’s nothing. Peter has seen it three times.
George: I’ve never seen a movie three times.
Lynda: He thinks that the film is good.
George: Yes, but ... have you ever paid twice for an item?
Lynda: No, never. But for a film is a little different, you know.
George: Well, it’s your money.
Lynda: Have you ever thought of the money?
George: No, but you know the cost of living has increased nowadays and you have to try to save something.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. How long has Lynda been in the company?
2. Has she worked there since 1992?
3. How has she got the money to buy new picture?
4. Has George sold his car?
5. How many times has Peter seen the new film?
6. How many times has Lynda seen the new film?
7. Has Lynda paid twice for an item?
8. Has George ever thought of his money?
9. Has the cost of living increased nowadays?
10. Do you have to try to save something?
Intermediate | Student’s Book 7

1
VOCABULARY
Remember: Use the adjectives before the nouns they classify.
Ex.:
a beautiful picture
a new picture
Use “one” and “ones” to substitute the noun.
Ex.:
I have a car and I’ve bought another one.
I have three books, do you have the other ones?
Note: “other” and “another” mean “more or “additional”.
GRAMMAR
Present Perfect:
It expresses a past action, which is related with the present.
Form the present perfect tense like this:

personal pronoun + “have” or “has” + past participle + complement
Ex.:
She has bought a new motorcycle.
She hasn’t bought a new motorcycle.
Has she bought a new motorcycle?
Yes, she has. /No, she hasn’t.
What has she bought?
A new motorcycle.

FOR/SINCE
Remember the common words used with the perfect tenses.
For: She has been living in New York for 8 years.
Since: He has been living in London since 1986.
- For + period of time e.g. two

years, a week, six months, an
hour, five minutes
- Since + a point in time e.g.

Sunday, yesterday, two
o'clock, last May last week
YET / ALREADY
Yet: is used only with the Have you finished yet?
questions and negative form of He hasn’t arrived yet.
verbs. It is placed at the end of
the sentence.
Already: is used with the

affirmative and question form of I’ve already seen that film.
verbs. It is placed between the You’ve finished eating already!
auxiliary and the main verb, or at
the end of the sentence for emphasis.
NOTE:
Use the Present Perfect Simple with
just, yet, already , since, for, ever, never,
recently, how long, once, twice, before, so far, etc.
WORDS THAT DEFINE THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

Until now: I have eaten until now.
Just: She has just finished her homework.
Today, this week, this year, etc.: I have gone to the movies today.
Once, twice, three times: They have seen the move three times.
Already: Have you done your homework already?
Yet: No, I haven’t done it yet.
Ever: Has she ever seen a pink elephant?
Never: No, she has never seen a pink elephant.
Since: He has lived in New York since 1983.
For: She has lived in London for 16 years.

1
EXERCISES
A.- ORAL
1. I have bought a car. /I’ve bought a car.

2. He has taken the bus. /He’s taken the bus.
3. Have you sold the bicycle? /Yes, I’ve sold it /No, I haven’t sold it.
4. Has she gone to Spain? /Yes, she’s gone to Spain. /No, she hasn’t gone to Spain.
5. Have you eaten lunch yet? /Yes, I’ve already eaten lunch. /Yes, I’ve eaten lunch already.
6. Have they come to class yet? /No, they haven’t come to class yet.
7. How long have you been here? /I’ve been here for 3 hours./I’ve been here since 4:00.
8. Where has she stayed? /She’s stayed at home.
9. How many times have you seen that movie? /I’ve seen that movie once/twice/three times.
10. Have you ever been to Mexico? /Have you ever gone to Mexico?
11. Yes, I’ve been there. /Yes, I’ve gone there. /No, I’ve never been there. /No, I’ve never gone there.
12. We’ve been there. /We have been there.
13. You’ve got a salary raise.
14. They’ve sent a report to the Manager.
B – WRITTEN
1. Have you been to any foreign country?

2. Has your father studied English?
3. Has he ever gone to England?
4. What have you bought recently?
5. Where have you been lately?
6. How long has your mother lived in this country?
7. How many times have you seen a movie?
I HAVE BEEN MAKING SOME FIGURES
Part I - dialogue
Mary and Paul are in the office checking the account.
Mary: I’ve been making some figures.

Paul: What’s the result?
Mary: Well, we’ve been spending some money in advertising.
Paul: How much have we been spending?

Mary: We’ve been spending one thousand dollars a month (1000 $).
Paul: What do you think, have we been spending too much money?
Mary: Well, not exactly, but we haven’t been getting a good response from the clients.
Paul: How has the sales department been working?
Mary: It hasn’t been working as we want.
Paul: Who’s the Manager there?
Mary: Peter, but he has been making a good job.
Paul: So, what’s the problem.
Mary: I think it’s the sales group of one or two products.
Paul: I hope they are not the ones from abroad?
Mary: No, the international products are in good position in the market.
Paul: Of course, I’ve been checking them every week and every month.
Mary: Yes, and Lynda has been working on the new products.
Paul: Who has been making the brochures?
Mary: Mr. Smith and Mrs. Murray, they’ve been doing a good design.
Paul: Have you been inspecting them? To make sure of the work, you know.
Mary: Yes, I’ve been trying to give some ideas, too.
Paul: Maybe it’s time to look into new goals for our products.
Mary: I don’t think so, because we’ve been selling the same products for a long time.
Paul: Yes, and we’ve also been getting new clients.
Mary: I’ve also been checking the invoices to look if there is a mistake.
Paul: Come on Mary, the problem isn’t in that part of the chain.
Mary: You’ll never know, if you don’t check it.
Paul: I don’t know how to go about finding this problem.
Mary: I’ve been trying the list of costs.
Paul: What have you found.
Mary: Well, I think that we need to change some prices.
Paul: Maybe that’s the problem.
Mary: Yes, I’ve been talking to the merchandising department.
Paul: What has Mr. White been doing?
Mary: He’s been visiting the most important clients himself.
Paul: Has he been reporting his visits.?
Mary: Yes, he has.
Paul: What about Michael?
Mary: He’s been receiving some proposals from other advertising agencies.
Paul: Has he been writing the presentation letters?
Mary: Yes, he has. He has also been trying to make contact with foreign clients.
Paul: That’s good. I’ve been thinking of expanding our market.
Mary: Yes, it’s a good idea. Some foreign investors have been visiting some companies here in the country.
Paul: Have you been talking to them?
Mary: Yes, I’ve been talking to a group of Japanese investors.
Paul: The Japanese have been making some marketing research.
Mary: Paul, do you remember that newspaper reporter that you met in a party?
Paul: Mr. Blake? Yes, what happens with him?
Mary: What has he been doing?
Paul: He’s been working for WKY station since 1985.
Mary: So, he’s been working there for eight (8) years.
Paul: That’s true. What do you mean by that?
Mary: Maybe we can talk to him to have a TV interview.
Paul: Great! I’m going to talk to him right now.

1
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. What has Mary been doing?
2. Who has been making the brochures?
3. Have they been getting new clients?
4. Has Mary been trying to give some ideas?
5. How long has Mr. Blake been working for WKY?
6. What has Mr. White been doing?
7. Who has been receiving the proposals from the
advertising agencies?
8. Has Mary been writing the presentation letters?
9. What has Paul been thinking about the market?
10. Who has Mary been talking to?
VOCABULARY
From abroad = foreign (from another country)
Brochure = pamphlet = catalogue
To make sure of: to be sure/to be absolutely certain
Proposal: a kind of offer for a job with an estimate of the costs and the time necessary to do the job
To look into: to search/to see a possibility
To go about: to know how to do something
Ex.:
I don’t know how to go about repairing this machine would you help me?
PRACTICE
Complete with the Past Simple or the Present
Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets.

Paul I can’t wait to go to Warsaw next week.
Larry Sounds great! (1)____________ you__________ - (visit) Poland before?

Paul No. Actually, I (2)____________ (never / leave) the country, but I (3)_______________ (always / want)
to go there. My brother Mario (4)________________ (visit) Warsaw two years ago.
Larry (5)_____________ he_____________ (like) it? Paul Of course. And you? (6)_______________
you______________ (ever I travel) to Poland?
Larry Yes, i (7)________________ (drive) to Krakow with some friends last summer. It _______________
(8)_________________ (be) wonderful!

GRAMMAR
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
It refers to an action that begins in the past and continues in the present
FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE LIKE THIS:

Personal pronoun + have, has + been + verb-ing + complement
Ex.:
They have been making some figures
They haven’t been making some figures.
Have they been making some figures?
Yes, they have. /No, they haven’t.
What have they been making?
Some figures.
HAVE/HAS GONE, HAVE/HAS BEEN

Have/has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and is still there.
Ex: the greens have gone to rome. (they are still in rome.)
have/has been means that someone has visited a place but has come back.
Ex: ian has been to the new shopping centre. ( he visited the new shopping centre at some point in the past
but he’s not there any more.)
ORAL EXERCISES
1. I’ve been/you’ve been/she’s been/he’s been/it’s been/we’ve been/they’ve been
2. I’ve been living here since 1985. /I’ve been living here for 15 years.
3. They’ve been working hard. /We’ve been working hard.
4. Have you been working hard?
5. Yes, we’ve been working hard. /No, we haven’t been working hard.
6. She has been studying. /She’s been studying.
7. He has been writing a letter. /He’s been writing a letter.
8. Has she been studying? /Yes, she has. /No, she hasn’t.
9. Has he been writing? /Yes, he has. /No, he hasn’t.
10. Has the cat been eating? /Yes, it’s been eating.
11. We’ve been waiting for you. /we’ve been/we have been
12. You’ve been improving day to day.
13. He’s been trying to learn. /he’s been/he has been
14. She’s been typing lots of letters. /she’s been/she has bee
15. It’s been raining. /it’s been/it has been

1
WRITTEN
1. What have you been doing recently?
2. How long have you been working for the company?
3. Has your mother been living with you during the last four years?
4. Who has been studying English with you?
5. Have you been learning?
1 ROUND UP
CHOOSE THE RIGHT WORD.
YET, ALREADY, SINCE, FOR
1. Wait a moment please! I have not finished the last exercise_______

2. I have_________ seen this movie twice
3. We have not seen each other________ Saturday
4. Jack and Pauline have been married________ three years
5. Haven’t you done your Christmas shopping________ ?
6. Stephen has worked here______ last May
7. Put your money away. I have______ paid the bill
8. I have lived in the same house ______I was born
9. I have not cooked supper because_______ I thought you were going to be late
10. Do not say anything to Mary. I have not told anyone_______
COMPLETE THE CONVERSATION WITH THE PRESENT PERFECT FORM OF THE VERBS.
1.
A: this place looks fun. I _____________(never/be) here.
B: I love it here. I ____________(be) here many times.
a: everything looks delicious.
b: _________you __________(ever/eat/) Mexican food before?
c: I _________(have) tacos, but I’d like to try something new.
PUT THE VERBS INTO THE CORRECT FORM (PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE).
He (work)__________ in this company since 1985.

I (wait) for you since two o’clock.
Mary (live)__________ in Germany since 1992.
Why is he so tired? He (play)_________ tennis for five hours.
How long (learn / you)__________ English?
We (look for)__________ the motorway for more than an hour.

The Ghost Had
Disappeared 2
2
THE GHOST HAD DISAPPEARED
Part I - dialogue
George and Mary are in the park, they are telling stories.
Mary: What a wonderful day, George.

George: Yes, the sun has risen and the birds are singing. It’s a perfect day.
Mary: What would you like to do?
George: I really would like to lay on the grass and tell stories.
Mary: Had you ever laid on the grass before to tell stories?
George: No, I had never laid on the grass before to tell stories.
Mary: I’d never laid on the grass either.
George: Why don’t we go to that tree?
Mary: Yes, that tree is fine.
George: Well, who tells the story first?
Mary: Tell your story first, then I’ll tell mine.
George: OK, here we go. I remember one day many years ago, some friends and I had finished school,
we’d been near a mountain in the countryside. We’d never climbed the mountain but we wanted
to do it. I remember that day, I’d prepared some sandwiches, Cynthia had taken some cans of juice
and Ted had made some toasts. We’d fixed everything, when we began to climb the mountain, a
bear that had been around was following us. We got back to the house quickly and the bear ate all
the food that we’d prepared.
Mary: Had you been in front of a bear before?
George: No, I hadn’t been in front of a bear before.
Mary: What about your friends?
George: Well, Cynthia had seen a bear but it was a little one.
Mary: And Ted?
George: He’d always been afraid of any animal.
Mary: Last year we were in the office, Paul and I had worked until 9:00 p.m., he had closed the door, he’d
turned the computer off, we’d come out of the office and suddenly we heard a noise, something had
fallen down. I was frightened, I thought that it had been a ghost. When we went back to the office
and opened the door a cat left running. We didn’t know how it had got into the office.

George: Did you think it was a ghost?

Mary: I had heard some stories in the company about strange noises.
George: Come on Mary, had you seen a ghost before?
Mary: No, I hadn’t.
George: So, how were you going to know it was a ghost?
Mary: I don’t know. I’d seen a movie many years ago, and you know how it is.
George: Now that I come to think of it... Had you prepared a report for the financial office that night?
Mary: Yes, we had prepared a report for the financial office.
George: Had Paul made the sales figures?
Mary: Yes, he had.
George: Had you written the report for the merchandising department?
Mary: Yes, I’d written that report.
George: Had you bought the tickets for the sales representatives?
Mary: Yes, we’d bought those tickets.
George: Did Paul go to eat hamburgers after he had left the office?
Mary: No, he didn’t go to eat hamburgers.
George: I knew that he had told me a lie.
Mary: Why?
George: That night, I was in his house and he had left me a note.
Mary: What had he put on the note?
George: That he had worked on a budget all night and that he had gone to take a rest.
Mary: So, he didn’t want you to know that he had been in the office.
George: Yes, but do you know why?
Mary: Aaah!!! I remember he had bought something for you, it was your birthday.
George: Yes, but he gave it to me two days later. He told me that he’d forgotten to buy something for my
birthday.
Mary: Yes, and it was in the office. He’d forgotten it because of the cat.
George: He knew that I’d suspected something.
Mary: Yes, he told me that you had made strange questions.
George: Yes, because when he got home he told me that he had gone out to take a rest.
Mary: But, he had gotten back to the office to pick up your present.
George: Had you opened the package?
Mary: No, I hadn’t.
George: So, it was the ghost.
Mary: The cat had opened it looking for a fish.

2
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. Had Mary ever laid on the grass to tell stories?
2. What had George and his friends prepared to take to the mountains?
3. Did Paul and Mary know how the cat had got into the office?
4. What had they prepared that night?
5. What had Paul forgotten in the office?
6. Why had he forgotten t n the office?
7. What had George asked?
8. Had Paul gone out to take a rest?
9. Why had he gone out?
10. Who had opened the package?
VOCABULARY
Story: The story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
History: American history, Universal history, etc.
Tale: Synonym of story.
Can: a can of beer, a can of juice, etc.
Departments in a company:
Budget department
Merchandising department
Advertising department
Financial office.
Etc.
GRAMMAR
Past Perfect Tense: t expresses a past time before another past time.
Form the Past Perfect like this:
Personal pronoun + had + past participle + complement
Ex.:
She had heard that story before.
She hadn’t heard that story before.
Had she heard that story before?
Yes, she had. /No, she hadn’t.
What had she heard before?
That story.

Words that define the Past Perfect Tense:
BEFORE: The train had left before I bought the tickets.

I had never seen a lion before the circus came to the city?
She hadn’t read the book before.
AFTER: He called after you had left the office.

After they had finished their homework they went out to play soccer.
UNTIL: The teacher did not leave until he had finished the class.
We had played soccer until it started to rain.
just-when: She had just left the office when he called her.
already-when: He had already eaten when you invited him.
WHEN: When they had eaten in the restaurant they went to the movies.
AS SOON AS: They went to the mall as soon as they had had their money.
Mandy is a careful driver. This sentence is about Mandy, the driver, so use the adjective.
Mandy drives carefully. This sentence is about her way of driving, so use the adverb.
THE ADVERB: An adverb is an adjective that describes a verb.
To change an adjective into an adverb, follow these rules:

1. Add “ly” if the adjective ends in a consonant.
Ex.:
quick – quickly
soft – softly
slow – slowly
2. If an adjective ends in ”le”, drop he “e” and add “y”.

Ex.:
possible – possibly
terrible – terribly
3. If an adjective ends in a consonant and a “y”, change the “y” into an “i” and add ”ly”
Ex.:
happy – happily
Some adverbs are irregular:
ADJECTIVE ADVERBS
hard hard Ex.: It’s a hard work. (adj.) /She works hard. (adv.)
fast fast Ex.: that’s a fast car. (adj.) /I drive fast. (adv.)
late late Ex.: It was a late concert.(adj.) /The concert was late. (adv.)
good well Ex.: They’re good singers. (adj.) /They sing well. (adv.)

2
FOR EXAMPLE:
The little girl ran quickly. In this sentence quickly modifies the verb ran (to run).
Accidentally angrily anxiously awkwardly badly beautifully

boldly bravely brightly busily calmly carefully
carelessly cautiously cheerfully clearly closely correctly
cruelly doubtfully easily elegantly enormously enthusiastically
equally eventually exactly faithfully fast fatally
foolishly fortunately frankly generously gently gladly
gracefully happily hard healthily honestly hungrily
innocently justly kindly lazily loosely loudly
madly mortally mysteriously neatly nervously noisily
obediently openly painfully patiently perfectly politely
poorly powerfully punctually quickly quietly rarely
really recklessly regularly repeatedly rightfully sadly
safely selfishly sensibly seriously sharply shyly
silently sleepily slowly smoothly so softly
speedily straight stupidly successfully suddenly suspiciously
tenderly thoughtfully tightly truthfully unexpectedly victoriously
violently warmly weakly wearily well wisely
EXERCISES
A.- oral
1. I had finished. /I’d finished.
2. She had finished. /She’d finished.
3. Had you been in front of a lion? /Yes, I had. /No, I hadn’t.
4. Had she been in front of a lion? /Yes, she had. /No, she hadn’t.
5. Had you been to China? /Had you gone to China.
6. I had worked hard. /I’d worked hard.
7. It had been a hard work.
8. He said he had forgotten something. /He said he’d forgotten something.
9. I said I’d forgotten something. /I said I’d forgotten something.
10. When I got home she had gone out. /When I got home she’d gone out.
11. When she got to the office I had left. /When she got to the office I’d left.
12. As soon as she’d come we went to the restaurant.
13. He’d prepared a big sandwich before he went to the trip.
14. They didn’t leave home until they’d prepared everything.
B.- written
1. Had you studied English before?
2. Had the teacher arrived when you came?
3. Had the class finished when you left?
4. Had you written the exercises?
5. What had you done?

HE HAD BEEN WORKING ALL NIGHT LONG
Part I - dialogue
Mary and George are talking about what Paul had been doing last night.
George: What happens to Paul, Mary?

Mary: Why?
George: Because I saw him this morning and he looked terrible.
Mary: Terrible? How’s that?
George: Yes, he looked very tired.
Mary: Well, he was very tired because he had been working all night.
George: But what had he been doing?
Mary: He had been trying to find an answer to our problem.
George: Your problem? Don’t tell me that you...
Mary: Come on George, what are you thinking of?
George: I don’t know tell me.
Mary: I had been making some figures.
George: And you had been wasting money.
Mary: Sort of that. We had been spending a lot of money with the advertising campaign.
George: Had you been getting a good response from the clients?
Mary: No, we hadn’t.
George: How had the sales department been working?
Mary: They had been doing their best.
George: So, what was the problem?
Mary: We had been thinking of a sales group.
George: But they were working hard.
Mary: Yes, that’s it. We were surprised because they had been improving day to day.
George: Were you working hard, too?
Mary: Yes, I was working hard. I had been giving some good ideas.
George: What about new goals?
Mary: We didn’t take care of that because we’d been selling a lot.
2
George: Did you plan visits to new clients?
Mary: Yes, of course, we’d been getting new clients.
George: Paul told me that you had been checking the invoices.
Mary: What did he say about it?
George: He said that the problem wasn’t in that part of the chain.
Mary: Yes, I had also been checking the list of costs.
George: What about the merchandising department?
Mary: I had been talking to them to change some prices.
George: What did they tell you?
Mary: Well, Mr. White had been visiting the most important clients.
George: Why had he been visiting them?
Mary: To inform them about the change of the prices.
George: Had he been reporting his visits?
Mary: Yes, he had.
George: Did you think of receiving proposals from other advertising agencies?
Mary: Yes, Michael is in charge of that.
George: What had he been doing?
Mary: He’d been receiving and studying the proposals.
George: What about foreign companies?
Mary: He’d also been trying to make contact with them.
George: Maybe you can contact the Japanese investors.
Mary: You won’t believe me.
George: What?
Mary: I’d been talking to a Japanese group of investors.
George: That’s good, maybe you can increase your winnings.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. Why did Paul look very tired?
2. How had the sales department been working?
3. Why had Mary been working hard?
4. Who had been visiting the most important clients?
5. Who had Mary been trying to make contact with?
6. Had Michael been studying the proposals?
7. Why had Mr. White been visiting the most important clients?
8. Had Mary been trying to make contact with the foreign clients?
9. Who had been talking to the Japanese investors?
10. Can they increase the winnings?

VOCABULARY
TO LOOK TERRIBLE = To look very tired
SORT OF: The test is sort of difficult but I think I’ll answer it.
GOAL: Aim
WINNINGS: What you get when you sell something.
GRAMMAR
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE:
It refers to an action that was in progress before some other action in the past.
Form the Past Perfect Progressive like this:

Personal pronoun + had + been + verb-ing + complement
Ex.:
We had been working hard.
We hadn’t been working hard.
Had we been working hard?
Yes, we had. /No, we hadn’t.
How had we been working?
Hard.
Most of the time the Past Perfect Progressive is used as a result of another past action, you may use
“because”.
Ex.:
He was very tired because he had been working all night.
ORAL EXERCISES
1. I had been = I’d been/You had been = you’d been/he had been = he’d been/she had been =she’d been/
we had been = we’d been/they had been = they’d been
2. Had you been working? /Yes, I had. /Yes, I’d been working. /No, I hadn’t. /No, I hadn’t been working.
3. Had she been studying? /Yes, she had. /Yes, she had been studying. /No, she hadn’t. /No, she hadn’t
been studying.
4. Why are you tired? /Because I had been running. /Because I had been traveling by train.
5. Who had been running with you? /Mary had been running with me.
6. Had he been wasting money? /Yes, he had. /No, he hadn’t.
7. What had he been doing? /He had been working.
8. How had he been working? /He’d been working hard.
9. Who had been working with him? /Mary had been working with him.
10. I’d been listening to music. /I’d been dancing.
11. He’d been waiting for her. /he’d been/he had been
12. She’d been crying all night. /she’d been/she had been
13. It had been raining.
14. We’d been working with the computer.

2
WRITTEN
1. Had you been studying English for the test?
2. What had you been doing?
3. Had your mother been cooking?
4. Who had been studying with you?
5. Had the teacher been correcting the tests?
6. Had you been studying English before?
7. Where had you been working last year?
8. Had your parents been living with you?
9. How had you been working last week?
10. Had your brother been working with you?
2 ROUND UP
USE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.
1. Peter told me he________________(already/pay) the bill.
2. Brian believed that john____________(to move)to London.
3. When Ron arrived, the party_____________(already/begin).
4. Sarah was exhausted. She(wash)_______________ the dishes for more than three hours.
5. The children (already/go)_________________ to bed when their mother came from work.
6. It was my first flight ; I (never/ travel)___________________ by plane before.
7. My wife didn't watch the film with me because she (already/to see)________________ it.
EXERCISES
Write story with these words!
1. Yesterday–Beach-Ocean–Night–Afternoon–Hot–Romance–Sunset–Couple–Turtle-Love–Kiss
2. Tomorrow-House-children-Flowers-Tree-Birds-Windows-Spring-Horses-Play-Evening
3. Night-Moon-Stars-Wolf-Bad-Birds-Old tree-Wind-Autumn-Dark-Cold
4. Birthday-People-Music-Sandwich-drins-Party-Tired-Saturday-Dancing-Movies
Adverbs of Manner Exercise

• They dance the cha-cha-cha ____________ .
1. Beautiful
2. Beautifully
• She planned their trip to Greece very ____________ .

1. Careful
2. Carefully
• Jim painted the kitchen very ____________ .

1. Badly
2. Bad

ADJECTIVESENDING IN
ED AND ING 3
3
GRAMMAR
We use used to to talk about something that happened regulary in the past, but no longer does.
Ex:
We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young.
AFFIRMATIVE
I-He –She- It- We- You- They
used to play
NEGATIVE
I-He –She- It- We- You- They
Didn’t use to play
QUESTION
Did I-He –She- It- We- You- They use to play?
1) I / live in a flat when I was a child._______________________________

2) We / go to the beach every summer? ____________________________________
3) She / love eating chocolate, but now she hates it___________________________________
4) He / not / smoke ______________________________________
ADJECTIVES ENDING IN ED AND ING

An adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe: the characteristic of a person or a thing.
An adjective that ends in -ED is used to describe: a feeling.
Compare the difference:

• My girlfriend is bored. - (My girlfriend feels bored)
• My girlfriend is boring. - (My girlfriend is a boring person)
You can use these adjectives to describe people or situations but be careful that you are using the correct
adjective. For example, there is a big difference in meaning between:
• I am confused. - (I don't understand something)
• I am confusing. - (I will cause you to be confused)
Ex:
1. The students were all _____ by the professor's lecture today.
a- inspiring b- confused c- tempted d- confusing
2. The crowd was _____ when they saw the athletes enter the stadium.
a- Excited b- exciting c- exhausted d- boring
3. The pictures of the accident on the news last night were very _____.
a- Shocked b- fulfilling c- exhausted d- shocking
4. His _____ personality captivated all the women at the party.

a- Charming b- charmed c- terrified d- terrifying

ADJECTIVESENDING IN ED AND ING
CAN/ COULD/ BE ABLE TO

-We use can to express ability in the present.
The baby can speak.
-We use could to express ability in the past.
I could climb trees when I was young.
-Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can.
I haven’t been able to go shopping since last month.
ROUND UP 3
USED TO EXERCISE 1
Make an affirmative sentence, negative sentence or question using ‘used to + infinitive':
1) I / live in a flat when I was a child. _______________________________.
2) We / go to the beach every summer?_________________________ .
3) She / love eating chocolate, but now she hates it. ________________________.
4) He / not smoke.________________________________________
5) I / play tennis when I was at school. _______________________________
6) She / be able to speak French, but she has forgotten it all.____________________________
7) He / play golf every weekend? _____________________________.
8) They both / have short hair. _______________________________
CHANGE THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO ADJECTIVES BY ADDING -ED OR -ING.
1- I don't like country music very much. It's really_______ (bore).Besides, I'm too_________ (depress).
2- I was ________ (surprise) to see my grandparents dancing. They really seemed ________ (amuse).
3- She isn't very fit and gets ______ (tire) very quickly when skipping rope.
4- I don't know how this is possible. This is very _______ (intrigue).
5- Stop that zapping. It's so _______ (annoy).
6- Mr. Johnson was ________ (worry) that he wasn't strong enough. It would be very _______ (embarrass)
if he couldn't lift the weights.
7- The cat was so ________ (frustrate) because he couldn't eat the sausages.
8- This cat didn't know what to do with the mouse. The poor thing was totally _________-- (confuse).

3
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER CAN, COULD OR BE ABLE TO
1- "Can" is used to describe ability in the past.

True____ false____
2- When I was 5 years old, I ______ run for 15 minutes without stopping.

Can_____ could______ am able to______ will be able to_______
3- I _____ finish my homework in the morning. (future)

Can____ was able to_____ am able to______
4. Albert Einstein ____ answer difficult questions.
Can_____ could_______ is able to______ will be able to_____
A PIZZA
“Daddy, let’s order a pizza,” Billy said. “That sounds like a good idea,” said his dad.
They looked at a menu they had at home. “What kind do you want?” his dad asked. Billy wanted a large
pizza. He wanted a pizza with four toppings. He wanted cheese, pepperoni, ham, and pineapple. His dad said
that sounded good.
He called the pizza place. “They don’t have any pineapple,” dad told Billy. “What do you want instead?” Billy
wanted sausage instead. His dad ordered sausage instead of pineapple. About 30 minutes later, there was a
knock on the door. It was the pizza man. “Here’s your pizza,” he told Billy’s dad. “That’ll be $16.” Dad paid the
pizza man. He also gave him a tip. Dad took the pizza to the living room.
A baseball game was on TV. Billy and his dad started to eat the pizza in the living room. “I hope the Yankees
lose,” Billy told his dad. “I hope the Yankees lose, too,” his dad said.
I) True or False?
1. Billy wanted to order a pizza.
2. His Dad didn’t want to eat pizza.
3. Billy wanted a large pizza with three toppings.
4. They didn’t have any pepperoni at the pizza place.
5. The pizza man arrived 30 minutes later.
6. Dad gave the man $16 and a tip.
7. Billy and his dad ate the pizza in the kitchen.
8. They watched a baseball game while they were eating the pizza.

I WILL BE TRAVELING
TO MEXICO 4
4
I WILL BE TRAVELING TO MEXICO
Part I - dialogue
Paul and Mary are making some plans for the future
Paul: I’m having a meeting next week in Mexico.

Mary: When will you be traveling?
Paul: I’ll be traveling next Monday.
Mary: Have you prepared your suitcases?
Paul: No, not yet.
Mary: What are you waiting for?
Paul: Well, I might be leaving on Monday night so, I will be able to do it in the morning.
Mary: How will you be going?
Paul: I will be going by plane.
Mary: Will you be flying coach or first class?
Paul: I don’t know, I might be flying coach.
Mary: Will you be picking up your tickets at the airport?
Paul: Yes, I will.
Mary: When will you be picking up your tickets?
Paul: Maybe on Monday morning.
Mary: Will you be traveling alone?
Paul: No, I’ll be traveling with the other managers.
Mary: What will you be doing there
Paul: We’ll be opening a new office.
Mary: Where will you be staying?
Paul: We might be staying in a hotel.
Mary: Are you going to work hard?
Paul: Yes, we’ll be working the whole week.
Mary: The whole week?
Paul: Yes, I’ll be visiting some companies and the other managers will be preparing the contract.
Mary: Will you be visiting the museums?
Paul: No, we won’t have time.
Mary: When will you be back?
Paul: We might be back on Friday.
Mary: Will we go to the theater on Saturday?
Paul: I don’t think so I’ll be resting and unpacking.
Mary: What about on Sunday?

Paul: No, I can’t. I’ll be preparing the report for the director.
Mary: So, you’ll be working the weekend, too?
Paul: Yes, I will.
Mary: With that amount of work we’ll be dying sooner than we hope.
Paul: Come on Mary, we’re going to make a better world.
Mary: How do you think the world will be in the future?
Paul: I don’t know but maybe we will be working less.
Mary: Machines will be doing the work for us.
Paul: Anyway we’ll be working for them, too.
Mary: Yes, we’ll be fixing them.
Paul: Don’t be so pessimist. I think you need a little rest. Why don’t you take your vacation?
Mary: I’ll be taking them next month.
Paul: Next month? That sounds wonderful.
Mary: Yes, I’m leaving to my father’s farm.
Paul: Does your father have a farm?
Mary: Yes, he does.
Paul: So, you’ll be riding horses.
Mary: Yes, and I’ll be swimming every day.
Paul: Will you be sleeping late?
Mary: Yes, I will. I won’t be thinking of the office.
Paul: Yes, and you won’t be running to the bus.
Mary: In short, I’ll be resting.
Paul: When will you be coming to the office again?
Mary: I might be coming back at the end of the month.
Paul: Well, I must continue with this work.
Mary: Will you finish soon?
Paul: Yes, I’ll be finishing by 11:00.
Mary: I’ll be waiting for you in the cafeteria.
QUESTION TO ANSWER
1. When is Paul having a meeting?
2. Where will he be next week?
3. When will he be coming back?
4. When is Mary taking her vacation?
5. Where will she be spending them?
6. What will she be doing?
7. Will she be in the cafeteria waiting for Paul?
8. Will Mary be leaving to her father’s farm?
9. When will she be coming back?

4
VOCABULARY
BRIEFCASE / SUITCASE
Ticket: a ticket for the plane/a ticket for the train/a ticket for the subway
in the plane: first class/coach class = economic class
the whole week = all the week
GRAMMAR
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:
It expresses an action that is going to be in progress during another future action.
Form the future Progressive like this:

Personal Pronoun + will + be + verb-ing + complement
Ex.:
She will be traveling next Monday.
She won’t be traveling next Monday.
Will she be traveling next Monday?
Yes, she will. /No, she won’t.
When will she be traveling?
Next Monday.
The use of “may” and “might”:
Use may and might to express an action that is possibly going to happen in the future.
Ex.:
We might be staying in a hotel, I don’t know.
I may be coming back on Friday, I’m not sure.
Note: The Present Progressive can also express a future action.
Ex.:
I’m having a meeting next week in Mexico.
Modal Auxiliaries
Can ability I can swim.

Must bligation I must swim.
Would conditional I would swim.
Will future I will swim.
Have to obligation I have to swim.
May, might possibility I might swim.
Should advice I should swim.

EXERCISES
A.- ORAL
1. I will be traveling. /I’ll be traveling.

2. Will you be traveling? /Yes, I will. /Yes, I’ll be traveling. /No, I will not. /No, I won’t be traveling.
3. Where will you be traveling? /I’ll be traveling to Mexico.
4. Will you be traveling to Greece? /No, I won’t be traveling to Greece.
5. How will you be traveling? /I’ll be traveling by plane.
6. I’ll be/you’ll be/he’ll be/she’ll be/it’ll be/we’ll be/they’ll be
7. I’ll be working. /You’ll be working. /He’ll be working. /She’ll be working. /We’ll be working.
8. It’ll be raining. /I might be raining. /It may be raining. /It’ll be sunny. /It might be sunny.
9. I might be coming back on Friday. /She might be waiting in the office.
10. I may be sleeping. /We may be living in better cities in the future.
11. I’m attending a convention next month.
12. She’s coming next week. /They’re leaving tomorrow.
B.- WRITTEN
1. When will you be finishing the English course?

2. Will you be traveling?
3. What will you be doing?
4. What time will you be coming to class next week?
5. Where might you be working next year?
6. Will your sister be studying English next month?
7. What will she be doing?
8. Will you be presenting a test next week?
9. Where will you be studying?
10. Will you be spending your vacation in the U.S.A. next year?

4
I LIKE THIS CITY
Part I - dialogue
George and Lynda are talking about the city.
Lynda: I like this city. It’s safe and clean.

George: Yes, and it’s less noisy than other cities.
Lynda: George, how’s England?
George: England? Well, what can I tell you? What do you want to know?
Lynda: Tell me about the streets, the people, those things you know.
George: There are fewer people than here in the states.
Lynda: Are the nights as exciting as here?
George: Not exactly. I mean, we have fewer discos but a lot of pubs.
Lynda: Maybe people have fewer places where they can enjoy.
George: You can enjoy wherever you go. It depends on you.
Lynda: That’s true. We can have a good time even in our houses.
George: By the way Lynda, do you remember the book, which you lent me last week?
Lynda: The book that I lent you last week?
George: Yes, the history book.
Lynda: Ah! Yes, what happened?
George: Well, yesterday I went to the house of a friend of mine and I forgot it there.
Lynda: Come on George, I told you not to lose it.
George: I didn’t lose it, I just forgot it.
Lynda: What about if you can’t find it.
George: Do you remember the girl who was at the party talking to me in the garden?
Lynda: The girl that was talking to you in the garden?
George: Yes, the girl who made you some questions about the company.
Lynda: Were you in her house?
George: Yes, I was.
Lynda: What were you doing there?
George: I went there to see some pictures that she had painted.
Lynda: Is she an artist?
George: Yes, she is. We also went to the gallery where she works.
Lynda: Well George, this is the hour when I drink some coffee. Do you want some?
George: Yes, why not?
Lynda: This coffee is good. It’s imported from South America.
George: Last night I saw the man whose house I bought.
Lynda: What did he tell you?
George: He invited me to the golf club.

Lynda: That sounds good. I know where it is.

George: Have you been there?
Lynda: No, I haven’t. But if you want I can go with you.
George: It’s a good idea. What are you going to do on Saturday?
Lynda: I don’t have any plans.
George: Well, it’s fixed then.
Lynda: Are you going to take the car?
George: I don’t know. I have to go to the mechanic to see if it’s ready.
Lynda: did you take it to the mechanic? What’s wrong with it?
George: There’s nothing wrong. I had so many things to do that I couldn’t check it myself.
Lynda: How did you go to work?
George: I took it to the mechanic on Monday so I had to take the subway.
Lynda: Did you go to work by subway?
George: Yes, I did. There is such a traffic jam everyday that I prefer taking the subway.
Lynda: But you weren’t late, were you?
George: No, I wasn’t. I always leave home early no matter whether I have the car or not.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. Why does Lynda like the city where she lives?
2. Are there fewer people in England than in the USA?
3. Are there fewer pubs than discos in England?
4. What happened with the book that Lynda lent George?
5. Does Lynda remember the girl who was at the party?
6. What was George doing in her house?
7. What does she do?
8. Who did George see last night?
9. Why did George take the car to the mechanic?
10. Why does George prefer taking the subway?
VOCABULARY
• Disco – discotheque
• Pub – It’s a kind of bar in England where everybody can go to eat, drink and listen to some music.
• I mean – You can come with me. I mean, we can go together.
• It depends on you – it’s up to you
• To have a good time – to spend a good time: The party was fantastic, we had a good time.
• A history book/a science book/an English book
• Gallery – a place where artists can show their works
• Jam – There’s a traffic jam on Main St.
• St. – short form for street

4
GRAMMAR
NEGATIVE COMPARISON
With adjectives:
Use “less” to make a negative comparison.
Ex.:
England is less dirty than the USA.
My car runs less fast than yours.
With nouns:
Use “less” for uncountable nouns, use “fewer” for countable nouns.
Ex.:
uncountable nouns:
She has less time than John.
They drink their coffee with less sugar.
Countable nouns:
The new house has fewer rooms than the old one.
There are fewer students in this classroom than next door.
Relative Pronouns:
They are used to connect two clauses specifying the main clause.
Who:
Refers to people.
Ex.:
She is the girl who was at the party.
Which:
Refers to things.
Ex.:
This is the house, which I bought.
That:
Refers to people and things.
Ex.:
The house that I bought is big. /This is the woman I met at the party.
Whom:
Refers to people with a preposition.
Ex.:
That is the man with whom I work.
Which:
Refers to things with a preposition.
Ex.:
This is the car for which I was saving money.

Note: Don’t use “that” for people or things with preposition.
Whose:
Indicates possession.
Ex.:
This is the man whose car I bought.
Where:
Indicates place.
Ex.:
I went to the gallery where she works.
When:
Indicates time.
Ex.:
This is the time when I get nostalgic.
EXERCISES
A.- ORAL
1. A dog is less dangerous than a snake.

2. She works less hardly than I thought.
3. I bought less sugar than we need.
4. We have fewer clients than last year.
5. Canada is the least dirty country of America.
6. I like the girl to whom you were talking.
7. This is the secretary who I told you.
8. Here is the client that bought the computers.
9. The man whose car was involved in an accident is here.
10. You should see the book that I bought.
11. I like the company where I work.
12. This is the week when the baseball season begins.
13. That’s the car I want to buy.
14. You’re the student who sent the letter.
15. This is the test you wrote.
B.- WRITTEN
1. Is August less cold than December?

2. Who works less hardly than you in your house?
3. Are there fewer people in Australia than in China?
4. What is the least safe city of your country?
5. Who was the girl to whom you were talking?
6. Is the Ferrari the car, which you prefer?
7. Is English the language that you want to learn?
8. Do you like the place where you live?
9. Is this the month when you take your vacation?
10. Are you the man/woman whose car is in front of the police station?

4
ROUND UP -4
Put the verbs into the correct form (future I progressive).
1. At midnight we (sleep)_____________________ .
2. This time next week we (sit)___________________ at the beach.
3. At nine I (watch)____________________ the news.
4. Tonight we (cram up) _______________ for our English test.
5. They (dance)___________________ all night.
6. He (not / play)_______________ all afternoon.
7. I (not / work)_______________________ all day.
Complete the sentences with who, which, that or where.
1. Do you remember the woman ______ we met on the bus? She’s a successful businesswoman.
2. There are two lifts in this building________ are out of order.
3. Is this the hoover ______doesn’t work?
4. My cousin is a person ______gets disappointed very easily.
Which expression will complete the sentence?

Few / less
The exhibition was not very crowded. There were ______ people than I expected.
Meeting Bill Clinton was much ______ frightening than I had imagined.
I’ve not met him but I’ve heard ______ stories about him and he sounds interesting.
He’s ______ crazy than you first think. Some of his ideas make sense.
That must be ______ frightening horror film I’ve ever seen.
It’s time somebody told him ______ home truths.
I strongly disapprove. I don’t like what I’ve heard in ______ .
He’s not liked. In fact he’s ______ liked person in the office.
I’d like to go to Japan but I get so ______ opportunities to travel in my present job.
I’d like you to spend ______ time on your own work and more on controlling your staff.
David Letterman is very famous in America but ______ people in England have heard of him.
We mustn’t postpone this meeting. We get to meet on too ______ occasions as it is.

If You Leave Now
You’ll Get In Time 5
5
IF YOU LEAVE NOW YOU’LL GET IN TIME
Part I - dialogue
Paul has to travel because of an emergency.
Mary: Come on Paul, hurry up!

Paul: Wait a minute Mary. I can’t leave this undone.
Mary: What’s the matter with you. Don’t you know that you have to be at the airport in half an hour?
Paul: Yes, I know. But I need this report.
Mary: If you leave now you’ll get there in time.
Paul: It’s almost ready.
Mary: Did you pack your suits and shirts?
Paul: No, I didn’t.
Mary: So what are you going to do?
Paul: If I leave this, I’m going to have problems there.
Mary: What’s that?
Paul: It’s a report of the last five budgets of the company.
Mary: I suggest that you go to the emergency meeting.
Paul: If I had known you were going to choose me, I’d have done this before.
Mary: I could have helped you if they’d told me earlier.
Paul: I need some more time.
Mary: How much time do you need?
Paul: At least one hour.
Mary: Impossible. It’s very necessary that you go now.
Paul: It’s imperative that they see this.
Mary: Did you already make the reservations?
Paul: No, not yet.
Mary: If you’d made it, you might have gone directly to the airport.
Paul: I might have gone directly to the airport if they had repaired the fax.
Mary: That’s true.
Paul: Who’s speaking on the phone?
Mary: Lynda, she’s complaining about the fax.
Paul: The fax is very important. I don’t know why you didn’t complain before.
Mary: We called the technicians but they didn’t come.
Paul: If they’d come the fax could have worked.
Mary: Yes, and we’d have sent you the reports.
Paul: I have to look over this report, there seems to be something wrong here.
Mary: If there was a problem, the accountants would tell us.

Paul: If I were you, I’d call them now.

Mary: Come on Paul, don’t you understand that you have to leave now?
Paul: I won’t go unless I check this figures.
Mary: Unless you leave now, we’ll cancel the meeting.
Paul: If we cancel the meeting now, we’ll have to wait a month.
Mary: What time is the last flight to Arkansas?
Paul: I don’t know I didn’t check the schedules.
Mary: Maybe I’ll speak to the boss. Do you think he’ll understand?
Paul: I’m sure he’ll understand if you speak to him.
Mary: I wonder if he’ll get angry?
Paul: He’ll have a lot of problems, but he’ll understand.
Mary: Anyway, he has to understand.
Paul: If you talk to him right now we’ll save time.
Mary: Yes, you are right. If we cancel now we’ll have enough time to make the corrections.
Paul: Yes, and we’ll make a better report.
Mary: You’d have prepared a good report if you had known.
Paul: And if we make our best, maybe we’ll get a raise.
Mary: If we get a raise, we’ll buy a new car, won’t we?
Paul: I don’t know yet. If I get a raise, I’ll save some money to travel to Hawaii on vacation.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. When does Paul have to be at the airport?
2. Will he get there in time if he leaves now?
3. How much time does Paul need?
4. Did Paul make the reservation already?
5. What might Paul have done if they had the fax.?
6. What would have happened if the technicians had come?
7. What would Paul do if he were Mary?
8. How long will they have to wait if they cancel the meeting now?
9. At what time is the last flight to Kansas?
10. What will they do if they get a raise?

5
VOCABULARY
• Hurry up: If you don’t hurry up we’ll get late to school.
• Wait a minute/wait a second/wait a moment
• Undone: not finished
• To choose: to make a selection
• At least: minimum
• On the phone: I’m speaking on the phone right now.
• To look over: to inspect, to examine something
• A salary raise: an increase of the salary
- WE USE CONDITIONALS TO TALK ABOUT SITUATIONS (REAL OR UNREAL) AND PROBABLE RESULTS OR
CONSEQUENCES OF THESE SITUATIONS.
- CONDITIONALS ARE MADE UP OF TWO CLAUSES:

THE IF CLAUSE + THE MAIN CLAUSE
- RULE:
· WHEN YOU START A SENTENCE WITH IF YOU MUST USE A COMMA (,) SEPARATE THE CLAUSES
· IF I COULD, I´D RETIRE TOMORROW
· I´D RETIRE TOMORROW IF I COULD
EXAMPLES:
· IF YOU HEAT WATER TO 100 ·, IT BOILS (ZERO CONDITIONAL)
· IF IT RAINS TOMORROW, WE WON´T GO TO THE BEACH. (FIRST CONDITIONAL)
· IF I WON THE LOTTERY, I´D BUY AN ISLAND IN THE CARIBBEAN. (SECOND CONDITIONAL)
· IF YOU HAD WORKED HARDER AT UNIVERSITY, YOU WOULD HAVE PASSED YOUR DEGREE. (THIRD
CONDITIONAL)
ZERO CONDITIONAL:
·STRUCTURE: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, + PRESENT SIMPLE
- IF YOU CAN´T SLEEP, DRINK A CUP OF MILK
- IF PETER CALLS, TELL HIM TO CALL BACK LATER
Rule:
1- TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING THAT IS ALWAYS OR USUALLY TRUE (A ROUTINE, A FACT OR A HABIT) ´´ IF ´´
MEANS THE SAME AS ´´WHEN´´ IN THIS CASE
2- TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS OR STRONG ADVICE

FIRST CONDITIONAL:
- STRUCTURE: IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, + WILL + INFINITIVE
- IF YOU HURRY, YOU´LL CATCH YOUR FLIGHT
- IF IT DOESN´T RAIN, WE´LL GO FOR A WALK
Rule:
- TO TALK ABOUT A LIKELY SITUATION AND IT´S PROBABLE RESULT
- TO GIVE ADVICE , WARNINGS AND PROMISES
- I´LL HIT YOU IF YOU DO THAT AGAIN.(WARNING)
- IF YOU CLEAN THE CAR, I´LL GIVE YOU 5 DOLLARS(PROMISE)
SECOND CONDITIONAL:
- STRUCTURE: IF + PAST SIMPLE, + WOULD + INFINITIVE
- IF I WERE TALLER, I´D BE MUCH MORE CONFIDENT.
- IF CLIMATE CHANGED HAPPENS, THE UK WOULD BE UNDER 10M OF WATER
Rule:
- TO TALK ABOUT AN UNLIKELY SITUATION OR IMAGINARY SITUATION AND ITS RESULT
- IN AN EXPRESSION TO GIVE ADVICE.
- IF I WERE YOU, I´D
EXERCISE:
WHAT ADVICE WOULD YOU GIVE FOR ….. (IF I WERE YOU, I´D)
-HEADACHE: IF I WERE YOU, I´D DRINK SOME WATER
-CAN´T SLEEP
-HANG OVER
THIRD CONDITIONAL:
- STRUCTURE: IF + PAST PERFECT, + WOULD + HAVE (PAST PARTICIPLE)
- IF WE HAD HURRIED, WE WOULDN´T HAVE MISSED THE PLANE.
- IF HE HAD NOT MADE A MISTAKE, HE WOULD HAVE PASSED HIS DRIVING TEST
Rule:
- TO SPECULATE ABOUT POSSIBLE SITUATIONS IN THE PAST WICH DID NOT HAPPEN.
- YOU CAN USE DIFFERENT PHRASES:
- WISH+ PAST PARTICIPLE I WISH I HAD NOT MADE THE MISTAKE
- REGRET + ING I REGRET MAKING THE MISTAKE.

5
+ -
You Live in Spain, don`t you?
You don`t live in Spain, do you?

- +
I`m right,
aren`t I ?
• You haven’t met him, have you?
• She isn’t coming, is she?
• They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?
• They weren’t here, were they?
• He had met him before, hadn’t he?
• This isn’t working, is it?
• He’s a doctor, isn’t he?
• You work in a bank, don’t you?
• I said that, didn’t I?
• You don’t recognise me, do you?
• She eats meat, doesn’t she?
• Let’s go to the movies, shall we?

MAKE QUESTION TAGS FOR THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. BE CAREFUL WITH MODALS.
MAKE QUESTION TAGS FOR THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. BE CAREFUL WITH MODALS.
• There is enough food for everyone, __________ ?

• They were at home yesterday,___________ ?
• She is curious about that guy,__________ ?
• He drove to work that day, __________ ?
• She doesn't tell many lies, __________ ?
• Some people don't like a warm climate, _________ ?
• They are arriving next week, ____________ ?
• The concert will have begun by then, ___________ ?
• The money should have been deposited already,_______ ?
• We are going to get there soon,__________ ?
TAG ANSWER: IS MADE WITH THE PERSONAL PRONOUN AND THE AUXILIARY VERB THAT CORRESPONDS
WITH THE TENSE OF THE QUESTION.
Ex.:
Who showed him the company? – I did.
Who will clean the dishes? – Mary will.
Who goes to the convention – He does.
Tag question: Is made with the auxiliary verb and the personal pronoun.
If the sentence is affirmative give a negative tag question.
Ex.:
Now you are happy, aren’t you?
She will be at the airport, won’ she?
He goes to the university, doesn’t he?
If the sentence is negative give an affirmative tag question.
Ex.:
You didn’t buy that house, did you?
She won’t read the book, will she?
He hasn’t eaten his food, has he?
When using Tag question:

The falling intonation indicates that you are confirming.
The rising intonation means that you are questioning.

5
Negative questions
Structure:
To form negative questions we simply add n’t (not) after the auxiliary
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
Aren’t you married?Don’t you know English? PRESENT SIMPLE
Isn’t Juan working? PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Wasn’t Felipe sick?Didn’t Mary study for the test? PAST SIMPLE
Haven’t you sent the email PRESENT PERFECT
Aren’t you going to the doctor tomorrow? FUTURE
USE of negative questions

Compare the following questions
- Are you sick?
This is a normal information question. I want to know if the person is sick in general.
- Aren’t you sick?
In this case you have the idea that the person is sick. For example, let’s suppose that Mario arrived late to
work and said he was sick. Later that afternoon you see him drinking a cold beer. You say “Hey Mario, aren’t
you sick?”
We use the negative questions:

• To show surprise :
Didn’t you send the email? Why? That was so important.
• To show doubt; to check information
- Aren’t you the Carlos? Don’t you teach English on-line? Wow! Nice to meet you.
- Doesn’t she work for City Bank. I think I know her
• When you expect the listener to agree
- Isn’t it a great day. It is so sunny and the sky is blue.

- Doesn’t this food tase delicious? Yummy Yummy.

ROUND UP 5
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES - TYPE I AND II
1) If you come with me, I________________ (to do) the shopping with you.
2) Walter ____________(to help) his mother in the garden if she reads him a story this evening.
3) If it __________(to rain), I will stay at home.
4) Our teacher will be happy if we __________(to learn) the poem by heart.
5) If they had enough money, they ___________(to buy) a new car.
6) We _______________(to pass) the exam if we studied harder.
7) If Pat _____________(to repair) his bike, he could go on a bicycle tour with us.
8) She would get 100 pounds if she __________(to sell) this old shelf.
9) If I was/were you, I __________(to invite) Jack to the party.
10) If the weather ______________(to be) fine, the children can walk to school.

QUESTION TAGS
FILL IN THE MISSING QUESTION TAG.
1. You didn't go to school yesterday,____________ ?

2. I am not a nurse,_________ ?
3. She doesn't cook well,________ ?
4. You can speak English, __________?
5. I am your best friend,__________ ?
6. The sun is shining,_________ ?
7. They haven't seen him for ages, ___________?
8. She visited her grandmother,___________ ?

5
Mixed Conditionals (II + III, III + II)
Task 3. Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
a) If I (be) ______________________intelligent, he (pass) ______________________his exams very well last

month.
b) If she (marry) ______________________him 10 years ago, she (be) ______________________ rich now.
c) She (not, feel) ______________________offended by his joke yesterday if she (have)
______________________a sense of humour.
d) I he (not, spend) ______________________all his money last week, he
(be able) ______________________to but this jacket now.
The student will do their own tag questions, negative questions three of each one.
1-__________________________________________________
2- __________________________________________________
3- __________________________________________________
4- __________________________________________________
5- __________________________________________________
6- __________________________________________________
The student will do 1 example of each conditional.

1- __________________________________________________
2- __________________________________________________
3- __________________________________________________
4- __________________________________________________

The use between
difference tenses 6
6
THE USE BETWEEN DIFFERENCE TENSES
PRACTICE
Complete with the Present Simple or the
Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets.
1.
A:
What (1)________________ (you / do) here, Dave?
B:
I (2) _______________(wait) for the
underground, just like you.
A:
I (3)_________________ (know) that.
I (4)_________________ (mean), where
(5)__________________ (you / go)? You
(6)__________________ (usually / not use)
the underground. You (7)________________
(have) a motorbike, right?
B:
Yeah, but I (8)_______________ (want) to go
to the city centre and the underground is
the best way. No traffic!
A:
Yeah, I (9)_________________ (hate) driving
in traffic, too.
2.
A:
Where’s Gordon today?
B:
He (10)______________ (not work) in the
office this week.
A:
I (11)_________________ (not understand).
B:
Every year, Mr O’Brien (12)_______________
(send) people to London for seminars.
A:
That sounds interesting.
B:
(13)__________________ (you / want) to go
next year? I can talk to Mr O’Brien for you.
A:
Thanks.

WE USE THE PRESENT SIMPLE WE USE THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

- For permanent states. -For temporary states.
- Ben lives in London. - I’m taking English classes this week.
- For habits or actions that happen regularly. - For actions happening at the moment of speaking.
- They always go to work at eight. - Lynda is working now.
- For general truths. - For future arrangements.
- The earth goes a round the sun. - We are going to the cinema tonight.

Time expressions
PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Usually, always, often, etc. Now, at the moment, today,
Every day/week, etc. These days, this week/ year, etc.
In the morning/ spring, etc. Tonight, tomorrow, etc.
On Mondays/ Monday morning, etc. Next week/ year, etc.
At the weekend, etc.
Once/twice/ three times, etc.
A week/ day, etc.
PRACTICE
Complete the text with the Past Simple or the Past Progressive of the verbs in brackets.
I (1)____________ (watch) a DVD when my sister (2)___________ (walk) into the house with a paper bag.
There were snails in it! She (3)________________ (want) to make something different for dinner. She
(4)___________ (leave) the bag on the table, (5)___________ (open) the fridge and (6)__________ (start)
taking out some vegetables. You’re going to love this!’ she (7)_________ (say).
As she (8)______________ (take) the vegetables out of the fridge, some of the snails (9)____________ (get)
out of the bag.
As soon as I (10)__________________ (see) them, I (11)___________ (begin) shouting: They’re moving!
They’re alive!’ and my sister (12)____________ (answer): ‘Of course, they are. That’s how you cook them!’

6
GRAMMAR
We use the past simple for:
- Actions that started and were completed at a specific time in the past.
We bought our car two years ago.
- Habitual or repeated actions in the past.
She always went to work early when I lived with her.
- Completed actions that happened one after the other in the past.
I made a pizza, turned on the tv and watched the game.
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Last night/ week/ year, etc.
Yesterday, ago, in 1999, etc.
GRAMMAR
We use the past progressive:
- For actions that were happening at a specific point of time in the past.
I was working at 7 o’clock yesterday morning.
- To describe background scenes to a story.
Lynda was walking in the park and it was raining.
- For actions that were happening at the same time in the past.in this case, we usually use while.
While I was cooking ,my father was cleaning the house.
Past simple vs past progressive

Time clauses ( when, while, as, as soon as)
- We use the past progressive and the past simple in the same sentence when one action interrupted
another in the past. We use the past progressive for the longer action and the past simple for the
shorter action. In this case we usually use while, when or as.
PRACTICE
Complete with the Past Simple or the Present
Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets.
Paul I can’t wait to go to Warsaw next week.
Larry Sounds great! (1)____________ you__________- (visit) Poland before?

Paul No. Actually, I (2)____________ (never / leave) the country, but I (3)_______________ (always / want)
to go there. My brother Mario (4)________________ (visit) Warsaw two years
ago.
Larry (5)_____________ he_____________ (like) it?
Paul Of course. And you? (6)_______________ you______________ (ever I travel) to Poland?
Larry Yes, i (7)________________ (drive) to Krakow with some friends last summer. It _______________
(8)_________________ (be) wonderful!

GRAMMAR
• We use the present perfect simple:
- For an action which happened in the past, but we don’t
• Mention when exactly.
• I have traveled to the usa twice.
- To talk about a state which started in the past and continues up to the present.
• I have lived in this apartment since 2010 (I still live in it)
- For an action which happened in the past and finished, but the results are obvious in the present.
- I’m tired. I have just finished working.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple present or present progressive)
1. Look! Sara (go) _______________to the movies.
2. On her right hand, Sara (carry) _____________ her handbag.
3. The handbag (be) ________________ very beautiful.
4. Sara usually (put) _______________ on black shoes but now she (wear) _______________ white
trainers.
5. And look, she (take) _________________ an umbrella because it (rain) _______________
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect)
1. When he (wake up) _____________, his mother (already /prepare)____________________breakfast
2. We (go) _____________ to London because our friends (invite)_________________us
3. He (hear) _____________ the news, (go)_____________ to the telephone and (call) __________ a
friend.
4. When she (start) _____________ learning English she (already /learn)_________________French.
5. Jane (already / type) _______________ three pages when her computer (crash) _________________
6. By the time the doctor (arrive) __________________ at the house the patient ( die)______________ .
7. Before that day we (never / think) _________________ of traveling to Japan.
8. I (know) _______________ him a long time before I (meet)______________his family.
9. They (not / know) _____________ where to meet because nobody (tell) _________________ them.
10. It (be) _________________ cloudy for days before it (begin)____________________to rain.
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect).
1. I (just / finish) ______________ my homework.
2. Mary (already / write) ___________________ five letters.
3. Tom (move)__________________ to his home town in 1994.
4. My friend (be) ________________ in Canada two years ago.
5. I (not / be) _______________________ to Canada so far.
6. But I (already / travel) ___________________ to London a couple of times.
7. Last week, Mary and Paul (go) _______________ to the cinema.
8. I can’t take any pictures because I (not /buy) _______________ a new film yet.
9. (they / spend) __________________ their holidays in Paris last summer?
10. (you / ever / see ) ______________________________ a whale?

6
Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Progressive).
1. The receptionist (welcome) ______________________ the guests and (ask)__________________
them to fill in the form
2. The car (break) ________________ down and we (have)_____________________to walk home.
3. The boys (swim) ___________________ while the girls (sunbath)_______________________.
4. My father (come)__________________ in, (look) ________________ and (tell) ___________ me to
tidy up my room.
5. While one group (prepare)______________ dinner the others (collect)____________wood for the
campfire.
6. While the parents (have) _____________________ breakfast the children (run)______________about.
7. Martha (turn) ________________ off the light and (go)_____________________to bed.

I Was Going To Move To
Canada 7
7
I WAS GOING TO MOVE TO CANADA
Part I - dialogue
George and Lynda are talking about what they were going to do.
George: Lynda, do you know what? I was going to live in Canada.

Lynda: In Canada? Were you going to live there?
George: Yes, I was. Don’t you like Canada?
Lynda: Well, I haven’t been there but... where were you going to live?
George: I was going to live with my cousin Andrea.
Lynda: Do you have any relatives there?
George: Yes, I’ve got some cousins there.
Lynda: Where exactly were you going to live?
George: In Ontario. She’s got a big house out of the city.
Lynda: Where were you going to work?
George: In a little hospital near the house.
Lynda: Who was going to find you the job?
George: Andrea’s husband was going to find me an interview.
Lynda: Is he a doctor?
George: No, he isn’t. He’s the administrator.
Lynda: So, what happened then?
George: Suddenly I didn’t feel like going there.
Lynda: So, you decided to come to the states.
George: Yes, sometimes I like to do everything by myself.
Lynda: I remember that I was going to study engineering.
George: And what happened?
Lynda: My sister was going to study the same.
George: And?
Lynda: She doesn’t like to do the homework by herself.
George: And she was going to bother you with her homework.
Lynda: Yes, that’s it.
George: Were you going to go to the same university?
Lynda: Yes, we were.
George: Were you going to use the same books?
Lynda: No, we weren’t. I was going to use my books and she was going to use her books.
George: You shouldn’t have changed your mind, because you might have helped each other.
Lynda: Yes, but she was going to make me work for her.
George: I didn’t have that problem because my sisters like to do their things by themselves.
Lynda: I also remember that I was going to get married.
George: Were you going to get married?
Lynda: Yes, I was.
George: What happened? Tell me about it.
Lynda: Well, he was going to buy a house and we were going to live near the lake.
George: That sounds good.
Lynda: Yes, but he was going to work for a foreign company.
George: I understand, he was going to be traveling all the time.
Lynda: Yes, he was. And I was going to be alone.
George: Sometimes it’s very difficult to take a decision.
Lynda: George, I was going to tell you something but I forgot it.
George: What was it?
Lynda: I can’t remember right now.
George: Were you going to invite me to the beach?
Lynda: No, I wasn’t. I was going to invite you to a concert.
George: Were you? So, now you are not.
Lynda: Come on, be serious. Do you want to go to a concert?
George: Yes, of course I do.
QUESTION TO ANSWER
1. Was George going to live in Australia?
2. Where was he going to live?
3. What was Lynda going to study?
4. Was Lynda’s sister going to do her homework by herself?
5. Where was Lynda going to invite George?
6. Was Lynda going to get married?
7. Where was he going to live?
8. Was she going to be alone all the time?
9. What was Lynda going to tell George?
10. Was she going to invite George to the movies?
VOCABULARY
I’ve got (I have got) = I have
The use of “I’ve got” is very common in England.
Ex.:
I’ve got a car. = I have a car.
To feel like it:

Do you want to go to the movies?
I don’t feel like going to the movies. I’ll stay home.
The same:
You go to Central University and I go to Central University. We go to the same University.

7
Reflexive Pronouns
They repeat the responsible of an action. Every Personal Pronoun has its Reflexive Pronoun.
Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns

I myself
You yourself
He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
You yourselves
They themselves
Ex.:
I like to do everything by myself.
He himself saw the accident. /He saw the accident himself.
GRAMMAR
FUTURE IN THE PAST: IT REFERS TO AN ACTION THAT WOULD HAPPEN IN THE PAST.
Form the Future in the Past like this:

Personal Pronoun + was, were + going to + verb (infinitive) + complement
Ex.:
He was going to live in Canada.
He wasn’t going to live in Canada.
Was he going to live in Canada?
Yes, he was. /No, he wasn’t.
Where was he going to live?
In Canada.
Past with Modal Auxiliaries

Past with “may” or “might”:
To show that an action was possible in the past, but did not happen.
may have + past participle

might have + past participle
Ex.:
She might have won the award.
past with “should”:

To make a judgement or to show that something would have been advisable.
should have + past participle

Ex.:
You should have gone to the doctor.
Past with “could”:

To show that someone had the ability to do something.
Could have + past participle
Ex.:
You could have written the letter.
Past with “must”:

To express that something was very probably.
Must have + past participle
Ex.:
She must have been very tired after work.
Past with “would”:

To express that something would have happened under certain circumstances.
Would have + past participle
Ex.:
She would have called you if she had known your phone number.
GRAMMAR
CAN, COULD, MAY, BE ABLE TO
Read the examples below and decide what the words in bold express: ability, permission or request.
• May I see your passport, please?

• Can I take this smaller one on the plane with me?
• We can arrange for a courier to bring it to you.
• The good news is that we were able to find your bag.
• Could you put it on the conveyor belt?
GRAMMAR
We use can or is/are able to to
Express ability in the present.
We use could or was/were able to to
Express ability in the past.

7
ORAL EXERCISES
1. I was going to go to the baseball game, but I didn’t go.
2. She was going to buy an umbrella. /They were going to travel.
3. Were you going to travel? /Yes, I was. /No, I wasn’t.
4. Were they going to sell the car themselves? /Yes, they were. /No, they weren’t.
5. They should have written a letter. /They shouldn’t have gone out without an umbrella.
6. You may have saved some money. /You might have saved some money.
7. myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves
8. I shine my shoes myself.
9. They were going to travel by themselves.
10. We were going to build the house by ourselves.
11. They were going to present a report.
12. The doctor was going to catch fishes.
13. We were going to eat in a restaurant.
14. You were going to go to the office.
WRITTEN
1. Where were you going to study?
2. Was your mother going to travel last year?
3. Were you going to buy a new car last month?
4. Was your teacher going to be in class yesterday?
5. What were you going to buy last week?
Remember some common expressions

• Of course
• By the way
• Come on
• Don’t worry
• You know
• Ok
• All right
• I mean
• In fact/as matter of fact
• Well

Grammar gerunds
- Do you enjoy traveling alone or in a group?
I prefer being in a large group. It’s more fun.
- Are you interested in buying handicrafts when you travel?

Not really. I like going to markets, but just to look.
- Are you worried about getting sick when you travel abroad?
Not really. I’m more concerned about losing my passport!
A gerund is an- ing word that acts like a noun. Gerunds may be the subject of a sentence, or they
may appear after some verbs or prepositions.
As subjects: trying local foods is a great way to learn about a culture.
After some verbs: I enjoy traveling by bus.
After prepositions: I’m interested in joining the “eat and learn” tour.
Words that go with ing form

- After certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, suggest, start
Finish, continue, keep, stop, begin, avoid, imagine, spend (time)
After certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be interested in, it’s worth, how/what about…..?,
I look forward to
We use the infinitive

- It’s difficult to explain.
- Are you surprised to be here?
- You are too young to stay out late.
- I am strong enough to carry the box.
We use the infinitive with modal verbs with out to.
- Could you give me a glass of water?

- You must visit the doctor today.
- After certain verbs: promise, afford, agree, expect, seem, forget, teach, need, try, tell.
- After certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy, ready, sorry, pleased.
- After too and enough

7
ROUND UP 7
Rewrite the following sentences using "going to".
I was going to go out to dinner, but I didn't have any money.
1. He______________ didn't sing that night. He_____________ got a sore throat.

He that night, but he .
2. They____________ didn't visit Italy. They_________________ didn't have time.

They Italy, but they .
3. She didn't go for a walk. It was raining.

She___________ for a walk, but it _____________ .
Exercise on Infinitive and Gerund

1. We go_________ every week.
a. Swim b. to swim c. swimming
2. Let it_________ .
a. Be b. to be c. being
3. He dreams of_________ an actor.
a. Become b. to become c. becoming
4. They enjoy__________ .
a. Cycle b. to cycle c. cycling
5. It is not easy___________ good friends.
a. Find b. to find c. finding
6. My friend is afraid of___________.
a. Fly b. to fly c. flying
7. Jane is good at__________ .
a. Read b. to read c. reading
8. He wanted__________ a new computer game.
a. Buy b. to buy c. buying

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Fill in these sentences with MYSELF, YOURSELF, HERSELF, HIMSELF, ITSELF, OURSELVES, YOURSELVES or
THEMSELVES.
1. Jane is a baby, she is too small to eat by______________ .

2. Peter is very lazy. He always copies his friend´s homework and never does it by_______________ .
3. The children can decorate the Christmas tree by_____________ .
4. Julie is always looking at_______________ in the mirror.
5. If you can´t do this exercise by_____________ , ask the teacher for help.
6. The cat cleans ____________ with its tongue.
7. Don´t help us, Dad! I and Jim can paint the car all by_____________ .
8. You are five years old, Danny. You have to comb your hair by______________ now.
9. Hi, Martin! Hi, Rebeca! Please, come in and make______________ at home.
ROUND UP 7
Gerund or Infinitive
1) We decided___________ (buy) a new car.
2) They’ve got some work __________(do).
3) Peter gave up_________ (smoke) .
4) He’d like _________(fly) an aeroplane.
5) I enjoy__________ (write) picture postcards.
6) Do you know what________ (do) if there’s a fire in the shop?
7) Avoid__________ (make) silly mistakes.
8) My parents wanted me ___________(be) home at 11 o’clock.
9) I dream about ___________(build) a big house.
10) I’m hoping _____________(see) Lisa.

7
WILL or BE GOING TO + one of these verbs
Collapse eat enter explode have increase leave

paint phone retire re-open see show be sick
walk
1. Get out of the building! It sounds like the generator ____________________

2. Tim _____________ early before he reaches 65. He mentioned it at the meeting recently
3. “I think I _____________ home across the park” “That’s a good idea”
4. Next year, no doubt, more people ____________ the competition as the prize money increases.
5. “Can we meet at 10.00 outside the station?” “OK. I __________ you there”
6. Don’t sit on that bench! I _____________it
7. I’m not feeling well. In fact, I think I __________________
8. “Closed over the New Year period. This office ______________ on 2nd January”
9. I’m sure you ________________ a good time staying with Richard.
10. We _________________ with Tim tonight. He’s asked to be here at 7.00.
11. “The 2.35 to Bristol _______________ from platform 7”
12. I wouldn’t walk across that old bridge if I were you. It looks like it _______________
13. I read in the paper that they __________________ the price of gas again.
14. Do you like my new solar watch? I _______________ how it works
15. “Dr Jackson isn’t in his office at the moment” “In that case, I _____________ at home”.

She Said That She
Was Sick 8
8
SHE SAID THAT SHE WAS SICK

Part I - dialogue
Paul is reporting what Mary said.
Lynda: Hello Paul.

Paul: Hi Lynda, how are you?
Lynda: I’m fine, thanks. Have you seen Mary?
Paul: No, I haven’t. She told me that she was going to come early today.
Lynda: Mr. Peterson called this morning.
Paul: What did he say?
Lynda: He said that he came today, and that he was arriving to the airport in the afternoon.
Paul: Did he say something about the new contract?
Lynda: Yes, he did.
Paul: What did he say?
Lynda: He said that he had gone to the computer factory to talk to the owner.
Paul: Would you like to go to the airport?
Lynda: What does the boss say?
Paul: The boss says: “Lynda is the right person to take him to the hotel.”
Lynda: What does he say?
Paul: He says that you are the right person to meet him.
Lynda: Did you ask Mary?
Paul: Yes, I talked to her yesterday afternoon.
Lynda: And what did she say?
Paul: She said that she would do it.
Lynda: Why don’t you call her again?
Paul: Yes, let me try again.
(Paul dials 746-2411 and listens.)
Mary: Hello.
Paul: Hello Mary, it’s me Paul.
Mary: Hi Paul, how are you?
Paul: Fine, but what happened, why didn’t you come to the office?
Mary: I feel terrible, I caught a cold.

Paul: Don’t you remember the appointment?
Mary: Yes, I would like to go but...
Paul: I know, you are sick.
Mary: Did you talk to Lynda?
Paul: Yes, I did.
Mary: What did she say?
Paul: Nothing.
Mary: Nothing?
Paul: Yes, and I asked the boss.
Mary: What did the boss say?
Paul: He said that Lynda was the right person to meet Mr. Peterson at the airport.
Mary: Well, maybe I can go tomorrow morning.
Paul: Don’t worry, you can come when you feel better.
Mary: OK Paul, see you then.
Paul: Bye Mary, take care of yourself.
Lynda: What did Mary say?
Paul: She said that she was sick, and that she felt terrible.
Lynda: What did she say about the appointment?
Paul: She said that she could come tomorrow.
Lynda: But Mr. Peterson arrives today.
Paul: Well, you have to go to the airport.
Lynda: What did you say?
Paul: I said that you had to go to the airport.
QUESTIONS TO ANSWER
1. Has Lynda seen Mary?
2. Who called this morning?
3. What did he say?
4. Who was going to take him to the hotel?
5. Did Paul talk to Mary?
6. What did she say yesterday afternoon?
7. What did Mary say about her health?
8. What did she say about the appointment?
9. What did Paul say to Lynda?
10. What do you say?

8
VOCABULARY
When the telephone rings you pick up the phone.
When you finish the conversation you hang up the phone.
When you want to make a phone call you dial a number.
Boss: It’s the person in charge of a company or an office.

Owner: A person who has property is the owner of the property.
To take care of: The nurse takes care of the patient in the hospital.
Appointment: I have an appointment with the dentist today.
GRAMMAR
Direct Speech/Indirect Speech
There are two ways to express what someone says:
Direct Speech: We repeat exactly what the speaker says or said about someone or something.
Ex.: The boss says: “Lynda is the right person.”

Indirect Speech: We paraphrase what the speaker said about someone or something.
Ex.: The boss says (that) Lynda is the right person.
Note: As you can see “that” is optional.
Note: You can also use “tell” instead of “say”.
Ex.: She tells me (that) she likes ice cream.
When you use Indirect Speech in past you have to change the verb:

From Simple Present to Simple Past

Ex.:
Direct Speech: The boss said: “Lynda is the right person.”
Indirect Speech: The boss said (that) Lynda was the right person.
From Simple Past to Past Perfect
Ex.:
Direct Speech: The boss said: “Lynda was the right person.”
Indirect Speech: The boss said (that) Lynda had been the right person.
From Present Perfect to Past perfect
Ex.:
Direct Speech: The boss said: “Lynda has been the right person.”
Indirect Speech: The boss said (that) Lynda had been the right person.
From present progressive to past progressive
Ex:
Direct speech: The boss said: “Lynda is in a meeting”
Indirect speech: The boss said (that) Lynda was in a meeting.
Modal auxiliaries in past
will – would
can – could
may – might
shall – should
must – had to
Ex.:
Direct Speech: Lynda said: “ Mary must go to the doctor.”
Indirect Speech: Lynda said (that) Mary had to go to the doctor.
Direct Speech: They said: “We will go to a restaurant.”

Indirect Speech: They said (that) they would go to a restaurant.

8
GRAMMAR
A.- INDIRECT COMMANDS:
They are formed with the verb “tell”, an objective pronoun and the infinitive form of the verb.
Ex.:
Direct Command: He said: “Come back in a week!”
Indirect Command: He told me to come back in a week.
The negative Indirect Command is formed with a “not” in front of the infinitive.
Ex.:
Direct Command: She said to Lynda: “Don’t smoke!”
Indirect Command: She told her not to smoke.
B.- INDIRECT REQUESTS (POLITE COMMANDS):

They are formed with the verb “ask”, an objective pronoun and the infinitive form of the verb.
Ex.:
Direct Request: She said to George: “Please, do your homework.”
Indirect Request: She asked him to do his homework.
The negative Indirect Request is formed with a “not” in front of the infinitive.
Ex.:
Direct Request: “Please, don’t forget the party”, she said to me.
Indirect speech: She asked me not to forget the party.
C.- INDIRECT QUESTIONS:
Direct Question: “Will you go to the party?”, he asked me.

Indirect Question: He asked me if I would go to the party.

• He asked me if I would go to the party or not.
• He asked me whether I would go to the party.
• He asked me whether I would go to the party or not.
• He asked me whether or not I would go to the party.

ORAL
1. He said that he came today. /He told me that he came today.
2. He said he came today. /He told me he came today.
3. I can go with you. /What did she say? /She said she could go with me.
4. You may go with us. /What did they tell you? /They told me that I might go with them.
5. She must stay in bed. /What did the doctor say? /He said that she had to stay in bed.
6. I bought a car. /What did he say? /He said that he had bought a car.
7. I have bought a car. /What did he say? /He said that he had bought a car.
8. I was there. /What did he say? /He said he that he had been there.
9. I have been to Spain. /What did he say? /He said he had been to Spain.
10. Sit down. /What did you say? /I said, “sit down”.
11. I go to the office. /I said that I went to the office.
12. I went to the office. /I said that I had gone to the office.
13. I’ve gone to the office. /I said that I’d gone to the office.
14. I will go if I can. /I said I would go if I could.
WRITTEN
1. What did the teacher tell you? (You must practice everyday.)
2. What did your mother say? (I am going to the supermarket.)
3. What did the doctor tell you? (You may go to the beach.)
4. What did you say to your teacher? (I’ll improve my English.)
5. What did your girlfriend tell you? (I have found another boyfriend.)
6. What did she say? (I write a report every week.)
7. What did he say? (She will go with me.)
8. What did I tell you? (You have to be on time.)
9. What did he tell you? (We will go to the doctor.)
10. What did she tell her? (It’s lunchtime.)
ROUND UP 8
Exercise reported speech
1) “He works in a bank” ________________________________________
2) “We went out last night” . ________________________________________
3) “I’m coming!” ________________________________________
4) “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived ________________________________________
5) “I’d never been there before” ________________________________________
6) “I didn’t go to the party” ________________________________________
7) “Lucy will come later” ________________________________________
8) “He hasn’t eaten breakfast” ________________________________________
9) “I can help you tomorrow” ________________________________________
10) “You should go to bed early” ________________________________________

8
Say /Tell
A- Complete the sentences with said or told.
1. I ________ “hello” to him.

2. Louis ________ he was going away for the weekend.
3. I ________ her that she was a god student.
4. They ________ they were very sorry.
5. His aunt ________ him not to eat so many sweets.
6. They ________ that the buses were full.
7. He ________ them to be careful.
8. The adults ________ the children to be quiet.
9. He ________ she was late.
10. The shop assistant ________ the clients that the shop was going to close.
B- Complete with the right form of say or tell.
1. Her eyes ________ she was unhappy.

2. Excuse me, can you ________ me the time?
3. Please, could you ________ that again?
4. You should always ________ the truth.
5. Will you ________ me how to do it?
6. Do you ________ prayers every night?
7. ________ me everything you know about the accident?
8. I can’t ________ you how pleased I am!
9. Don’t believe everything he has to ________.
10. What have you got to ________ for yourself?
11. Don’t ________ me you’ve missed the train.
12. ________ him all about the party.
C- Circle the right item.
1. I told / said “what a beauty”!

2. Say / Tell me all about it!
3. I said / told “who was that”?
4. I’m all right, I say / tell you!
5. That’s incredible! Tell / Say no more!
6. Tell / Say me the time by your watch.
7. Will it rain? I should tell / say not.
8. I can’t tell / say you how glad I am.
9. Don’t tell / say me you have forgotten!
10. How can you say / tell which is the right one to use?
11. Tell / Say what you like. I’ve nothing to do with it!


Intermediate PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Intermediate PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

e d i a te

I HAVE BEEN HERE FOR THREE YEARS

George: Lynda, how long have you been in the company?

6 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

2. Has she worked there since 1992?

3. How has she got the money to buy new picture?

4. Has George sold his car?

5. How many times has Peter seen the new film?

6. How many times has Lynda seen the new film?

7. Has Lynda paid twice for an item?

8. Has George ever thought of his money?

9. Has the cost of living increased nowadays?

10. Do you have to try to save something?

Intermediate | Student’s Book 7

Use “one” and “ones” to substitute the noun.

Note: “other” and “another” mean “more or “additional”.

It expresses a past action, which is related with the present.

Form the present perfect tense like this:

8 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

For: She has been living in New York for 8 years.

Since: He has been living in London since 1986.

- For + period of time e.g. two

- Since + a point in time e.g.

Already: is used with the

WORDS THAT DEFINE THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE:

Intermediate | Student’s Book 9

1. I have bought a car. /I’ve bought a car.

1. Have you been to any foreign country?

I HAVE BEEN MAKING SOME FIGURES

Mary: I’ve been making some figures.

Paul: How much have we been spending?

Intermediate | Student’s Book 11

Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets.

Larry Sounds great! (1)____________ you__________ - (visit) Poland before?

12 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

FORM THE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE LIKE THIS:

HAVE/HAS GONE, HAVE/HAS BEEN

Intermediate | Student’s Book 13

1. Wait a moment please! I have not finished the last exercise_______

He (work)__________ in this company since 1985.

14 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

THE GHOST HAD DISAPPEARED

Mary: What a wonderful day, George.

16 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

George: Did you think it was a ghost?

Intermediate | Student’s Book 17

Personal pronoun + had + past participle + complement

18 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

Words that define the Past Perfect Tense:

BEFORE: The train had left before I bought the tickets.

AFTER: He called after you had left the office.

THE ADVERB: An adverb is an adjective that describes a verb.

To change an adjective into an adverb, follow these rules:

2. If an adjective ends in ”le”, drop he “e” and add “y”.

Some adverbs are irregular:

Intermediate | Student’s Book 19

Accidentally angrily anxiously awkwardly badly beautifully

20 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

HE HAD BEEN WORKING ALL NIGHT LONG

George: What happens to Paul, Mary?

22 Lesaru | Centro Internacional de Idiomas

Form the Past Perfect Progressive like this:

Larry Sounds great! (1)__ you - (visit) Poland before?

Can_ could_ is able to will be able to_