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Physics 208 Formulas
Physics 208 Formulas
Derivatives: Integrals:
Z
d xn+1
axn = an xn−1 a xn dx = a
dx n+1
Z
d dx
sin ax = a cos ax = ln x
dx x
Z
d 1
cos ax = −a sin ax sin ax dx = − cos ax
dx a
Z
d ax 1
e = aeax cos ax dx = sin ax
dx a
Z
d 1 1
ln ax = eax dx = eax
dx x a
Z
dx x
√ = arcsin
a 2 − x2 a
Z ³√ ´
dx
√ = ln 2
x +a +x2
Constants: x2 + a 2
Z
dx 1 x
2 2
= arctan
²0 = 8.8542 × 10−12 C2 /(N m2 ) x +a a a
Z
µ0 = 4π × 10−7 Wb/(A m) dx 1 x
3/2
= 2√
c = 2.9979 × 108 m/s (x2 + a2 ) a x + a22
Z
x dx 1
3/2
= −√
(x2 + a2 ) x + a2
2
~ is called Magnification
The magnitude of the time-averaged value of S
The lateral magnification for the systems described
the intensity of the wave
above is
1 Emax Bmax E2 1 y0 s0
I= = max = ²0 cEmax
2
m= =−
2 µ0 2µ0 c 2 y s
Speed of light in materials
When light propagates through a material, its speed
is lower than the speed in free space space by a factor
called the index of refraction
c
v=
n
Reflection and refraction
At a smooth interface, the incident, reflected, and re-
fracted rays and the normal to the interface all lie in a
single plane. The angle of incidence and angle of reflec-
tion (measured from the normal) are equal θr = θa and
the angle of refraction is given by Snell’s law:
na sin θa = nb sin θb
Polarization
A polarizing filter passes waves that are linearly po-
larized along its polarizing axis. When polarized light of
intensity Imax is incident on a polarizing filter used as an
analyzer, the intensity I of the light transmitted depends
on the angle φ between the polarization direction of the
incident light and the polarizing axis of the analyzer:
I = Imax cos2 φ
Physics 208 — Formula Sheet for Exam 3
Do NOT turn in these formula sheets!
~τ = µ ~
~ ×B ΦB
L=N
i
Biot-Savart Law:
The magnetic field dB~ produced at point P by a dif- For example, for a solenoid of N turns, length l, area A,
~
ferential segment dl carrying current I is Ampère’s law gives B = µ0 (N/l)i, so the flux is ΦB =
µ0 (N/l)iA, and so
~ = µ0 I d~l × r̂
dB N2
4π r2 L = µ0 A
l
where r̂ points from the segment d~l to the point P .
LR Circuits:
Magnetic field produced by a moving charge: When an inductor L and a resistance R appear in a
Similarly, the magnetic field produced at a point P by simple circuit, exponential energizing and de-energizing
a moving charge is time dependences are found that are analogous to those
found for RC-circuits. The time constant τ for energizing
~ = µ0 q ~v × r̂
B an LR circuit is
4π r2
L
Ampère’s Law: (without displacement current) τ=
R
I
~ · d~l = µ0 Iencl
B LC Circuits:
When an inductor L and a capacitor C appear in a
simple circuit, sinusoidal current oscillation is found with
Faraday’s Law:
frequency f such that
The EMF produced in a closed loop depends on the
change of the magnetic flux through the loop 1
2πf = √
dΦB LC
E =−
dt
Physics 208 — Formula Sheet for Exam 2
Do NOT turn in these formula sheets!
dQ RC Circuits:
I=
dt When a capacitor C is charged by a battery with EMF
given by E in series with a resistor R, the charge on the
We define the current density as the current per unit area, capacitor is
and can relate it to the drift velocity of charge carriers
by ³ ´
q(t) = CE 1 − e−t/RC
J~ = nq~vd
where t = 0 is when the the charging starts.
where n is the number density of charges and q is the When a capacitor C that is initially charged with
charge of one charge carrier. charge Q0 discharges through a resistor R, the charge
on the capacitor is
Ohm’s Law and Resistance:
q(t) = Q0 e−t/RC
Ohm’s Law states that a current density J in a material
is proportional to the electric field E. The ratio ρ = E/J where t = 0 is when the the discharging starts.
is called the resistivity of the material. For a conductor
Physics 208 — Formula Sheet for Exam 1
Do NOT turn in these formula sheets!
∂V ∂V ∂V
~ to the sur-
where φ is the angle from the electric field E Ex = − Ey = − Ez = −
∂x ∂y ∂z
face normal n̂.