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Chapter 1-Intro (2) (Compatibility Mode)
Chapter 1-Intro (2) (Compatibility Mode)
Chapter 1-Intro (2) (Compatibility Mode)
Data Communication
Overview of Data Communications & Networking
Definition
Data – information presented in whatever form
time transmission)
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Data Communication 5 Components of Data Communication
Components
Data
D Representation
R i 5 3
1 and 2 [Sender and Receiver] or [Source and Destination] Text [represent as bit pattern – sequence of bits( 0s or 1s)]
All communications originate at a source and travel to a ASCII – by ANSI (7 bits)
destination.
Extended ASCII (8 bits – extra 0 at left)
3 [Message / Data Packets] Unicode (16 bits)
Information that travels on a network is referred to as a data, ISO (32 bits)
packet, or data packet. Numberss
4 [Media / Medium] Images – composed of a matrix of pixels
Telephone wires (UTP), Category 5 UTP (used for 10BaseT (picture elements) – small dots
Ethernet), Coaxial cables, Optical fibers (thin glass fibers
that carry light) Size of pixel depends on resolution
Audio - sound
5 [Protocol]
Video – continuous images
Set of rules that makes communication both possible and
more efficient
(Sender)
(Receiver)
Simplex
Half-Duplex
Full-Duplex
The receiver can ONLY receive,
but cannot send
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Half-Duplex Full-Duplex
Both can send AND receive Both can send AND receive
BUT SIMULTANEOUSLY
not at the same time • sharing bandwidth between signal traveling in both direction
Bandwidth?
i.e:- walkie-talkie i.e:- telephone network
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Point-to-point Multipoint
(Multidrop)
Dedicated link between TWO devices More than 2 devices SHARE a SINGLE link
∴ Capacity of the channel is SHARED spatially/temporally
Categories of Topology
Advantage:- Disadvantage:-
Carry its own data load Link must be shared by
Robust multiple device
Point-to-point to a central controller Signals go through the cable become weaker and weaker
Advantage:- Explanation:
Disadvantage:- One long cable as a backbone to link all devices
Easy to install, reconfigure and troubleshoot
Failure of hub cripples Nodes connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps
Robustness attached stations Drop line connected between devices and main cable
More suited for larger networks More cable required Taps is connector splices into the main cable to create contact with metallic core
Easy to expand network
Cabling types can be mixed
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Bus Topology (cont.) Ring Topology
Advantage:-
Ease of installation
Cheapest topology to implement
Failure of one station does not affect others
Less expensive due to less footage of cabling and no network hubs
Good for smaller networks not requiring higher speeds
Disadvantage:-
Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building
Limited in size and speed
Difficult to troubleshoot Passing token to take turn
Difficult to administer/troubleshoot Dual ring - for line backup
A cable break can disable the entire network; no redundancy
Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run
Performance degrades as additional computers are added
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Local Area Network (cont.) Metropolitan Area Network
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How Internet today?
Internet today
Today, the Internet is a public, cooperative, and
self-sustaining facility accessible to hundreds of
millions of people worldwide.
Physically, the Internet uses a portion of the total
resources of the currently existing public
telecommunication networks.
Technically, to distinguish the Internet
use of a set of protocols called TCP/IP (for
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Two recent adaptations of Internet technology, the
intranet and the extranet, also make use of the
TCP/IP protocol.
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Layered Tasks
Functions of Layers
Summary of Layers
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An exchange using the Internet model Data exchange using the Internet model (cont..)
Physical
layers can use
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Data Link Layer Data Link Layer Major Duties:-
Framing
Divides the stream of bits received from the network layer into
manageable data units
Physical addressing
Adds a header to the frame to define the sender and/or receiver of
the frame
Flow control
To prevent overwhelming the receiver
The data link layer is responsible for transmitting frames from the node to the next. Error control (through trailer)
Defines the format of data on the network
To detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames
To prevent duplication of frames
Include data frame, checksum, source and destination address and data. Access control
Handles the physical and logical connections to the packet’s destination using a To determine which device has control, over the link at any given
network interface time
Logical addressing
To distinguish the source and destination systems
Routing
When independent networks or links are connected to
create and internetwork / large network, the
connecting devices (routing/switches) route/switch
the packets to their final destination
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of
packets from the original source to the
final destination.
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Source-to-Destination Delivery Example 2
In Figure 2.11 we want to send
data from a node with network
address A and physical address 10,
located on one LAN, to a node
with a network address P and
physical address 95, located on
another LAN. Because the two
devices are located on different
networks,, we cannot use physical
p y
addresses only; the physical
addresses only have local
jurisdiction (control). What we
need here are universal addresses
that can pass through the LAN
boundaries. The network (logical)
addresses have this characteristic.
Port addressing
Gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer
Segmentation and reassembly
Enable the transport layer to reassemble the message correctly upon
arrival at the destination
To identify and replace packets that were lost in the transmission
Connection control
Connectionless
• User Datagram protocol
• No end-to-end reliability check
The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from • E.g.: DNS update, and SMS
one process to another. connection-oriented
• Transmission Control protocol (TCP)
Provides end-to-end connection between two devices during • Guarantees that is receives as it was sent
• E.g.: Telnet, FTP, SSH and Telephone conservation (real world)
communication by performing sequencing, acknowledgement,
checksums, and flow control
Flow control
End-to-end flow control
Error control
End-to-end
End to end error control
Ensure the entire message arrives at the
receiving transport layer without error
(damage,lost,duplicate) - retransmission
Data delivery not only between both computer but also from
specific process on one computer to a specific process on the other.
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Example 3 Application Layer
OSI Layer
Application
OSI Model Presentation
Session
Review Session
S Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Why a Layered Model? Layers with Function
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Encapsulation Names for Data at Each Layer
Question?
Do you understand?
If not, better do revision.
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