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Ge Ni U S: Chemical Reactions
Ge Ni U S: Chemical Reactions
Ge Ni U S: Chemical Reactions
32
Ge72.61
Nickel
28
Ni
58.693
Uranium
92
U
238.029
Sulfur
16
S
32.066
Chemical Reactions
Worksheets
Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
2) Color Change
The color changing of iron nails is an example for the chemical
reactions between iron and oxygen, and the transformation of
banana from green to yellow color is another example.
4) Formation of a solid
A solid precipitate may be formed during the reaction of liquid substances,
which is also a evidence of chemical reaction.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
A + B → C + D
Reactants Products
Symbol Purpose
+ Separate two or more reactants or products
Separates reactants from products
Separates reactants from products and indicates a reversible reaction
(s) Identifies a solid state
(l) Identifies a liquid state
(g) Identifies a gaseous state
(aq) Identifies a water solution
The substances undergoing reaction are called reactants, and their formulas are placed on the
left side of the equation.
The substances generated by the reaction are called products, and their formulas are placed on
the right side of the equation.
Word equation
We can describe the reaction between Aluminum and Bromine by a word equation
Aluminum(s) + Bromine(l) Aluminum bromide(s)
Word equation: Aluminum and Bromine react to produce aluminum Bromide.
Skelton equation
It uses chemical formulas rather than words to identify the reactants and the products.
The Skelton equation for the pervious reaction,
Al(s) + Br2(l) AlBr3(s)
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Covert the following word equations to skeleton equations. Be sure to include to state of
matter that each compound as a subscript.
Example: Silver nitrate + copper silver + copper nitrate
Solution: AgNO3 (aq) + Cu(s) Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)
6) Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water (mixing two solutions to
make a solid and liquid)
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8) Potassium hydroxide + hydrogen bromide potassium bromide + water (solid and gas
make solid and liquid)
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10) Tin (II) oxide + hydrogen tin + water (starts with a solid)
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11) Propane (tricarbon octahydride) + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (obvious states)
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12) Sodium hydroxide + phosphoric acid (Hydrogen phosphate) Sodium phosphate + water.
(starts with solutions and makes a solution and a liquid)
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
13) Calcium bicarbonate calcium carbonate + carbon dioxide + water (solid makes a solid
and two gases)
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15) Lead(II) nitrate + potassium sulfide potassium nitrate + lead(II) sulfide (two solutions
forming a precipitate and a solution)
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Chemical equation: statement that uses chemical formulas to show the identities and relative
amounts of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Balancing chemical equations
To balance the chemical equations, we have to find the appropriate coefficients.
Coefficient: The number that is written before the reactant or products in the chemical
equation.
• Coefficients are always integers.
• Do not write coefficients if their value is equal to 1
• The coefficients describe the simplest numerical ratios of the quantities of the reactants and
products.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
24) ___ H2SO4 +___ Mg(NO3)2 ___ MgSO4 + ___ HNO3
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
47) ___ Na + ___ O2 ___ Na2O
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Classifying chemical reactions
Synthesis reaction
A Synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a single
new substance. The general form of a Synthesis reaction is:
A+B→AB
➢ One Synthesis reaction is two elements combining to form a compound. Solid sodium
metal reacts with chlorine gas to produce solid sodium chloride.
2Na(s)+Cl2(g)→2NaCl(s)
➢ Synthesis reactions can also take place when an element reacts with a compound to form
a new compound composed of a larger number of atoms. Carbon monoxide reacts with
oxygen to form carbon dioxide according to the equation:
2CO(g)+O2(g)→2CO2(g)
➢ Two compounds may also react to from a more complex compound. A very common
example is the reactions of oxides with water. Calcium oxide reacts readily with water to
produce an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide.
CaO(s)+H2O(l)→Ca(OH)2(aq)
Complete the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.
67) calcium + oxygen →
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
73) chromium + oxygen →
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Combustion Reactions
A combustion reaction is a reaction in which a substance reacts with oxygen gas, releasing
energy in the form of light and heat. Combustion reactions must involve O2 as one reactant. The
combustion of hydrogen gas produces water vapor.
2H2(g)+O2(g) →2H2O(g)
Notice that this reaction also qualifies as a Synthesis reaction.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
In each of these cases hydrocarbons (compounds containing only the elements carbon and
hydrogen) combine with oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor. This is
shown in the following equation for the burning of methane (natural gas) in a gas jet.
Complete the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more
simpler substances. The general form of a decomposition reaction is:
AB → A+B
Most decomposition reactions require an input of energy in the form of heat, light, or electricity.
Ammonium nitrate on heating decomposes to give nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and water.
NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O.
A famous reaction is the dissociation reaction of sodium azide according to the following
equation
2NaN3(S) 2Na(S) + 3N2(g)
This reaction is used to blow up safety bags in cars where an electric spark provides the
beginning of the reaction that produces sodium and nitrogen gas.
In decomposition reactions, one compound will break down into two or more parts. Complete
the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Replacement reactions
Single-Replacement Reactions
A single-replacement reaction is a reaction in which one element replaces a similar element in
a compound. The general form of a single-replacement (also called single-displacement)
reaction is:
A + BC AC + B
➢ Hydrogen Replacement
Many metals react easily with acids and when they do so, one of the products of the reaction is
hydrogen gas. Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous zinc chloride and hydrogen
(Figure below).
Zn(s)+2HCl(aq)→ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g)
In a hydrogen replacement reaction, the hydrogen in the acid is replaced by an active metal.
Some metals are so reactive that they are capable of replacing the hydrogen in water. The
products of such a reaction are the metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. All group 1 metals
undergo this type of reaction. Sodium reacts vigorously with water to produce aqueous sodium
hydroxide and hydrogen
2Na(s)+2H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)+H2(g)
Sodium metal reacts vigorously with water, giving off hydrogen gas. A large piece of sodium
will often generate so much heat that the hydrogen will ignite.
➢ Metal Replacement
Magnesium is a more reactive metal than copper. When a strip of magnesium metal is placed
in an aqueous solution of copper(II) nitrate, it replaces the copper. The products of the reaction
are aqueous magnesium nitrate and solid copper metal.
Mg(s)+Cu(NO3)2(aq)→Mg(NO3)2(aq)+Cu(s)
This subcategory of single-replacement reactions is called a metal replacement reaction
because it is a metal that is being replaced (zinc).
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
The Activity Series
Single-replacement reactions only occur when
the element that is doing the replacing is more reactive
than the element that is being replaced. Therefore, it is
useful to have a list of elements in order of their relative
reactivities. The activity series is a list of elements in
decreasing order of their reactivity. Since metals replace
other metals, while nonmetals replace other nonmetals,
they each have a separate activity series. Table beside is
an activity series of most common metals and of
the halogens.
For a single-replacement reaction, a given element is
capable of replacing an element that is below it in the
activity series. This can be used to predict if a reaction will
occur. Suppose that small pieces of the metal nickel were
placed into two separate aqueous solutions: one of
iron(III) nitrate and one of lead(II) nitrate. Looking at the
activity series, we see that nickel is below iron, but above
lead. Therefore, the nickel metal will be capable of
replacing the lead in a reaction but will not be capable of
replacing iron.
Ni(s)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)→Ni(NO3)2(aq)+Pb(s)
Ni(s)+Fe(NO3)3(aq)→NR (no reaction)
In the descriptions that accompany the activity series of metals, a given metal is also capable of
undergoing the reactions described below that section. For example, lithium will react with cold
water, replacing hydrogen. It will also react with steam and with acids, since that requires a
lower degree of reactivity.
➢ Halogen Replacement
The element chlorine reacts with an aqueous solution of sodium bromide to produce aqueous
sodium chloride and elemental bromine.
Cl2(g)+2NaBr(aq) → 2NaCl(aq)+Br2(l)
The reactivity of the halogen group (group 17) decreases from top to bottom within the group.
Fluorine is the most reactive halogen, while iodine is the least. Since chlorine is above bromine,
it is more reactive than bromine and can replace it in a halogen replacement reaction.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Write the skeleton equation, determine whether reaction will take place. If reaction takes place,
balance it and write mole relations between reactants and products.
94) Silver metal immersed in potassium nitrate aqueous solution.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
109) Aluminum metal is added to hydrochloric acid solution (HCI).
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Double-Replacement Reactions
A double-replacement reaction is a reaction in which the positive and negative ions of two ionic
compounds exchange places to form two new compounds. The general form of a double-
replacement (also called double-displacement) reaction is:
AB + CD → AD + CB
In this reaction, A and C are positively-charged cations, while B and D are negatively-charged
anions. Double-replacement reactions generally occur between substances in aqueous solution.
Calcium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid react like in the next equation
Ca(OH)2(aq) + HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
In order for a reaction to occur, one of the products is usually a solid precipitate, a gas, or a
molecular compound such as water.
➢ Formation of a Precipitate
A precipitate forms in a double-replacement reaction when the cations from one of the
reactants combine with the anions from the other reactant to form an insoluble ionic
compound. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead(II) nitrate are mixed, the
following reaction occurs.
2KI(aq)+Pb(NO3)2(aq)→2KNO3(aq)+PbI2(s)
➢ Formation of a Gas
Some double-replacement reactions produce a gaseous product which then bubbles out of the
solution and escapes into the air. When solutions of sodium sulfide and hydrochloric acid are
mixed, the products of the reaction are aqueous sodium chloride and hydrogen sulfide gas.
Na2S(aq)+2HCl(aq) →2NaCl(aq)+H2S(g)
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
guidelines for writing double replacement reactions
Steps for balancing equations
Complete the following word equations and write and balance the formula equation.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
➢ Ionic compounds
Ionic compounds consist of positive ions and negative ions that are separated from each other
when dissolved in water. This process is called Ionization. This occurs when sodium chloride is
dissolved in water.
NaCl(aq) → Na+(aq) + CL-(aq)
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Types of reactions in aqueous solutions
Solvent molecules (water) do not usually enter the reactions that occur in solutions, and the
separated ions in the solution react and often double-replacement reactions occur. These
reactions produce one of these products, (Precipitate formation, Gas production, or Water
composition.
Ionic Equations
In ionic equations we not only write formulas and symbols of compounds and elements involved
in the reaction, but we write the equation in the form of ions,
Complete ionic equation: an ionic equation that shows all the particles in the solution.
spectator ions: The ions that appear on both sides of the equation, they appear with reactants
and products.
Net ionic equation: the equation that includes only the particles involved in the reaction
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Write the complete ionic equation, Regardless of the type of products.
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Write the net ionic equation for each of the following reactions. List all spectator ions. If all
species are spectator ions, please indicate that no reaction takes place.
134) A solution of aluminum bromide, AlBr3 reacts with a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
to form the precipitate aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3.
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135) Aqueous copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 reacts with aqueous potassium carbonate, K2CO3
forming solid copper (II) carbonate, Cu(CO3).
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136) A solution of barium chloride, BaCl2 reacts with a solution of magnesium sulfate, MgSO4
to form the precipitate barium sulfate, BaSO4.
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137) Aqueous potassium sulfide, K2S reacts with a solution of cadmium chloride, CdCl2 to form
solid cadmium sulfide, CdS
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
2) Reactions that form water
In some double-substitution reactions water is a product but we cannot distinguish the
formation of water because it is essentially the solvent that is the reactants dissolved in
Sodium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid
Chemical equation HBr(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaBr(aq)
Complete ionic equation H+(aq) + Br-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Br-(aq)
Spectator ions removing H+(aq) + Br-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Br-(aq)
Net ionic equation H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
Write the net ionic equation for each of the following reactions
143) CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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144) NaHCO3 (aq) + HBr (aq) NaBr (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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145) SrSO3 (s) + 2 HI (aq) SrI2 (aq) + SO2 (g) + H2O (l)
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Chemistry worksheets Chemical Reactions
Overall equations
Some chemical reactions occur in more than one step. For example, the reaction of hydrochloric
acid with sodium bicarbonate is as follows
the reaction between hydrogen ions and bicarbonates occurs within the lung cells, where
carbon dioxide travels with the blood in the form of carbonate ions that soon combine with the
hydrogen ions producing carbon dioxide which is released during exhalation. The same reaction
takes place in the products that depend on baking soda which is the responsible for the baked
goods rises, it is also used in the manufacture of toothpaste, detergents as well as in the
manufacture of fire extinguishers
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