SWARAJ TRACTOR ENGINE:

The various parts of the engine are listed below with their function and their
use.

Cylinder block:

The cylinder block is the portion of the engine between the cylinder head and
oil sump & is the supporting structure for the entire engine. Large diameter
holes in the block a casting from the cylinder bores require guiding pistons.
Cooling passages supports the cylinder. The block has drilled passages for the
flow of coolant & lubricating oil. The cylinder head is fastened to the top
surface of the block called cylinder block. The coolant passages are cast in the
cylinder block. These surround the cylinder walls and lengh covering
approximately the full depth of the cylinders.

Crank Case:

The crankcase supports the individual main journals and bearings of the
crankshaft and also maintains the alignment of the journals axes of rotation as
they are subjected to rotary and reciprocating inertia forces. The crankcase
walls are flanged at the bottom to strengthen the castings and to attach the
sump.

Oil sump:

The sump is attached at the bottom of the cylinder block underneath the
crankcase. The function of the sump are:
 To store the engine lubricating oil.
 To collect the oil draining from sides of the crankcase walls and if ejected
directly from journal bearings.
 To provide a centralized area for any contaminants like water, liquid oil,
and worn metal particles.
The sump is made from single sheet- steel pressing or it may be an aluminium
alloy casting with cooling fins.
Cylinder head:

The cylinder head is a casting bolted to the top of the cylinder block. It houses
the inlet and exhaust valves, houses the injector location holes, forms the
upper face of the combustion chamber, coolant passages, lubricating passages.
The cylinder head is detachable for easy access to the valve pistons tops.

Intake and exhaust valves:

The valve arrangement in the engine controls in and out movement of the
charge and exhaust gases.
This is located in cylinder head. The valve disks head open or closes the
passage leading to the cylinder during movement of the stem. Intake valve
handle cool, low pressure, low density charge whereas exhaust valves handle
hot, high pressure, high density gases. Therefore, exhausts valves are hence
are made from much higher quality materials than intake valves.

Intake and exhaust manifolds:

The primary function of the intake manifold is to carry the air to the intake
port in the engine. The exhaust manifold collects the high temp. spent gases
from the cylinder exhaust ports with the least possible back pressure while
keeping the exhaust noise at a minimum level.

Rocker arm:
Rocker arm rocks or oscillates about its pivot and relay the push rod up and
down movement to the stem of the valve. Therefore this arm acts as a rocking
beam. Rocker arm is manufactured from malleable cast iron.

Crankshafts:

Power from the burnt gases in the combustion chamber is delivered to the
camshaft through piston, piston pins, and connecting rod. The crankshaft
changes the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the
flywheel. This conversion of motion is executed by use of offset in crankshaft.
The strokes of piston controlled by throw of crankshaft. All the engine power is
delivered thru crankshaft. The camshaft is rotated thru the crankshaft.

Camshaft:
The camshaft performs as a means of actuating the opening and closing the
period before closing both the inlet and exhaust valves controlling. Also it
provides a drive for the ignition, distribution and mechanical fuel pump. The
camshaft is the second rotating shafts placed in the crankcase, and is installed
to one side and above the crankshaft.

Combustion chamber:

In the engine, combustion chamber plays an important role in the

performance. The chamber must be designed to provide uniform mixing of the
compressed air and the injected fuel. In the RB33 engine fuel is directly
injected into the closest end of the cylinder.

Injectors:

The main function of the injectors are :

  To develop a pressure at which the injection begins.
 To control the rate of injection for achieving the required rate of
increase in pressure and a combustion process that is complete without
generating harmfull emissions.
 To inject the fuel into the combustion chamber.

Connecting rod:

The connecting rod joins the pistons with the crankshaft and transfer piston
reciprocating force to crank rotation. The small end of connecting rod
reciprocates and large end follows the crank pin rotational pattern. The
connecting rod is basically of two ring forms. Connecting rod is fastened to the
piston with the piston pin and to the the crank pin of the crankshaft. Both
forging and casting processes manufacture connecting rods.
Pistons:

The piston converts the combustion pressure to force on the crankshaft. The
reciprocating motion produces large inertial forces.

Piston rings:

Piston rings are comprised of compression rings, located towards the top of
the piston and oil controlled rings, located below the compression rings. The
function of the compression rings is to seal the place between the cylinder
wall and the piston preventing the escape of the burning gases from the
combustion chamber. These rings help to obtain maximum power from the
combustion pressure by maintaining a seal with a cylinder wall while keeping
the friction at the minimum.

Flywheel attachment:

It stores up energy to help the engine over idle strokes of the piston. It
dampens out speed fluctuation of the crankshaft due to varying effect of firing
impulses during the engine cycle. It provides a convenient mounting point for
the clutch and starter rings.
The flywheel is actually a heavy and perfectly balanced wheel usually bolted to
a flange on the rear end of the crankshaft. Engine with many cylinders doesn’t
require as heavy a flywheel as an engine with fewer cylinders.

Oil seals:

They are used between surfaces having relative motion such as shaft and
housing. The seal keep liquid and gases in and keep contaminants out. Oil seal
must not press very hard against the moving parts to minimise surface wear.
Water pump:

Usually centrifugal pump is used for the circulation of the water in the cooling
system. Water enters the inlet pipe from the bottom of the radiator and is
directed by passage to the centre of the impeller where it is caught by the
rotating vanes.