Relive the days of the British Empire at home and abroad,

through the times of Britain's longest-reigning monarch

Slllll;l,i'I'g:t;'~ti e
Kuhl e
 COUNTR-Y LIFE
hile n ew technology and machinery improved
the efficiency an d profitability of many
farms , for mo st p eople the industrial
revolution of the 18th and 19th
centuries was a p eriod of massive upheaval and CH
social change. Many people lost their jobs and their
Man
homes, since most hou se s were tied to weekly
their occupations and th ey were and ill'
forced to seek produc
work els ewhere. the to
burgeonin
village sho
goods,
satisfy the n
- . rural co:

N EW MA C H I NERY

New ma chinery, such as th is steam traction

en gine, was very ve rsatile and co uld do th e
wo rk of several men . In the spa ce of a few
years th e h eavy horses, th at fo rme rly
p ulled plo ugh s and o th er agricultural
m ach in ery, became obsolete.

ANIM AL H U SBAN D R Y

W hile th ose involved in

agricultur e suffered enormous ly
at the han ds ofp rog ress', m any
of those w ho tended anima ls,
suc h as cattle herders and
sheph erds, w ere littl e affected
by the tech nologic al
revo lu tion swee p ing th e
land ; survivo rs from a
pre -indu strial age . ; 1: .
"

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 COUNTRY AIR

Although many of
those who worked in
the co untry still lived in
pr imitive, one-roomed
co ttages, living condi tions
and sanitation were m uc h
be tter th an in town slums .

C H A NG I NG MAR K E TPLA C E

Many villages lost their

weekly market as more

and mo re of the food

produ ced was taken to

the towns to feed their

bu rgeo ning population s. A single
village sho p, selling a range of
..~: . \ -, goo ds, co uld usually
satisfy the needs of most
- . rural com m unities.

LIFE EX PE CTAN CY

Although generally less well -off th an

tow n dwellers, those who lived in the coun try
usually had a better qu ality of life and could expect to live
lo ng er; abo ut 50 years of age compared to 40 for thos e in towns.

~
O U R DA ILY BREAD
~I;
In 1815 Corn Laws had bee n passed to keep grain prices high
and protect England from cheap imports , but these were repealed
in 1846 to facilitate free trade.The result was a fall in the price of
I
bread, tho ugh farmers were affected bad1y as a conseque nce . ~

3 ~., - d
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LIFE IN TOWNS
POOR S

1 Sanitar
in Victo
t the beginning of Vi ctoria's were
po or. Onl
reign (1837) only ab o u t 20 % of
cou ld affi
the population lived in towns, toilet
but by 1901 , when she died, this The poo
figure had risen to about 75 %. During this share a con
lavatory,
period the population of Britain doubled
j ust
from around 20 million to 40 million. over a h
Most people moved to towns to the gn
find work in the fa ctories, Rows treated w
quickli
of poor quality terraced slums
to disso
sprang up around the effluent. F
factories to house them. houses h
r u nni ng wat
o r drains a
V ICT IMS OF C IR C U M ST A N C E it was a
task to er
P overty was so bad in mos t
slops down
tow ns that many p eople
open gullies
resorted to cr ime in th e din gy
in the streets
stree ts.T he old an d infir m,
particularly, often fell victim to
pi ckp o ckets.
 POOR SAN ITAT ION

Sani tary co nditions

in Vic torian tow ns
were often ver y
poor. Only the rich
co uld afford prop er
wns, toilet facilities.
d, this T he poor had to
g this share a communal
lavato ry, usually
bled just a she d
lion. over a hole in
to th e ground
,Rows treated with
qui cklime
slums to dissolve
effiue nt. Few
hou ses had
runn ing water
or drains and
it was a daily
task to em pty
st
slops dow n
open gullies
dingy
in the streets.
In,
tim to
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LIFE FOR

THE RICH

-- he Victorian age saw the

THE H IGH LI FE
emergence of a new tier of

For ma ny wea lthy yo ung ladies

social class, w ealthy businessmen

life was an endless round of

who made vast fortune s from

social gathe rings, attending balls,
the opera or th e theatre, so as to the new advances in technology, though
be seen by prospe ctive h usbands. often at the expense of the working
classes w h o were
forced to work in appalling co n ditio n s for
low wage s. Until the rise of the Vi ctorian
industrial en trep re neur s, most o f the co untry's
wealth lay in land ownership, particularly the
estates of the aristocracy, but now any
enterprising individual
co uld become rich .
A ST IT C H IN TI M E

N ew technology and mass-prod uctio n brou gh t many labo ur-saving devices,

including the sewing machine, invented in 1851 by Singer . T his sewing machine,
manufacture d by W heel er and Wi lson, is considered to be the foreru nner of the
modern lock- stitch and revolu tionised
clothes manu facture.

QUEEN VIC T O R IA

• Born 1819
• Ascended the
throne 183 7
• D ied 1901
Vic toria was proud of the
technical ach ievemen ts of
her reign and allowed
man y new devices to be
used in th e royal househo ld,
such as electric light ing
an d carpet cleaners.

= 6
 ~

C HAR ITY ST ATUS

A cha rity matinee' for a ligh t comedy

performan ce at the T heatre Royal, in
London's H aymarket .T heatre- going

H
saw the
in general was very fashio nable,
but it soo n be came po pul ar,
and alm ost essential for socia l
advan cemen t, to be seen
at charitable events.
tier of
FIN E TAB LE W AR E

Fin e porce lain and bone china tableware

bec ame ex treme ly fashionable among
th e aristocracy and rising
middle- classes. Impro ved
m eth ods of m anufacture
m eant tha t items could
be m ass-pro du ced,
but retain ed their
' han d- m ad e'
q uality.
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 PAWNB R OK ERS

In an age
::::1
::wR:::king I
~
befor e pen sio ns
and welfare class children
benefits, if a received any ,~
poo r family edu cation
fell upon because it
hard times was felt
they were it wou ld
fo rced to sell make them
or pawn their discontent
possessIon s with their
to suppo rt lot .Th e
th em selves.This fort unate
was espec ially few went
tru e for widows to dame ~
w hose incom es scho ols,
ceased wh en th eir charitable institutions run by women in their own
hu sband died. homes, w he re reading, w riting and simp le
arithmetic we re taught.

C O T T AGE
INDU STRIE S

It was no t f
un comm on for

I
poor co up les to
have as many as 9
or 10 children .
Altho ugh this
view shows a I

typical family with

the children at
play (pro bably on
a Sunday, th e only
day of rest) the
whole family was
expected to work .
Even those
children not sent
ou t to wo rk in
fact ories and mills
had to help
support the fami ly
by doi ng chores
aro und the ho use
or making items
for sale.
 FOOD &
DRJNK
(J;
e of the biggest
problems facing
Victorian
society was
how to feed a population
that was growing at an
alarming rate. In pre­
industrial Britain,
the majority of
people worked
on the land and
produced their
own food. Most
people now
'"
J

worked in
factories and
had to buy all
their food with
their wages, marking
the beginnings of the modern
society.

~,,~,

M ilk was delivered

straight from the
farm . C ustomers m
took their j ugs ou t an
into the street to sh
th e milkman, who go
filled them from at
large churns. sol

<.z:=== , ". z =
 SPO ILT
FOR C H O I C E

N ever befo re had

such a range of
foo ds bee n available
as cheap im po rts
floo ded in from
abro ad . Even the
I

the biggest
lem s facing
torian
was
m eagre diets of
th e poo r gradually
improved and
becam e more var ied.
Su ch items as tea , for
I
~

I
lo ng an expensive
population luxury, became
ng at an affordable by all.
e. In pre­
C O N V EN IE N C E FO O D S
Britain,

ityof
orked
One of the solutio ns to keeping fo od fresh was

th is dry-air sypho n refrigerator (c.1900) . Food

was chilled by th e insu lation of ice blo cks in an
I

nd and
adjoining compartme n t, which circulated cold
d their air. Tow ards th e end of the Victor ian era tinned
d. Mo st foo ds also be cam e available.
now
III
H O M E DELIVERI ES
and
buy all In smaller towns ,
and in villages,
od with 1.; street tradesmen still
s, marking carried their w ares
modern from door-to-door.
Fresh bread, fish,
dairy products and
THE MIDD LE MAN vege tables we re
often sold
Markets are a survival from th e this way,
pre-industr ialised age, when but in
few shops existed and buyers larger towns,
and seller s met to exchang e especially
goods. At tow n wholesale towards the end
markets, like C ovent Garden fru it of th e 19th c en tu r~
and vegetable market in London , improved standards of
show n here, larger traders bou ght hygien e me ant that
goo ds in bu lk from several sup pliers more and mor e people
at ch eaper pri ces, whic h they th en bought their food from shops,
sold on to smaller traders for a p rofit . wh ere it was better protected.

11 2 V2? ??< 'Cou P

 PASTIMES Every
cases sev
everyrh
~ or most people Sun day was
A GAME FO R
GE N T LEMEN
the only d ay when they did
not have to work , so many
Cricket, first played simply r ested. For others, cheap
in the 16 th century,
grew in pop ularity
railway transport meant that for the
and became a first time they could visit other
gen tlema n's areas. Day trips to seaside towns
pursuit. b ecame popular, as did vi sits to
WG. Grace,
perhaps
th e growing number of public
§
.1
the mo st / ar t galleries an d museums.
famo us
cricketer of
j
,
C HILDR EN 'S
- --­
all time,
EN TE RTAI N M ENT ..t r ~
lifted the
game to C hildren in
its present rural areas were
statu s. H e som et imes treated
had an active to a performance
playing career by a travelling
of 35 years pupp eteer wi th his
and on o ne 'Punc h and Judy' These ehara
occ asio n show, a surviv al from
on sporting
amassed the medi eval fairs.
than in Viet
score of224
peopl

T HE NOUVEAU R IC H

The wealt h gen erated

by ind ustry created
a new breed of
en trepreneurs who
am assed large ,
disposable incomes.
Gamblin g had always
been popular, but
exclusive casinos and
gentleme n's clubs
were established
in an attempt

L
to legitimi se
the pu rsuit .
 P ? ?Z? ? Z/ < 2 / / / / ? 2 / ? 2 % 0 "-{ ??2 / / / ? 2 ~ 2 " <;;>/,.-" ? ,.-2/ ? ? 2 2 2 2 2 Z V ----a C <2< / / / .<(" / 22<

I SAY, I SAY, I SAy .. . .

E ver y town could boast at least o ne, in many

cases several, the atres and m usic halls, show ing
everyth ing fro m var iety sh ows to plays, ope ra
and ballet. In the 1890s over 350 m usic
day was
halls ope ned in London alone.
ey did
any
s, cheap
for the
other

TR AD IT I ON AL SK ILLS

Traditional needl ework an d

em broidery skills rema ined
the m ain pastim e for m any
middle and upp er class
O F SE T TL EM EN T ladi es. This design has been
used for the title page of a
These ch aracte rs are settling th eir debts at th e D erby. Gam bling chi ldren 's book on dolls'
on sporting even ts has always been popular, but ne ver m ore so houses, the m anufact ure of
than in Vic torian tim es. It was o ne of the rare occas io ns w he n w hich becam e ext remely
peopl e from differe n t backgrounds mixed soc ially. popular in Victo rian tim es.

B ESID E
THE SEA S ID E

Although the
benefits of sea
bathing had b een
discovered in th e
18th cent ury, it
was th e com ing
of th e railway
age that m ade
seaside ex cu rsio ns
po ssible for
th e masses.
 FASHION

s is the case in all ages,

clear di stinctions were

drawn between the

fashions worn by

A FULL ER people from different social back­

FI G U R E
grounds. The poor invariably wore
By abou t 1870 clothes that were practical, giving few

\ bustles replaced
crinoline. Skirts
were draped over

a frame o f padde d

concessions to fashion, while the rich co u ld afford

better materials and indulge themselves in more
elaborate style s, purely for .the look, even though ~~t'1
cushions to give
many were extremely uncomfortable ~ -'2:\£:'4" l.P,w. ~,,· - In CH
more fullness to
to w ear. People from all classes tended
the back of

the dress.

to ke ep a sp ecial set of clothes for

Sunday best.

not
tailo
redunda
quarter of
worke
ma nufact
made more
possible.
particular b
daring in th
result of m
Gentlemen
short clo
below th
bott

,
pro
s

FASHI O N CONSC IOUSNESS

"-­
N arrow waists were very fashio nab le for ladies, right up to th e end of

;::;222. 22/»
Victoria's reign .Th is was achieved by wearing co rsets ma de of steel,

wood or bone, w hich were so tightly laced that they restricted

breathing, causing ' on" women to h int.

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 FASHI ON AC CE SSOR IES

Ladies carri ed many fashio n

accessories, part icularly w hen
attendi ng soc ial func tio ns.
In add itio n to j ewellery,
they mig ht carry a fan,
such as the one show n here,
co mplete w ith artificial
£lower deco ratio n. H air
styles were m ore elaborate,
often inc orpo rating wigs
and false hair pieces.
G entl emen usually carr ied
gloves and a walking cane .
FO LLOW ER S O F FASH IO N

Working class children

wore cast-offs or cut­
C HA NG ING f ACE down adult clo thes,
O F FASHI O N whil e wealthier families
dressed their chi ldren
The invention of the very formally in min iature

sewing m achine did versio ns of adult styles.

not make seamstresses, Boys and girls both

tailor s and shoemakers wore dresses until abo ut

redu ndant (in 1891 over a five years old.

quart er of a millio n people

worked in cloth es
manu facture) but instead
made more elaborate designs
possible. Ladies' shoes in
particular became far mo re
daring in their design as a
result of m ech anisation .
Gentl em en wor e spats,
short clo th gaiters C O ST U M E J EW ELLER Y
below their trou ser
M any preciou s and semi­
bottoms to
preci ou s stones were
protect their
im ported from the east,
shoes from
par ticularly from India,
mud.
wh ere th ey we re quite
common , and used to
dec orate item s of
fashion jewellery.
 ~2 ?C O"" ~ c2 j 2c C 2 n= C C C " ' 2 a C 2 j ? 2 2 ? 2 2 22=n C ?? ? == ?2 ' ? 2c C " 7= '? " 2? c2 ~ 2 2 (/ / 2?2 zz;;;:a===2? ?" N? O ?0, a ~ " C c ? ? ?a

/' I A~T&
A~CHITECTU~E
ictorian art and architecture was often

01 _.,.

_ ___ __-­ .. , j eu dismissed as contributing nothing new

and original. While they did produce the
Gothic and Classical revivals, the development
of graceful structures, such as bridges and canopies
using iron, steel and glass are wholly their own.
Literary giants like Charles Dickens, Sir Walter Scott
and the Bronte sisters developed the novel to its full The
SPOKESMAN potential, while probably the most original group of wrot
FOR THE AGE English painters, the Pre-Raphaelites, emerged during chance
on th
Charles Dickens (1812­ this time when Millais, Rossetti, Hunt and other
70) was the greatest and like-minded artists formed a school of art that
most popular novelist of reflected the spirit of the age.

\
his day. His graphic
descriptions of Victorian THE CRYSTAL PALACE

~
England give us a good
idea of what life was The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the brainchild of Prince Albert and

,
really like, particularly
for the poor. All of his
books were serialised,
making them available to
all classes.
..... ,.
was housed in the purpose-built Crystal Palace. It was a masterpiece of
cast iron and glass, designed by Joseph Paxton, covering 26 acres and
measuring three times the length of St. Paul's Cathedral. Incredibly,
the building survived a move from Hyde Park to Sydenham after
the exhibition, but sadly burned down in 1936.

­
. ::.. ''''
~

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• I
i·
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t~ · . J- h!, t'
" .~ ..i-: '. ~ ,"." ­!"•
~:.-.-:. : _ :-7" '
•

.:~
 EDU CATING
THE MASSES

M any art galleries

and museu ms
opened in towns

ItE
thro ugho ut
B ri tain to
educate the
masses and
re was often introduce
othing new o rdinary peopl e
produce the to th e w ide r
world of art.
e development
s and canopies
their own.
ir Walter Scott T R AGI C GE N IUS

ovel to its full Th e Bronte siste rs, Anne, Emily and Charlotte, all

inal group of wrote under m ale pseudonyms to im prove thei r

merged during chances of success. They lived in lonely isolation

on the Yorkshire moors and died w ithin seven
and other years of one ano the r, all at young ages.
art that

f Prince Albert and

vas a masterpiece of
ering 26 acres and
athedral. Incredibly,
to Sydenham after
n in 1936.
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I HEALTH &
MEDICINE
.-----.- he main health
problem facing
Victorians, particularly
in the towns, was that
of overcrowding and the public
health problems associated with it.
The large numbers of people living TH E WATER C LOS ET

in the densely packed slum houses As sewerage systems

produced a lot of waste, but there imp roved so flushable
was no proper means to dispose of toilets became m ore
it. Streets became open sewers which common in rich
MEDIEVAL CUR ES
ho useholds.T he po o r
led to many outbreaks of diseases usually sha red a
Prior to the
discovery in su ch as typhoid and cholera. A series communal 'ea rth
arou nd 1856 by of Public Health Acts from 1848 on closet ' outside,
such scien tists as were passed in Parliament making it w hich was often
Louis Pasteu r that relocated as th e
the responsibility of local councils cesspit ben eath it
disease was caused
by mi croscopic to provide drainage and clean water filled with effiuen t.
bacteria, medical supplies and clear away slums.
knowled ge had
advanced little SHOC K TA C T IC S
since the m iddle
In 1867 Joseph Lister
ages. C rude
develop ed an antiseptic
treatment s, like
to kill bacteria, wh ich
blood- letting to
incre ased the survival rate
remove toxins,
from surge ry dramatically.
were still w idely
Pr ior to that over half
prac tice d.
of patient s die d from
§ shoc k, gangre ne o r
seco ndary infec tio ns.

P O O R DIET

M any child ren, deprived of sunlight and clean air, and fed a poo r, unb alan ced diet,
develop ed rickets, a debilitating disease causing bo ne malfor ma tion . Fresh milk
co ntaining plen ty of vitami n D helped redu ce the incidence of the disease.

18 = 22 2< ? n? 22c 7222/ ? =

WAT ER CLOS ET

ewerage systems
oved so flushable
ts became more
mmon in rich
eholds.T he po or
ually shared a
unal 'earth
oset' outside,
ich was often
cated as th e
pit bene ath it
with effluent .

CK TACT I CS
t N'' "' "w=~« " ..= " , , m , "'" ,ma.=== ' " ' =~~'<N,,=a "" h , ,a , ''l=,= .a =

~ ~~~ir:
~
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-'~ "~·y.:i :
~
,~
'1­
.~
~... ' ' - .
.." • ~, ~
LOVE &
MAItRJAGE
omen from all classes were expected
to marry young (usu ally about age 18)
and to raise a family and so were not
considered eligible for a career. Upper
and middle class girls were usually chaperoned
AR RAN GE D when meeting young men. If a woman had
MA RR IAG ES a child out of w edlo ck sh e was scorned by
Few ma rriages society and might become a so cial outca st,
were love forced to enter a workhouse in order
matches, but to survive.
we re arranged
by paren ts who O FF T O T HE WARS
chose a suitable
spouse fo r W ith so many serv icemen deployed aro und the
their children . Empir e, many w ives were forced to b ring up the
family single - hande d.This picture shows a wi fe
saying farewell to her h usband on the eve of
his em barka tio n. U nm arrie
fathers, wh
parents, ho
parti
s

allov
qu
to a
11
for
I
 ::::Z;ZZZ??//??Z;;?Z
==~~~=4d> ==<Q=_=7>_ > 1

E WlLD OA T S

Young me n from weal thy fam ilies were

oft en expe cted to gain sexual expe rience
expected fro m liaisons w ith women of a lowe r social
out age 18) order, but marriage between peopl e from
were not differen t classes was frowne d up o n and
mi ght lead to disinh eri tance from the
r. Upper
family estate.
ed

Ie
p the
wife A SP INST ER 'S LI FE
eve of
U nmarried women were regarded as the property of their
fathers, w ho co uld also claim any wages they earned. M ost
parents, however, wanted to see the ir children married off,
part icularly daughter s, w ho mi ght have no me ans of
suppo r t sho uld anything happen to the ir fathe rs.

ROYA L PR OP O SA L

According to th e

dictates of royal

pro tocol, no man is

allowed to propose to a

queen , so Victo ria had

to ask for Albe rt 's hand

in marr iage, un usual

for the day. She is seen

here sur ro unded by

her chi ldre n and

gra ndchildren .

 ~??Z?7'Z2?7?Z?:~~..:2Z; 2? ? ?2? 2/;;??; 2 ZZ;:--~222Z?2"2Z22Z&2 ~:Z:Z:: < ,, 2 :>;;02 2/<?o!~< 72/ 2 Z aZ 2 ? ??'?Z7?'7Z.2Z?Z

WOMEN &
CHILDItEN
ife for women and
LIFE O F EASE children in the 19th
century was unbearably
W hile boys from
wealthy families - ­",,"­
.. hard and few born to
were groom ed poverty had the opportunity
for a profe ssion , to better themselves. Social
girls were not reformer s, like Lord Shaftesbury,
exp ected to
wo rk.T hey spen t
did much to improve things
mu ch of their and a se r ie s of Acts were
time entertaining passed in the 1840s reducing
or making social working hours to lOa day
calls to friends
and neighbours.
and improving conditions,
but unscrupulous employers
continued to exp loit
~ their w o rk fo rce.

,
~

~
I
~
J
COMPULSORY ED U CAT IO N

In 1870 the governme nt passed an Edu cation Act sta ring

that all children be twe en the ages of 5-1 0 mu st atte nd school.
T he education was not free and many poorer families could not afford
to send their children. Mter 189 1 schooling beca me free to all.

G ~~
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VALUABLE ' COMMODITIES '

Women of all classes we re

regarded as the property of
thei r hu sbands , as were any
wage s they earned. U ntil
the Property Act of 1882 all
of a woman's property aut oma tically
belo nged to her h usband .

IMPR ISONED BY

C IR C U M ST AN C E

M any wo m en were

forced to take their

children to prison with

th em if co nvicted of a

cri me, rather th an

abandon th em. Pr ison

reforme r Elizabeth Fry ­

helped to imp rove

the often squalid

conditio ns inside

and set up schools

for th e childre n .

PR ISO N ERS IN

T HEI R OW N HOM ES

The years of inno cence in Victor ian childhood

were sho rt -lived. Children were cons ide red the
proper ty of their father , w ho co uld send them
,
o ut to wo rk as yo ung as five years old and
keep all the ir wages to help support the
family. Childre n co uld be imprison ed in their
ow n homes, a righ t h usbands had even over
their wive s until 1891 .

WOMEN ' S
E Q UALI T Y ?

Wom en had few

rights in 19t h

century B ritain and

had to perfor m th e

same tasks as me n at work,

but for mu ch less pay.T hese ladies
were photographed at an iron
foundry in South Wales in 1865.
r'"";.;';,~::a=" , ",,, , ,,=,,v,,,, , , , , , , ,,, ,,~m~" ;A" 'R°
2<222'2?22 ?2 ??2 ,&cu,u
o22 " 22 22<2 2< = // , '''=,222<222Vd
J~ ' VVl\.

WEAPONRY
till basking in the reflected glory
of Waterloo, the British were
unprepared for the harsh realities
of the Crimean War with Russia
(1854-56). Afterwards Britain concentrated
it s military effo r ts on either ex ten din g or
Sil
defending the realms of the Empire, which
cove re d one quar ter o f the world's land
m ass, th e la rgest em p ire ever known.

HO N OUR AB LE DI SCH AR G E

Methods of warfare
changed drastically during
the 19th cen tury as n ew
technology developed
mo re efficient
weapons, such as th is
rapid -firing gatling
gun of 1870.
M echan isatio n had
the effect of
deh umanisin g
warfare which , until
then, had always
bee n conside red an
ho nourable pursuit.

EM PIR E BU ILDIN G

With increased poverty and un employment at

". ~.
home, there was no shortage of volunteers to m comperei
\.
j:
sign up for the many military campaigns of a futilecha
Victoria's empire- building reign; better to massed lJ
s: .J ) risk your life and die with honour than of the
·._t
fZ~
c
to die destitute.

~
"~ « Z Z Z// / / 2 2 ? ? ..-/ 2 .< 222 / / 2 2/ I l ? ? e 72 2 -: G C e ' " '" -­ C ,<' / 0( -',.. ?/,.. ..-2;; 2/ 0 ?ZZ?2"'''' 22cZ???? / / / Z %D
 .= 4 - :22 "' '' ( > Z ??2z

ltY
ected glory
h were
realities
Russia
cen trated T HE INDIAN MUTI N Y

nding or Since the 18th cen tury the East In dia Company had adm in istere d Indi a, wi th help from th e
pire, which army, supp lem en ted by Indian troops . In 185 7 the native troops, sup po rt ed by man y
rid 's land Ind ian pri nces , reb elled against B ritish rul e.T h e rebe llion was crushed and afterwards
In dia was place d under direct r ule of the British govern men t.

GUERR ILLA W ARFAR E

..
~ ,

In 1899 war broke ou t in

Sou th Africa between
D utch settlers, the
Boers , and the B ritish.
A massive army
was sent to cr ush
them , but it proved
DETER R ENT
ine ffective against the
Boers' guerrilla tactics. Alfred N ob el, a
Scarcely a victo ry for the Swedish scien tist,
British, peace was eventually invente d dynam ite
achieved in 1902. an d other explosive
substan ces, for use
in civil engineering
pursuit. VALLEY OF DEAT H proj ects and as a
deterrent to
The 'Charge of the Ligh t Brigade'
promo te world
at Balaclava in the Crimea in 1854,
pea ce. H owever,
was one of B ritain's worst military
unemployment at m ilitary au tho rities,
disasters. Confused orders and
e of volunteers to including Britain ,
incompetent officers culminated in
ary campaigns of used them to make
a futile charge straight towards the
g reign;better to w eapons, suc h as
massed Russian g U llS . Nearly h alf
-ith honour than the se sea mines used
of the 673 cavalrymen died or
to blow up ship s.
were wounde d.
 ?2Z.LZi'" ;Z;ZZZZZ; Z~--/ZZ ;>??22?" " 222,, ,,;> ,. ....??'22Z2 ????2 ,, ? ? ? ? 2 " ;> ? " /~Z; ,,2 %2 ;>2 ,, 2 ' 2 ;;;o C?C!"tZ:!~L:2Z?"

CRJME&
PUNISHMENT Many peo
ith so much poverty and herself for
N
STREET C R IME such appalling living
~
several atte

, Gangs of thieves
ro am ed th e
din gy stree ts of
conditions, many people
turned to crime as a
way of life. Punishments were severe,
her life.Th
out-of-won

,
Victorian towns even for children, who might be
at night and
often garroted
imprisoned for stealing a loaf of
th eir vic tims . bread. Prisons were SO · overcrowded
that 'hulks' were moored in river
estuaries to house the overspill. Many convicts were

I
~
sent to the co lo nie s to serve out their sen ten ce s.

IN D E C E N T ASSAU LT

Victo rians were sensitive to moral standards; this m usic h all danc er was imp riso ned
for th ree mon ths on th e gro unds of indecen cy for wearing this costume in public.

T ROYA L SCAPEGOAT
M any people blam ed Victoria
herself for their hardships and
several attempts were made o n
her life.This atte mpt was by an
o ut-of- wo rk Irishman in 1849.
DEAT H PENALTY
At th e beginning
of the 19th cen tury
over 200 crimes were
punishable by death.
Despite refor ms, there
were still over 70
crimes carryin g th e
death sentence in
Victorian times,
including pet ty theft
and assault.
WHEEL O F M ISFORTUNE
Condit ions inside Victorian prisons were
cramped and pri mitive.Treadmills, similar to
the one shown he re, were used as a form of
exercise or to punish unruly prisoners.
POLICEMAN'S LOT
Until th e reform bills
of Sir R obert Peel
in the 1820 s, when
a prop er civilian
poli ce force
was set up in
Londo n, many
cri minals got
away unp uni shed .
By early Victori an
times mo st tow ns had
the ir ow n police force
to apprehend villains,
often recruited from
the armed serv ices and
run along similar lines.
 ?Z2./ 2 ...... ,r. ,r./ ?./!? Z Z Z ,r ? ,r ??Z2,r Z , ? ? ,r;?'?;.='Z222Z<22Z0; ; ./ 2 F ...... ; _ c:· ,/ F?,/?7cr~~ ?,r2./2z,..r? ...( b 22::z-:= Z ? 2 ? ) ",,) 2.'4

...
TItANSPOItT
& SCIENCE
ritain's scientists
and engineers
led the world
with their
array of technological Advance
SM ILE !
made it
inventions, such as the
C am eras, first produl
development of steam . all man
develo ped in
th e 19th and internal combustion ever yday u'
cen tury, were en gin es, electricity and had to be
for th e fir st ma de at gr,
building techniques.
time in
Many of the familiar
history able
to rec ord household objects today, The first m otor cars (inven ted
su ch as light bulbs, c.1865) resem bled horseless
events as they
carriages and we re o pen to
happ ened , typewriters, packaged the elements. T h ey needed
tho ugh
food and hi-fi had their metalled surfaces to ru n
initially the y
we re used as origins in the Victorian effec tively, w hi ch led to
road imp rovem en ts
.... _~
"
recon na issance age. Britain became
with the deve lopment
aids by the known as the ' w o rk sh op of tar maca damed
military.
of the world'. su rfaces .

. <.4'
- ' i' -:.

,
UN DERWAT ER
TAC T IC S

The de velopment
of the submarine
an d self- pro pelled
torpedoes in both

\
~
~
Britain and France
changed the face o f
modern warfare. The

~
one show n h ere,
invented by th e R ev. G.W G arret in 1880
was launch ed on rails.
I T he Victorian age saw th e rapid
develo pme n t of railways. Fo r th e first time
in histo ry fast, ch eap transpor t was available
to th e masses, giving greater m obi lity to th e
population. Between 182 9 and 1900 , 22 ,000
mi les of track were laid in B ri tain and
in 1863 th e worl d's first
un de rgro un d railway was
opened in Lon do n.

IT 'S GO OD
Advancem en ts in tech nology T O T A LK
made it possible to mass­
produ ce eco no m ically The teleph o ne
all ma nner of items for was inven ted by
everyday use that previous ly Alex and er Graha m
had to be individually hand­ Bell in 1875.
made at great expe nse, such as Although gree ted
S this prac tical tap e m easur e. w ith enth usiasm, it
was very expenSIve
ed to install and initially on ly
available to the rich . It was
no t possible to dial to ,­
ano the r user directly./
Connection had to .­
be th rou gh

an ope rator.

Businessmen,

w ho co uld better afford them, saw th e

po tential of telephones and ben efited eno rmo usly
fro m im proved comm unication lin ks.
I SUNDAY SC HOOLS

m For m any wo rking class ch ildren, who wo rked all wee k, Sunday or charity schoo ls, organised by

b~
~ the ch urch, we re the only form of education they rece ived. Apart from learn ing to read , the only
po
~ other su bjec t usually taugh t was Bibl e stu dies.

~~-===-=~<L==.UZT§=== 30 c~='Z2=2'"=_~~??Z'?,,, ' = = 222 22.2 "222L7

h Zj
 = =222><'" "====--22.='72'.. '....=22Z 2222?22"';===-~
RELI GI OU S FE RVOUR ~\,
A religiou s fervour and stri ct m oral upbringing swep t Victo rian society, ~
parti cularly th e upper and middl e classes. For the first time since the ~1
Refo rm ation many new churc hes were built, or me dieval ones N

restored . At the
beginnin g of
Vict or ia's reign
(1837) abo ut 60%
of the population
regularl y went
to church on
Sundays; tod ay
the figure is
less than 1%.

T H E DESCENT O F MAN

When Charles D arwin publi shed 'T he Origin of the

Spe cies' in 1859 he caused a furore by challenging the
biblical account of the Creation, in which God
created man in his own likeness. Accordin g to
D arwin, man evolved gradually from an ape ­
like creature over m any thousand s of years.

T HE ' SALLY AR M Y '

T he self-sty led' General'

William Booth founded
the Salvation Army
in 1878. Originally a
M ethodi st pre ach er ,
he modelled his
ch urch along

army lines

to combat

int emperance,
pro stit ution and
exploitatio n of
THE OXFOR D M OVEMENT the working
classes. He also
Evangelicalism had its origins in
O xford . A gro up of like- minded me n helpe d rehabilitate
disch arged
felt th at the An glican C hurc h had
become lax in its duties towards th e p risoners and
introd uced legal
po or and so formed a new ch urch wi th
a more humanitarian doctrine. aid fo r the po or.

31 = ==
e ~2ZZZZ::::Z?Z?:> ~~</~/<;; ?<22 / ~~L2222222222Z2,(" c'?Zc/ ;>?<'"<""27227?22Z???/Z2 ?/ / / / Z / //2 / / Z ? ? ( ; / 2 ?ZZ???;< ? ? ? 2 2 2 ? ?7 ~
\~

, A GLOSSAFtY OF INTEFtESTING TEFtMS ~

~

~
:1
~

I
~
~
Char - A wo rd in tro du ced in to th e En gli sh
lan guage from th e d ays w he n th e B r itish Empi re
exte nded into m uc h of Asia . N o w a slang work
fo r a cup o f tea, it come s fro m th e c h ine se word
Jodhpurs - th ese close- fitti ng tro use rs, still use d
when riding horses today, were first i n trod uced in
Vi cto ria n tim es from J o dhpur, in India, w here
they for m ed pa rt of the trad itio na l dress.
, §
~
~
~
Ag
All
AI,
All

I ~
fo r tea , c h ao Pastcurised - the treatment known as
Ar,

I
Co-op erative - The c hain o f modern sto res past eurisation to kill germs in foo d and drink
Art
~
kn own as co - o pe ratives (or co -ops) had takes its na me fro m the French scientist Louis

~
~
th eir o rig i ns in Lan cash ire in 1844, w he n
a group of w eave rs, co - o pe ra ti ng with
o ne an other, opened a grocery store that
sha red its profits w ith their customers in
the form of a dividend.
Dickensian - A term originally applied to
Pa steur, who di scovered the link be twee n
bacte r ia an d di sease in 1856.
Strike - In 1888 women working in a
London m atc h factory withdrew their
lab o u r to ge t better working conditions.
T h e word strike (fro m striking a ma tch) is
, ~
.~
~:
A I<

Ba/,
Ba/,
Bar,

~§
~
the ch arac te rs of C h a rles Dickens novels, now used to descri be similar indu strial act ions . Bee

~
but now used to d escribe anything of a Victoria Cross - the highest military decoration
\ Bell

, ~ BIOI

~
,
p rimitive or poor q ua lity, particularly in relation fo r co nsp ic u o us bravery was first instituted by
to soc ia l co n d itio ns . V ict oria herself in 1856 . ~ Boe

~ B Od

~
Brea
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BrOl
~ ~ .~
~
We would like to th ank: G ra ha m R ich ,T racey Pen n in gton, Liz Rowe and Peter D one for th eir assistan ce . Bl<st
N

I ~
C o pyright (c) 19 97 ticktock P ub lish ing Ltd .
First p ub lished in G rea t Britain by tick/ock Publishi ng L td , Cen tu ry Place, Lam ber ts R o ad ,Tu n b ri dge ~ Cam

~
We lls, Ke n t,T N 2 3EH. All rights reser ved. No p art o f thi s publi cation may be rep roduced , stored in a
Cha
retri eval system, or transmitted i n any fo rm or by a ny means, elec tronic, mecha n ical, photo copyi n g,
Cha,
~
recording or o therwise, w it ho ut prior w ritten permission of the co py rig h t owner. ~)
Chi/
~
~ J ~
~
21,

I
Prin ted in H ong Kon g Chlo
K ~
Acknowledgeme nts: Picture Credits t=top, b=b ott om, I=lefe, Of' Ce outside front cover, IFC=inside front cover, B Chol,
rBC=inside back cover, OB C= outside fron t cover. ~ Class
N
T he Games Room 1889,Jean Beraud (c) ADAG P, Paris and DAC S, London 1997 (Musee Carnavalet, ,~ 20,

I ~
Paris/ Ciraud on /Bridgeman Art Library, London); 12113b. By cour tesy of BT Archives; 29cr & OBC B.T. Barsfo rd Ltd; Cloth

,~
6/7 b. Barnado's Photographic Archive (058); 8bl & aBC The Beamish.T he North of England Open Air Museum; 19cr. Colo.
Bodleian Library,University of Oxford:John Johnson Co llection; Political Gene ral folder 1; 41 , 5br & 32,Trades of Com

~
Profess ions 6; 4/5b, Educational 16; 9tr,Trade in Prin ts and Scraps 9, 13c1 ,Trade in Prints and Scraps 7, 181 & aBC, Food \ Corse
2; l Scb, Alphabets.I: 30/3 1t. Sheffield City Art Gallcn es/Bridgernan Art Library, London : O FCc. FORBES Magazine

I
C OI<II
Co llection, N ew York/Bridgeman Art Library, London : 6bl & OB C , 21cr, 31tr. C hristopher Wood Gallery,
London/ Bridgeman Art Library, Lon don; 9t1; 12/ 13b. Mary lebonc Cricket Club, Lo ndon/ Bridgeman Art Library, London; ~ ~~ C OIJel

121 & OF C Jdferson Co llege Philadelp hia/Bridgema n Art Library, Londo n; 1% . Guildhall Art Gallery, Corporation of N
N Crick,

,
~ ~I~'
London/ Bridgemean Art Library, London; 20b. Mary En l1S Pictu re Library; 3d, 3er, 3c, Sd, Srr, l Zcr, 13cr, 16tl & aBC,
Crime
22/ 23c, 23tr & OF C, 23cr, 241 & O FC, 24/25 & a BC , 25t, 25cr, 26tl, 26/27b & OBC, 27tr & OBC , 28r & OPC By
co urtesy of Fine Art Photo graphic Library; 15tr, t6 117b, 17t, 20tl, 25c, 25b, 29t, 30b. Cal crie Berko/ Fine Art Photogra phic ~ Crime
~, .
Library; 8/%, 11t. Haynes Fine Art/ Fine Art Photographic Library; 6e. Hollywood Road Gallery/F ine Art Photograp hic ~ Crmt)
Library; 14bl. N.R . ameli Gallery/Fine Art Photographic Library; 7r. Polak Gallery/ Fine Art Photographic Library; 13e, ~ Crysla

~
22tl, 22bl. Sutcliffe Galleries/Fine Art/P hotograph ic Library; 3br, 21 rl. Guild hall Library, Co rporation of Lond on; 5c, l Obr. K~
From the John Hillelson Co llection; 8tl, 26cr. Hul ton Getty; 21,7d , 14t1,19t1, 21br, 27c1, 30t!. Hunting Aerofims Lty (Mills li ij
~ ~ Damc
147); Dbr & O FC T he Illustrated London News Picture Library; 27tl. Museum of London; IFC/l, 14/15t, 14115b &

I
OF C, 15br. By cour tesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London 17cr. Ox fordsh ire Photographic Archive, DLA, OCC; 2r,
~ Darll'i,
1OJ, 31bl, Poppcrfoto: 23br. Rur<11 History Centre , University of R eading; 11cb.The Salvation Army rnrernationai Heritage
~ Dcntis

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Centre; 31br. Science Museum/Science & Society Pictu re Library; 617c & OBC , 11c1,18tr, 28r1 & OFC, 28/29b, 29c
~ Dlckcll

,~ Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and we apologise in advance for any unintentional omissions.
We would be pleased to insert the appropr iate acknowledgement in any subscqucn edition of this publication.

A C lf Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. [SBN 1 86007005 1

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I
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Dolls h
Domes

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INDEX
\~ "
~'i
~
:~
~~ A
Drine 10-11 Life expectancy 3 R ickets 18 ~
rs, still used :':~
;
Agrimltl/re 2-3, to D run ktenness 5 Light Brigade, Charge Roads 28 ,.r~
t~ ~~
ntroduccd in N Albert, Price 16,21 D ynamite 25 oj thc 25 R ussia 24, 25 :,
ia, where :1 Al cohol 5 E L(~h / illg 6,2 8 S ~
css,
~ A naesthetics 19 Ea.<t lndia Compal/y 25 Listen j osep h 18 Salvation Army, the 31 Ii
as .;.
:-,; A rchitecture 16·/ 7 J , , . mas 7
Edison, Tlv' Lond on 7, 11, 13, Sanitation 3, 18, 19 ,.~~
d and drink
cientist Louis ~ A rt 12, 16-17 Education 9, 17, 22, 23, 30 16, 27 Schools 9, 22 , 23, 30 ~
k between V, A ustralia 8, 26 Electricity 6, 28 Love 20 -2 1 Science 28-29 li
.! B Embroidery 13 M Scott; Sir Walter 16 t:
ing in a 11 Balaclava, Bailie of25 Emigratioll 8 M achinery 2 Sea-bathillg 13 til:
\V their Ballet 13 Empire, the British 20 ,24, Markets 3, 11 Sea-mines 25 "
nditions. Baruado, D r. Thomas 8 25,26 Marriage 2 0-2 1 Seaside, the 12, 13 f"j,..
match) is Beer 5 Ellgilles 2, 28 Mass-production 6,29 Sewers 18,1 9 t:
strial actions.
Belli A lexander Graham 29 Elltertai",,,etlt 12- 13 M ilk 10,1 8 Sewing machines 6, 15 i;~\
'y decoration
Blood-letting 18 Entrepreneurs 12 Morality 26 , 31 Shaflesb/lrJ" Lord 22 ~N
itutcd by ? Evangeticalism 3 1 Sh ops 11
TV
Boer rvar _5 Museums 12, 17 ~
BOMh, William 3 1 F M usic halls 13, 2 6 Slums 3, 4, 5. 18 &
Bread 3, 11,26 Factories 4, 8, 9, 10 N Social conditions 2, 3, 5, .~
Brollte sisters 16,1 7 Fairs 12
Needlework 13
8-9, 18- 19, 26 ~
N
Bustles 14 Family life 9 SOl/th Af rica 25 ~
ir assistance. No bel, Alfred 25 Steel 16 ~
C
Farmillg 2-3 0 ~
unbridge Cameras 28
Fashion 14- 15 Stevenson, George 29 t;;
F .d 8 Opera 6, 13 Submarilles 28 ~!
stored in a Ch adwick, Edwin 19 00 3, ,10- 11, 18, "
copying. 26,28 Overcrowdillg 18, 19 Sl/rgery 18 ~:
t~ Charity 7, 9, 30 Fry, Eliz abeth 23 Oxford Movement, the 31 T r,
11 Children 8,9, 12,13 , 15, f~
~ 2 1,22-23, 26,30 G P Tea 11 l~
.. Chloroform 19 C ambling 12, 13 Pasteur Louis 18 Technology 2, 6, 8. 24 , :i
~~ Cholera 18, 19
Gangrene 18 Pastimes 12-13 28-29 t:
t~ Class structure 6, 13, 14,
Glass 16 Pawllbrokers 9 Telephone 29 !'

f: 20,21,30,31 Croce, W.C 12 Pax ton. Toseph 16 Theatre 6, 7, 13 ~:

valet, ~ ~;
N Clothes 6. 14-15 Great Ex hibition, the 16 Peel, Sir R obert 27 Toilets 5, 18 ~
. Batsford Ltd;
Museum; 19" .
§ Colonies 26 H Phonograph 7 Towlls 4-5, 11, 2 6 ~
~: ~,
2,Tradcs of
& OBC, Food
"
q
Com Laws 3
Corsets 14
H air Sty les 15

H ealth 18-19

Police 27
Poor, the 3, 4, 5,8-9, 11,
Tradesmen 5, 10- 11
Tral1 sp~r t 28-29
,i
.~

,Iii
ES Magazine
Gallery,
B Country life 2-3 H omelessncss 5, 8 14, 16, '1 8, 22, 26 1)'phoid 18,19
N
ibrarv, London; ~: Covent CardCll 11 Housino 2, 3,-1,5,8-9, 18 Population, growth of 3, 4, V N
orporation of N
N Cricket 12 H uxl ey, Charles 30 8, 10, 18, 29 Victoria, Queel/ 6, 2 1,2 7 fi"
, 16tl & OBC,
l~ Crime 4,2 3, 2 6-2 7 H)wiene 11, 18- 19 Poverty 3, 4, 5,8-9, 11, 14, Vitlaocs 3, 11 ~i
r& me. By
~ Crimemz War 2 4, 25 " 16, 18,22,26 '" W §
rt Photographic
t Photographic
~ Crinoline 14 I Prc-R aphaelites, the 16 :1
ic Library; 13t, ~ Crystal Palace 16 JIIegitimacy 20 Prisons 23, 2 6, 2 7 Wages 6, 8, 10, 23 ~l
ndon; 5c, 10br. d India 15 25 P War 24-2 5 "
f' D ' roperty Act, the 23 ,.
fims Ley (Mills ~ Industrial R evolution 2 Waterloo, Battle of 2 4 is.
N Dame schools 9 Public H ealth A cts 18 P
15t, 14/15b & t~ Industry 2, 9. 12, 23 Pnn islunen t 26-2 7 vVater supplies 5 l~
DLA, OCC; 2r, ~ D arwin, Charles 3D, 31 Iron 16, 23 J-Vea"h 5,6- 7, 8. 12, 14. ;'!
ational Heritage ., D . 19 Puppets 12 ~
~ enustry : 17,2 1,22, 29 ~,
. 28/ 2%, 29c. ~ J R .\
~ Dickells, Charles 16
- WeaponrJ' 24-25 N~
onal omissions. ~
rv D'let 3" 8 10
- 11,1 8
j ewellery 15 Railways 12, 13,29 Womell, ill society 9,14-15 , ..
:-; D 8
justice 26-27
blication. ~ isease 1 - 19 Refrigerators 11 20 -21 ,22-23 :1')
~
;)
D 0 IIs IIOllses 13 L R eligion 30 -31 Workhouses 8,20 .,N
5I
~ D omestic servants 8 LegalAid 3 1 R ich, the 5, 6- 7, 12, 14, Workillg conditions 6, 8, 9, :i
~ Drainage 5,1 8,19 Leisure 12-13 17,21,22,29 22, 23 :,

Q1·P==-=-~~.-"'=~Z7Zz:,:.:=~· ·~===-.==:z-;=-z.~'Z'Z :;:'=-4='Z7----==~n_.1~

~ . ~ ~~ .-Q
 AN E
~s c over the realities of life in Victorian
~1: times, when Britain rose to become
the richest nation on Earth and controlled the
largest Empire ever known. The Victorian period
wa s an age of great contrasts, and of major social
and political reforms.

O ver 90 beautifully produced illustrations of the

period show what life was really like in Britain,
for rich and poor alik e, including:

• Th e development oj the ra ilways

• T he gro wth oj the E mpire
• Th e Crimean War
• fiVorld trade and the Great Exhibition
• New discoveries, such as the telephone
• Th e growth oj towns
• Free education Jor all
• Medical advances, like the discovery oj antiseptics
• Homelessness and poverty
• Charles Darwin's theory oj evolution.

.... and much more. Discover the realities of

life in Victorian Britain.

£4.99 $6.9 5 (USA)

I SBN 1- 8 b00 7-0 0 S -1

sllnii'pi"'~:turtle
guide