INTRODUCTION

Pneumatics is all about using compressed air to do work. Compressed air is simply the air we breathe
forced into a small space. Pneumatic systems are more common than you would think and are used
extensively in industry, for example to move objects off a conveyor or hold/clamp parts of an
assembly together. In fact, pneumatics is used quite a lot every day.

Hydraulics is a topic in applied science and engineering dealing with the mechanical properties of
liquids. At a very basic level hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics. Fluid mechanics provides
the theoretical foundation for hydraulics, which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties. In
fluid power, hydraulics is used for the generation, control, and transmission of power by the use of
pressurized liquids. Hydraulic topics range through some part of science and most of engineering
modules, and cover concepts such as pipe flow, dam design, fluidics and fluid control circuitry,
pumps, turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow measurement, river channel
behavior and erosion.

Health and Safety

Pneumatic devices and systems are safe, clean and reliable but we must learn to use them
properly to avoid accidents. When using pneumatic equipment, we must always follow these
safety rules:
1. Never blow compressed air at anyone, not even yourself.
2. Never let compressed air come into contact with your skin, as this can be very dangerous.
3. Always wear safety goggles when you are connecting and operating circuits.
4. Check that all air lines are connected before turning on the main air supply.
5. Always turn off the main air supply before changing a circuit.
6. Keep your hands away from moving parts.
SEMI-AUTOMATIC CIRCUITS

In a semi-automatic circuit, either the instroke or outstroke of the piston is automatic. The most
commonly used semi-automatic circuits involve an operator starting the circuit and when the piston is
fully outstroked, it actuates a valve that controls the instroke. We have come across examples of semi-
automatic circuits in the course already.

On some production lines, drilling operations are started by an operator who is able to ensure that the
component to be machined is in the correct position. When the hole has been drilled to the correct
depth, a roller trip is activated which automatically instrokes the cylinder.

The pneumatic circuit that controls this operation is shown below.

Component used

1. One double acting cylinder

2. One unit of 5/2 way valve
3. Two unit of 3/2 way with return spring
4. Push button

a1

A+ A-

Son a0

Sequence control
 A+ A-

a1
CYLINDER A
a0

TIME MOTION DIAGRAM

CYLINDER A

A+ A_

CIRCUIT
Hydraulic

A service valve circuit in a hydraulic excavator having a predetermined actuator operation

valve and which is connected for operating a special attachment. A confluence valve which
effects electromagnetic proportional flow-rate control is provided in a confluence circuit that
makes communication betwen the inflow circuits of two variable pumps There are further
provided an electric switch which turns on or off the confluence valve depending upon a
required flow rate, and a volume which adjusts the flow rate after passing the confluence
valve over a range of a maximum of 1 to 2 pumps depending upon the required flow rate. The
necessity of confluence for the flow rate required by the special attachment or the confluent
flow rate is set in advance to eliminate excess or lack of confluent flow rate. Therefore, there
is no need of adjusting the flow rate depending on the number of revolutions of the engine,
and no delay develops in the operation even when the operation of special attachment is
switched into the turning operation or the running operation.
Cicuit of excavator
CONCLUSION

As conclusion, every situation of the circuit used in any pneumatic and hydraulic system is
very important. To construct the circuit, we must know every each component this is because
when we used wrong component our circuit diagram will be failure when testing it by
software. Indeed we also can determined whether the circuit that we constructed is failure or
pass by doing an experiment.