MUSIC

Music of the Medieval Period (700-1400)

Medieval Period - also known as the Middle Ages or “Dark Ages” that started with the fall of the Roman Empire.

Gregorian Chants (Monophonic Plainchant)

- named after Pope Gregory I, who made this the approved music of the Catholic Church. It was originally
Transmitted orally but scholars agreed to put it in notation to assist dissemination of chants across Europe.
Characteristics of the Gregorian Chants:
- monophonic - Free meter - use of Neume notation
- Modal - usually based on Latin liturgy
Neumes – were written above the words to suggest the contour of the melody.
Monophony – music consisting of a single melodic line without chordal accompaniment, it is the oldest type of music

Characteristics of the Troubadour Music:

- usually monophonic - written in French language - originated in France
- tell of chivalry and courtly love - sometimes with improvised accompaniment

Famous composer of the Medieval Period:

Adam de la Halle - He was one of the oldest secular composers

Renaissance period - It was also known as the “Golden Age” of Acapella choral music.
Acapella – refers to a vocal work without instrumental accompaniment

Music of the Renaissance Period (1400-1600)

Music became an important leisure activity. Members of the upper class were expected to have received musical
training.
Characteristics of Renaissance Music:
- mostly polyphonic - imitation among voices is common
- use of word painting in texts and music - melodic lines move in a flowing manner
Continuous imitation - the motives are exchange within all vocal lines

1. Mass - a form of sacred musical composition, that set texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music.
Characteristics of the Mass:
- polyphonic Syllabic - one note set to each syllable
- maybe sung in acapella or with orchestral accompaniment Neumatic - a few notes set to one syllable
- text may be Syllabic, neumatic or Melismatic Melismatic - many notes to one syllable

Five Main Sections of the Mass

LATIN FILIPINO ENGLISH
1. Kyrie - prayer for mercy (the only section of mass with Greek text) Panginoon, Maawa ka Lord, Have Mercy
2. Gloria - omitted in the penitential seasons of Advent and Lent Papuri sa Diyos Glory to God
3. Credo- confession of faith and the longest of the mass texts Sumasampalataya Creed
4. Sanctus Santo,Santo Holy
5. Agnus Dei Kordero ng Diyos Lamb of God

2. Madrigal - a secular vocal polyphonic music composition which originated in Italy.

- it is written and expressed in a poetic text and sung during courtly social gatherings.
Characteristics of the Madrigal:
- polyphonic - sung in acapella - through-composed - frequently in 3 to 6 voices

Famous Composers of the Renaissance Period

1. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina - greatest master of Roman Catholic Church music.
Work: Pope Marcellus Mass –most well-known and most often-performed mass

2. Thomas Morley - he was a singer in the local cathedral from his boyhood, and he became master of Choristers
- Most famous secular composer. Most of his madrigals are light and easy to sing with some aspect of Italian style.
Works:
- Fire, Fire, My Heart - Sing we and Chant it - April is in Mistress’ Face
Music of the Baroque Period
Baroque – derived from the Portuguese word “barroco” which means “pearl of irregular shape”
Characteristics of Baroque Music:
- Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental - Melodies are not easy to sing or remember
- primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony - Dynamic-contrast (alternation between loud and soft)
- harpsichord and organ are commonly used - Music genres(operas,oratorios,tocatas,fugue,concerto grosso)

Harpsichord – the ancestor of piano.

Music Genres of Baroque Music
Instrumental forms:
a. Concerto - a form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompaniment by an orchestra
b. Concerto Grosso - a form of orchestral music wherein the music is between a small group of solo instrument
( concertino) and the whole orchestra (tutti).
c. Fugue - a contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint. It is usually written in 3 or 4 parts, with
main theme called “subject”. The entire piece grows mainly from a single brief tune of strong musical character.

Vocal Forms:
a. Oratorio - a large scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates narratives on religious
themes.
Similarities and Differences of Oratorio and Opera
Oratorio Opera
- orchestra and voices - orchestra and voices
- has an aria (solo part) - has an aria (solo part)
- no acting, dancing, costumes, scenery, props - with acting, dancing, costumes, scenery, props
- based on Judeo/Christian subject/themes - based on Greek/Roman mythology or history
- written in the native language for the intended audience - usually written in Italian language
Examples:
 Handel’s “Messiah”, “Samson”, “Israel”, and “Egypt”
 Bach’s “Christmas Oratorio”
 Haydn’s “The Creation”
b. Chorale - musical composition that resemble a harmonized version of hymnal tunes of the Protestant church during
the Baroque

Famous Composers of the Baroque Period

a. Johann Sebastian Bach - from family of musicians. He was taught to play violin by his father
- His beautiful soprano singing voice helped him to be accepted at a school in Luneburg.
- he focused his attention to playing the violin and harpsichord after his voice changed
- he was a cantor at St. Thomas Church (his most important and long-term position)
Works: Brandenburg Concerto, Fugue in G minor, Mass in B minor , “Well-tempered clavier”

b. Antonio Lucio Vivaldi - nicknamed Prete Rosso (The Red Priest) because of his red hair.
- Catholic priest and a virtuoso violinist. Known mainly for composing instrumental concertos, esp. for the violin.
- Well-known for giving the strings a major role in his compositions
Works: Four Seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter)

c. George Friedrich Handel - He is remembered for his operas and oratorios. He was England’s favorite composer
- he secretly taught himself to play the harpsichord. He lost both of his eyesight in 1753.

Messiah - Handel’s most famous creation and the very well known “Hallelujah chorus” is part of Handel’s Messiah

Western Classical Art Traditions

A. Prehistoric Art
PAINTINGS
- were found inside caves which may have been the prehistoric people’s way of communicating with each other.
- Prehistoric drawings of animals were usually correct in proportion.
Cave of Lascaux - dominant features of the paintings were large animals native in the region.

SCULPTURES
- materials used vary according to region and locality. Carvings may have mythological or religious significance.
 Venus of Willendorf - Carved from limestone with excessively heavy breast and abdomen.

ARCHITECTURE - Man had developed a form of architecture based on Megaliths (a big rock).
Megaliths - from the Greek work lithos (stones) and megas (big).
Three main types of Megalith stones:
1. Menhir – a huge stone standing vertically on the ground, usually standing in the middle of the field or arranged in
rows
2. Dolmens –These structures are in the form of a table consisting of 2 huge standing stones supporting a horizontal
giant stone. Believed that it served as a grave or as an altar.
3. Cromlech –Literally, a circle of standing stones.
Stonehenge – the best preserved megalithic site in Europe.

B. Egyptian Art
PAINTINGS - It emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation of the knowledge of the past.
Purpose of Egyptian paintings: to make the deceased person’s afterlife place pleasant.

SCULPTURE
- Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the gods (composite creatures with animal heads on human bodies)
- Gods were shown larger than humans, kings larger than their followers, dead larger than the living.
Ex. Queen Nefertiti - painted Limestone with heavy lided eyes, slender neck, determined chin.

ARCHITECTURE
Pyramids of Giza – are the most substantial ancient structures of the world.
Mastaba - a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure made of mud-bricks or stone

C. Classical Greek Art - depicts Naturalism. It portrays human forms in a realistic and anatomically correct manner.
PAINTING - were mostly found in vases, panels, and tombs. It depicts natural figures with dynamic compositions.
Most common type of Greek painting:
Fresco – method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on wall surfaces.
Water-based pigments and limewater mixture is the most appropriate material to be used in Fresco painting.
Encaustic – a method used by ship builders, who use hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship. Pigments were added.
Kerch vases –It used Polychromy technique (combination of different brilliant colors in an artistic manner)
Panel Painting – paintings on flat panels of wood. Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of its organic
composition.
Greek wall paintings – Very few survived because it used water-based materials.

SCULPTURE - were tense and stiff, bodies were hidden within enfolding robes.

ARCHITECTURE - Buildings were designed in one of three architectural orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian
Parthenon – The greatest classical temple, ingeniously engineered to correct an optical illusion.

D. Roman Art
PAINTINGS - most of the paintings were copied or imitated from Hellenistic Greek paintings.
Techniques used in Roman painting:
-Tic-tac-toe design -multi-point perspective - tropme-l’oeil effect

Mosaic – an art process where an image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or
Other materials. Used for decorative art or interior decorations.

SCULPTURE - Mostly were made of monumental terra-cotta.

ARCHITECTURE - Emperors erected huge halls and arenas for public games, baths, and procession. They built
sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate their glory. Example: Colosseum

E. Byzantine art - It was a combination of Eastern and Western.arts.

PAINTING - The lively styles of painting which had been invented in Greece and Rome lived on in Byzantine but this
time for Christian subjects.

SCULPTURE - The dominant themes are religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs from nature.
ARCHITECTURE - has a lot in common with the early Christian architecture.
Mosaic –an art technique perfected by the Byzantines.

Hagia Sophia (means holy wisdom)

- It narrates how a magnificent construction transformed from being a church, into a mosque and now a Museum.

F. Romanesque art - It was greatly influenced by Byzantine art with a highly innovative and coherent style.
PAINTING - was largely mosaic placed on the walls of Churches that follow a strict frontal pose.
Mandorla (meaning almond)- it is used to describe an enclosure surrounding holy figures.

SCULPTURE - some of the famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontal, crucifixes, and devotional images.
Tymapnum – an architectural element within the arch or pediment

ARCHITECTURE - displayed solid masonry walls, rounded arches and masonry vaults.

G. GOTHIC ART - Styles reinforce symbolic meanings.

PAINTINGS - Subjects usually depict popular legends and love stories.
Mille Fleur (Thousand flowers) patterns were incorporated in paintings to show influence of the crusades.

SCULPTURE
- had greater freedom of style. They no longer lay closely against the wall, but began to project outward.

ARCHITECTURE - designs included two new devices: pointed arch which enabled the builders to construct much
higher ceiling vaults and stone vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs supported by piers and clustered pillars.

Cathedral Chartres (Notre Dame Cathedral)

- has rich architecture and design, splendid stained glass windows, and thousands of sculptured figures.

Physical Education - Sports Officiating

First aid – an immediate and temporary care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.
Common Injury Encountered by Officiating Officials and athletes
A. Sprain – is a stretch or tear of a ligament. C. Knee injuries – results from a blow or twist to the knee
B. fractures - is a break in the bone. D. Strain – is a twist, pull, or tear of a muscle or tendon.
C. Dislocation - results in excessive stretching or falling

R.I.C.E. Method
R – rest the injured part (first 24 to 48 hrs after the injury. Most critical time of treatment
I – ice is an excellent anti-inflammatory and reduces swelling and pain.
C- compression also reduces swelling. Use elastic bandages for at least 2 days
E – elevation drains fluids from injured tissues.

Nutrition and Weight

A. Gaining weight - some people have difficulty in gaining weight. This can be a result of higher than normal basal
metabolic rate or higher physical activity level.
B. Losing Weight – more common goal than gaining weight. Involves a negative energy balance.

Calorie - Heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
- it is relatively low that scientist use larger unit calorie (C), also called kilocalorie (kcal.)

Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) - Total number of calories your body needs on a daily basis.
Components of Total Energy Expenditure:
a. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) - Energy required to maintain your body at rest (breathing, circulation)
- it is 60% - 75% of the total energy expenditure (TEE).
b. Thermic effect of food - The energy required to digest and absorb food. It is 10%-15% of your TEE
c. Thermic effect of physical activity - The amount of energy required for physical activity.
d. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) – energy expended in unplanned physical activity
ex. Taking the stairs instead of elevators, sitting on a balance ball at your desk, fidgeting
Qualities of an Officiating official
1. Physical qualities - Refers to the physical attributes of an officiating official. Officiating officials needs to have a
high level of fitness to be able to perform his job.
Officiating officials must work on elevating his own level of fitness to perform better:
- Body mass index (BMI) - PMHR and THR
- Fitness and exercise program - Nutrition and weight management
 2. Emotional qualities - Refers to the emotional readiness of an officiating official to perform his/her role in a game.
Confidence - An emotional attribute that an officiating official should possess. Can be game specific, but
practicing it through actual game immersions and observations of game officiating activities can help improve it
3. Mental qualities - Officiating officials should be mentally tough in officiating a game.
Mental toughness - refer to all of the qualities pertaining to one’s mental preparations in officiating a game
To be mentally tough requires one to stay focused, regulate one’s performance, ability to handle pressure, awareness
and control of thoughts and feelings and one’s command and control of the environment.
Mental toughness can be achieved by:
- Having a thorough knowledge on the rules of the game - Alertness - Vigilance
Decisiveness - results to integrity of the game leading to a satisfying result and acceptance and failure for both
competing teams or players
4. Social qualities
- The ability to deal with others at any given situation ability of the officiating official to settle disputes without
sacrificing the integrity of a game and the officiating team.
* To develop decision-making skills, surround oneself with people who make wise decisions especially in
officiating endeavors.

HEALTH
THE CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

COMMUNITY- A sociological group in a large place sharing one env’t; it includes the individual and the family
COMMUNITY HEALTH - The art and science of maintaining, protecting and improving the health of all members
of the community through organized and sustained community efforts

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- Comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by physical,
chemical, biological, social and psychological factors in the surrounding environment

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY COMMUNITY

1. Clean and safe environment
2. An environment that meets everyone’s basic needs
3. An environment that promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone
4. An understanding of local and environment issues
5. A community that participates in identifying local solutions to local problems
6. A community whose members have access to varied experiences, means of interaction and communication.
7. Accessible and appropriate health services and facilities
8. A promotion and celebration of historical and cultural heritage
9. A diverse and innovative economy
10. A sustainable use of available resources for all

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE- Approach in promoting community health through the partnership of the community,
barangay, government organizations and non- government organizations.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS IN THE COMMUNITY

Health Care Services Functions
Maternal Health Care Pre Natal, natal, Post Natal
Child Health Care Immunizations, Control of diarrheal diseases
Nutrition Program Operation Timbang, Food supplementation
Population and Family Planning Program Free family planning
Control of communicable diseases Tuberculosis control program
Environmental Sanitation Program Inspection of food establishments
Inspection of food establishment Blood pressure screening
Dental Health Program Tooth Extraction
Reproductive Health Care counseling on family planning and RH
Medical morbidity clinic Provision of free medicines
National Voluntary Blood Services Blood-letting activities at barangay level
Epidemiology and Surveillance Program Controlling outbreaks like dengue
Disaster Management Preparedness Program Medical Services/ assistance during disaster
Mental Hygiene Adolescent counseling centers
Pharmacy Services Distribution of medicines to all health centers
*Primary health care services are made available and free because they are subsidized by the government to ensure
that health is being protected.

COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS

Solid waste mng’t program - One of the programs of the gov’t. t that helps lessen the amount of refuse in our country
REFUSE - are the dump, food wastes or discarded materials.
 KINDS OF REFUSE
KIND COMPOSITION SOURCES
Garbage wastes from preparation, cooking and serving of food, market wastes, waste Households, stores,
from handling storage, and sale of produce restaurants, markets,
institutions
Rubbish Combustible: paper, cartons, boxes, barrels, wood, excelsior,
tree branches, yard trimmings,, wood furniture, bedding, dunnage Same as garbage
Non- Combustible: metals, tin cans, metal furniture, dirt, glass, crockery,
minerals
Ashes Residue from fires used for cooking and heating and from on-site Same as garbage
incineration
Street refuse sweepings, dirt, leaves, catch- basin dirt, contents of litter receptacles Streets, sidewalks,
allay, vacant lots
Dead animals lifeless animals which die from diseases or accidents ex. Horses, cows, Same as street
Cats, dogs,
Abandoned unwanted cars and trucks left on public property Same as street
vehicles
Industrial food processing wastes, boiler house cylinders, metal scraps, lumber scraps, Factories, power
wastes shavings plants
Demolition lumber, pipes, bricks, masonry and other construction materials Demolition sites to be
wastes used for new bldgs.
Construction scrap lumbers, pipes & other construction materials New construction,
waste remodellling
Special waste Hazardous solids and liquids: explosives, pathological wastes, radioactive Household, hotels,
materials, batteries institutions, stores,
Hospitals, industry
Sewage solids from coarse screening and grit chambers; septic tank sludge Sewage treatment,
treatment septic tank
residue
Street night consists of human wastes, normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets
soil streets human waste from pail system
WASTE DISPOSAL - the proper disposal of a discarded or discharged material in accordance with local
environmental guidelines or laws
Composition of SOLID WASTE:
- Compostable - Special waste - Recyclables - Non- recyclable & non- compostable

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

- Adopts the 3Rs of Ecological waste management: REDUCE, REUSE, and RECYCLE

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

The Philippines. is among the countries with fastest loss of forest cover around the world. It ranks 4th among the
world’s top 10 most threatened forest hotspots.

Environmental problems Effects

DEFORESTATION Soil erosion landslides, Greenhouse effect denuded uplands, Silting of
- The destruction of big areas of forests rivers and dams, Degraded watershed, Flooding, Destruction of corals
along the coast
FLASH FLOOD Causes diseases like cholera and other water borne diseases, Loss of life,
- A sudden flood of great volume, usually Contamination of drinking water, Destruction of sewage system,
caused by a heavy rain Destruction of dams and destruction of levees
ILLEGAL MINING- The extraction of Water poisoning of all the living things in it, Destruction of beautiful
valuable minerals or other geological coral reefs, Bareness of land
materials from the earth
SOIL EROSION- Happens when soil Unproductive use of farmland, Difficulty in raising a livestock, Silting of
and rock are moved from one place to artificial lakes, Loss of soil and vegetation which causes climate change
another by wing, water and gravity
CORAL REEF DEGRADATION- A Loss of edible reef fish, Reduction of species diversity and richness,
significant problem around the world; has alteration in the size structure of target species
been acknowledged that 27% of the
world’s reef have been affected
(11%- completely lost; 16%- damaged)
Pollution- any alteration of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of water, air, and/or land resources.
MINING ACT OF 1995- Aimed to help the domestic mining industry regain its competitiveness by allowing
companies to obtain an exploration permit for a specific area for up to 4 years.
P.D. 1067 Water code of the Philippines
- provides other policy guidelines on water quality and management of water resources
P.D. 1219 – providing for the protection of coral ecosystems