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Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic evolution of SE Asia:

evidence from Sumatra, Indonesia

W. J. M c C O U R T 1, M. J. C R O W 1, E. J. C O B B I N G 2 & T. C. A M I N 3
1 British Geological Survey, International Division, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
2 Consultant Geologist, 25 Main Street, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Nottingham, UK
3 Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract: New K/Ar mineral ages from the Barisan Mountains of southern Sumatra suggest
four main periods of plutonic activity: Miocene-Pliocene (20-5 Ma), Early Eocene (60-50 Ma),
Mid-Late Cretaceous (l17-80Ma) and Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (203-130Ma). These and
all other published ages from exposed plutons in western Sumatra indicate a further period of
plutonic activity in the Permian (287-256 Ma). They also suggest either that Early Mesozoic
activity began in the Late Triassic, or that there were two distinct magmatic cycles, one in the
Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (220-190 Ma) and one extending from the Mid-Jurassic to Early
Cretaceous (170-130 Ma). In addition, poorly controlled ages from eastern Sumatra indicate that
the important Triassic to Early Jurassic (240-195 Ma) tin-belt magmatism of the peninsular
Malaysia Main Range Province extends into that area.
Preliminary geochemical studies on the Mesozoic granitoids of the Barisan Range of southern
Sumatra confirm that they are calc-alkaline, I-type, metaluminous, subduction-related volcanic
arc granites (VAG). They broadly correspond to the southerly extension of a combination of the
Central Valley and Western Granite Provinces of Thailand and Burma, and underline the fact
that there has been a history of subduction-related magmatism along the southwestern edge
of Sundaland since earliest Mesozoic times. The plutonic suites are crudely arranged in sub-
parallel, locally overlapping, NW-SE trending belts, focused along deep-seated faults that
have acted as magmatic conduits. It is proposed as a preliminary model that breaks in plutonic
activity broadly correspond to changes in approach angle and/or rate of subduction, and that
in some instances at least they relate to periods of collision and accretion of allochthonous
material (terranes, slivers or blocks) of both oceanic and continental character. At least two such
events seem to have occurred during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectono-plutonic evolution of
Sumatra. One in the early Middle Cretaceous reflects collision and accretion of the oceanic Woyla
terranes, and one in the latest Cretaceous is possibly related to collision of a continental
sliver/block, the West Sumatra terrane, to the Sundaland margin.

Plutonic rocks are widely exposed throughout the
Barisan Mountains of western Sumatra, and locally
exposed, through Tertiary-Quaternary cover
sequences, in eastern Sumatra. In general terms the
granitoid rocks of the Barisan Mountains, define
a series of sub-parallel, N W - S E trending, south-
westerly migrating plutonic belts of Triassic-
Jurassic, Cretaceous and Late Tertiary age (Katili
1973; Gafoer & Purbo-Hadiwidjoyo 1986) and a
less well-defined Eocene belt (McCourt & Cobbing
1993). The presence of these plutonic belts and
their assumed calc-alkaline composition, has been
extensively quoted as evidence that Sumatra has
been located in a region of plate convergence,
marked by continental margin subduction, since the
Early Mesozoic and perhaps earlier (Katili 1973;
Hamilton 1979; Cameron et al. 1980).
As part of the Southern Sumatra Geological and
Mineral Exploration Project (SSGMEP, 1989-94)
a reconnaissance field study and sampling
programme was undertaken in 1992 of the main
granitoid plutons of the Barisan Mountains of
southern Sumatra. The aim of this study was to
establish the geological and geochemical charac-
teristics and the isotopic ages of the plutons in order
to evaluate the role of plutonism in the tectonic
evolution of this part of Sundaland. During this
investigation thirteen intrusive bodies ranging from
individual plutons to batholiths were examined; all
exposed major lithologies from each were sampled
for whole rock geochemical analysis, and selected
samples dated using the K-Ar method on mineral
separates. The geochemical and geochronological
data, comprising major element oxides and trace
element compositions, new K-Ar mineral ages
and a summary of all published ages from plutonic
rocks of Sumatra and the tin-islands, quoted in this
paper are available as Supplementary Publication
No. SUP 18098 (8 pp) from the Society Library or
the British Library D o c u m e n t Supply Centre,
Boston Spa, Wetherby, W. Yorks LS23 7BQ, UK.
The study has established that the Barisan

From Hall, R. & Blundell, D. (eds), 1996, TectonicEvolution of SoutheastAsia, 321

Geological Society Special Publication No. 106, pp. 321-335.
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016
322 W. J. McCOURT
Mountains granitoids range in age from Late
Triassic to Pliocene, and has confirmed that they
are I-type in character.
Tectonic setting and regional
geological framework
Sumatra lies along the southwest margin of the
Sundaland cratonic block, the SE Asian continental
extension of the Eurasia Plate (Fig. 1). To the west,
oceanic crust of the India plate is being obliquely
subducted beneath Sumatra along the Sunda
trench in a N20(E direction at a rate of between
6-7 c m a -1 (Curray et al. 1979; Hamilton 1979).
This zone of oblique convergence forms part of the
Sunda arc-trench system which extends for more
than 5000 km from Burma to eastern Indonesia.
The Tertiary-Recent Barisan volcanic arc of
western Sumatra and the pre-Tertiary sequences
are variably broken up into a number of NW-SE
Ocean
Plate /
lOO 11o ~
I I /
Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of Sumatra on the SW margin of Sundaland (from Hutchison 1989).
ET AL.
trending slivers by major faults which are strands of
the Sumatra Fault System (SFS), some of which are
Mesozoic in age. The SFS as defined in this paper,
incorporates all those (NW-SE) faults along and
west of the eastern foothills of the Barisan
Mountains and includes the Great Sumatra Fault
(van Es 1919; van Bemmelen 1949; Westerveld
1952). Many of the faults of the SFS have a history
of multiple movement and reactivation and are
interpreted as deep-seated, subduction related,
continental margin structures. To the east of the
magmatic arc and the SFS, are the back-arc basins
containing thick sequences of Tertiary to
Quaternary sediments, underlain by probable
Upper Palaeozoic continental basement (Gafoer
1990).
The pre-Tertiary continental core of SE Asia
is interpreted as a complex assembly of various
tectono-stratigraphic terranes including allo-
chthonous micro-continental blocks, island arcs
and accretionary complexes bounded by regional
Subduction zones
'~X Transcurrent Fault
Direction of Plate
movement
20-
Philippine
Sea Plate
10 m
12¢
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MESOZOIC--CENOZOIC PLUTONISM IN SUMATRA
faults, some of which are interpreted as sutures,
marked by slivers of ophiolite, melanges and
volcanic-plutonic arcs (Mitchell 1981; Stauffer
1983; Audley-Charles et al. 1988; Metcalfe 1988,
1990, among others). The pre-Tertiary framework
of Sumatra is similarly interpreted as a mosaic of
oceanic and continental terranes (Fig. 2) assembled
through processes of microplate convergence and
accretion since the Middle Permian (Pulunggono
& Cameron 1984; McCourt et al. 1993).
Much of central and eastern Sumatra is believed
to be underlain by continental crust and the oldest
exposed units are Upper Palaeozoic (Permo-
Carboniferous) metasediments. Pulunggono &
Cameron (1984) proposed that the basement
comprised two continental terranes, the Mergui
and Malacca microplates, separated by a Triassic
suture complex, the Mutus Assemblage (Fig. 2).
The dominantly Palaeozoic Mergui microplate
comprises, 'older granitic basement', Permo-
Carboniferous clastic and carbonate metasedi-
mentary sequences, Lower to Middle Permian
volcanics and associated sediments and Middle to
Upper Triassic marine sediments. The Malacca
microplate, which is confined to subcrop in
Sumatra, consists predominantly of quartzites
(Eubank & Makki 198t; Koning & Darmono
1984). It is considered to be of Carboniferous to
Middle Permian age based on lithological and
structural correlations with the Kenny Hill
Formation of peninsular Malaysia (Fontaine &
Gafoer 1989) and accordingly is part of the
Gondwana affinity terrane of peninsular Malaysia
(Hutchison 1994). The Mutus Assemblage,
described from well records by Eubank & Makki
(1981), comprises a mixture of radiolarian chert,
red-mauve shales, thinly bedded limestone, a sand-
stone-shale sequence and basalt. It was assumed to
be Triassic by Pulunggono & Cameron (1984), but
Hutchison (1994) has proposed that it represents a
Palaeozoic subduction-accretion complex.
The Permo-Carboniferous metasedimentary
basement sequences of the Mergui microplate are
exposed along the eastern flank of the Barisan
Mountains and through the Tertiary cover of the
present day back-arc zone. They comprise in broad
terms, glacio-marine coarse clastic pebbly units,
finer-grained turbiditic slates interpreted as distal
equivalents, and warmer water marine shelf and
slope deposits including massive limestones
(Simandjuntak et al. 1991). The contact between
the sequences of glacio-marine sediments
(Bohorok-Mentulu and Kluet-Gangsal formations)
and warmer water marine-shelf sediments
(Kuantan-Terantam formations) is interpreted to
be tectonic and the two are considered to represent
separate terranes with differing Late Palaeozoic
tectonic histories that probably united in the Middle
323
Permian (Gafoer 1990; McCourt et al. 1993). In
south Sumatra this contact corresponds to the
regional, NW-SE striking, fault separating (or
juxtaposing) the basement sequences of the
Tigapuluh and Duabelas Mountains (Fig. 2),
structurally corresponding to the Medial Sumatra
Line of Hutchison (1994).
The Permo-Triassic basement units are exposed
along the axial region of the Barisan Mountains.
They comprise a lower sequence of Lower to
Middle Permian andesitic volcanics, reefal lime-
stones and carbonaceous sediments (Palepat,
Silungkang and Mengkarang Formations) and an
upper one of Middle to Upper Triassic pelagic
sediments and limestones (Kuala and Tuhur
Formations). In north Sumatra, the Permian
volcanic arc association has recently been inter-
preted as a separate terrane from the Permo-
Carboniferous sequences (Wajzer et al. 1991) and
this model is followed here. The contact of the
Triassic units, where seen, is disconformable on the
Permian volcanic association and unconformable
on the Permo-Carboniferous sequences.
Upper Mesozoic sequences occur along the
western side of the Barisan Mountains in southern
Sumatra, in tectonic contact with older units to the
east. They comprise varying proportions of oceanic
basalts, ultrabasic rocks interpreted as ophiolitic,
andesitic lavas and volcaniclastics, pelagic sedi-
ments and cherts, fine-grained turbiditic units,
shallow marine clastics, limestones, phyllitic rocks
and schists. The majority of these are (?Mid- to)
Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous and comprise
a series of allochthonous slivers that correspond in
part to the Woyla terranes of Wajzer et al. (1991)
and belong to the Woyla microplate of western
Sumatra (McCourt et al. 1993).
In broad terms the Tertiary sequences of Sumatra
correspond to three distinct depositional environ-
ments: sediments and minor volcanics of the
forearc zone, calc-alkaline volcanics and sediments
of the magmatic arc zone and sediments of the
back-arc zone. During the Quaternary, Sumatra
was the scene of tremendous volcanic activity
throughout the Barisan Range, and the modern
physiography was established. Tectonism and uplift
in the latest Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene caused
inversion of the Cenozoic sedimentary basins,
development of widespread NW-SE trending
fold structures, and reactivation of deep-seated
basement faults.
Granitoid plutonism of Sumatra
Granitoid rocks are present throughout the Barisan
Mountains and are particularly common along
and close to the junction of the Mergui and Woyla
microplates (Figs 2 and 3). Permian magmatism
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324 W. J. McCOURT ET AL.

1. MALACCA MICROLATE
2, MERGUI MICROPLATE
A. Bohorok Tigapuluh Terrane

B. Kluet-Kuantan.Duabelas-
Terrane
C, Palepat Terrane
D. Kuala FM

3. WOYLA MICROPLATE A. Woyla terrane

B. Pasamar~ terrane
C. Gumai-Garba terrane

4. CONTINENTAL A. Sikuleh
FRAGMENTS B. Natal
C Bengkulu

: 2A

EQUATOR

0 250km
I J
v V v '~

v vv~

Fig. 2. Simplified pre-Tertiary microplate configuration of Sumatra (modified from Pulunggono & Cameron 1984).

is indicated by Rb-Sr ages of 264 + 6 (Sibolga
granite) and 256 +_6 Ma (Ombilin granite), a K-Ar
muscovite age of 287 _ 3 Ma (Ombilin granite) and
by restricted exposures of andesitic volcanics. The
Sibolga granite is a composite batholith recording
several intrusive phases that intrudes metasedi-
ments of the Kluet Formation (Aspden et al. 1982).
The main rock types are porphyritic K-feldspar
biotite-hornblende granite, monzogranite, quartz
diorite and diorite. In addition to the Permian age
several younger dates are available suggesting
mainly Late Triassic (219-206Ma) and Late
Jurassic (147-144Ma) magmatic activity. The
Ombilin granite is a foliated muscovite granite
without clear field relationships, although Silitonga
& Kastowo (1975) imply that it intrudes the meta-
sedimentary Kuantan Formation. The Permian
volcanic arc appears to be restricted to a fault slice
along the western margin of the pre-Mesozoic
metasedimentary basement.
Evidence for widespread 'Triassic' plutonism is
seen in the abundance of intrusive ages ranging
from 230-195 Ma from Sumatra and the adjacent
tin-islands. This phase of plutonism appears to
correspond to two separate belts: one in eastern
Sumatra and the tin-islands, the southerly extension
of the Main Range and Eastern Granite Provinces
of peninsular Malaysia, and the other in the Barisan
Mountains of western Sumatra. The latter com-
prises hornblende-bearing biotite-granitoids of
1-type character with a wide compositional range
which are predominantly quartz diorites to grano-
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016
MESOZOIC--CENOZOIC PLUTONISM IN SUMATRA
SIKULEH
GRANITE
SIBOLGA
NITE •HATAPANG~X
GR NIT
MANUNGGAL BATHOLITH.~
GRANITE
OMBILIN
GRANITE
Fig. 3. Distribution of the principal plutonic belts of (western) Sumatra and location of the main plutons.
diorites. This western Sumatra Triassic to Early
Jurassic plutonic arc, is located close to the edge of
the Mergui microplate intruding metasediments of
the Kluet-Kuantan terrane and its trace coincides
with a compositionally similar but more extensive
Middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (170-130 Ma)
arc.
A Mid to Upper Cretaceous (117-80Ma)
plutonic arc extends along the length of the Barisan
Mountains, intruding oceanic rocks of the Woyla
microplate and broadly contemporaneous Upper
Mesozoic continental foreland sequences. This arc
is focused along a major NW-SE striking fault
zone interpreted to approximate to the Early
Cretaceous Woyla Suture, and dominated by
dioritic to granodioritic hornblende-bearing
granitoids with subordinate K-feldspar megacrystic
biotite granites of I-type character. Scattered Lower
Eocene plutons (60-50 Ma) intrude earlier plutonic
arcs, mainly the Upper Cretaceous arc. The
Miocene arc (20-5 Ma) consists of granodioritic
325
D Tertiary/(Eocene and Mid-Pliocene)
Plutonic Arc
Mid-late Cretaceous
Plutonic Arc
EZ] ( Late ) Triassic-Jurassic/Early
Cretaceous Plutonic Arc
[ ~ Permian Plutonic-Volcanic Arc
BATHOLITH
PLUTON
and granitic plutons which commonly intrude
Upper Oligocene to Miocene andesitic volcanics
to the west of the Semangko Fault.
Geochemistry
In terms of their overall major element oxide
geochemistry (Table 1 & Fig. 4), the granitoids
are typical subduction-related, I-type granites
(Chappell & White 1974). Plutonic rocks range in
composition from gabbro to granite on all common
classification-nomenclature plots, with a concen-
tration of samples in the fields of quartz diorite-
tonalite, granodiorite and monzogranite. On the
Streckeisen QAP plot they occupy the same field as
granitoids from the Lima segment of the Coastal
Batholith of Peru (Pitcher et al. 1985). They are
calc-alkaline (Fig. 5a, b) cafemic, and dominantly
metaluminous with the most highly differentiated
felsic derivatives ranging to slightly peraluminous
(McCourt & Cobbing 1993). Finally although
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016

326 W.J. McCOURT ET AL.

Table 1. Summary of new K-Ar plutonic ages from the Barisan Mountains, southern Sumatra

INTRUSION

Jurassic to Early Cretaceous

Sulit Air Suite 203 _+6 183 +_ 13 149 _+5 141 ± 5 138 ± 5
Bungo Batholith 169 ± 5 156 ± 6 154 +_7 153 ± 4 148 ± 4 131 _+7 129 ± 4
Way Sulan Gabbro 151 __4
Middle to Late Cretaceous
Garba Pluton 117 ±3 117 __ 2 115 ± 4 86 ± 3 8223
Sulan Pluton 113 ±3 111 __ 3
W Sekampung Diorite 89 --!-3 89 ± 2 89 ± 2
Branti Granodiorite 86 _+3
Padean Pluton 82 ±3 82 ± 2 8l ± 2 82 _+2
Early Eocene
Jatibaru Microgranite 60 ± 3
Lassi Pluton 57 ± 2 54 ± 2 55 __ 2 53 ± 2 53 + 2
Bungo Batholith 54 _ 2 54 ± 2
Miocene
Way Bambang Pluton 20 _ 1 19 ± 2
Lolo Pluton ll ± 1 5 ± 0.2

discussed here as a single population, the granitoids
are not interpreted to be co-magmatic, since they
r e p r e s e n t m a g m a t i s m e x t e n d i n g o v e r almost
200 Ma, but are considered to be products of a
similar and l o n g - l i v e d m e c h a n i s m o f m a g m a
genesis.
On the Nb-Y and Rb-(Nb + Y) plots o f Pearce
et al. (1984) the volcanic arc character o f the
granitoids is clear (Fig. 6a, b) with only four
samples falling outside of the VAG field, all o f
which are highly differentiated and anomalous with
respect to the bulk population (McCourt & Cobbing
1993). The VAG character o f the Barisan granitoids
is also evident w h e n the granitic rocks (SiO 2
> 70%) are plotted on the ORG-norrnalised plots
o f Pearce et al. (1984). A c c o r d i n g to these authors,
LIL e n r i c h m e n t is a c o m m o n feature o f both
s u b d u c t i o n - r e l a t e d volcanic arc granites and
within-plate rifted granites. Within-plate granites,
however, also typically show an enrichment in Ta
and Nb, and have Zr, Y and Ce normalized values
greater than or close to 1; volcanic arc granites on

I I I // I 1

5-

4-
~
/ 00 0-
g °0
eo
3-
O ~ %" •
~o • 0° g • •
2-

QQ
1-

/.
0 I . t _t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Na20 ( w t % )

Fig. 4. Alkali variation diagram for the south Sumatra granitoids. Line separates the fields of I- & S-type granites of
Chappell & White (1974).
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016

MESOZOIC--CENOZOIC PLUTONISM IN SUMATRA 327

Na20 + K20 MgO

(a)

~ • 0 0

6 f ooo
//. oee ee~J ~
/
jJ /
II
J • o11 j
4 • f J
j J J
Z
J

o I L
50 60 70 80

(b) SiO 2 (wt %)

Fig. 5. (a) AFM plot for the south Sumatra granitoids. (b) Total alkalis v. silica variation diagram for the south
Sumatra granitoids; dashed line denotes calc-alkaline field.

the other hand have Ta and Nb normalized values
close to 1 and Zr, Y and Ce values less than 1,
depending on the nature of the arc setting. The
entire population the Barisan granites are geo-
chemically similar and Fig. 7 confirms their VAG
characteristics of LIL enrichment, depletion in Nb,
Zr and Y, and Ce values close to 1. Collectively
these patterns closely resemble those of sub-
duction-related, Andean I-type granites from Peru
and Chile (cf. Pearce et al. 1984; Pitfield et al.
1986). On primitive mantle- or MORB-normalized
spider diagrams, the subduction-related character
of the Sumatra rocks, excluding the granites sensu
stricto, is once again evident and the strongly
negative Nb N and, to a lesser extent, TiN anomalies
of the entire population are emphasized (cf.
McCourt & Cobbing 1993; Fig. 7b). This
Ta-Nb-Ti, and associated Y-Yb depletion is a
typical geochemical signature of calc-alkaline
intermediate magmas formed in a subduction
setting, most probably reflecting amphibole and
garnet retention at the site of partial melting
(Briqueu et al. 1984; Foley & Wheller 1990), and
thus characteristic of volcanic arc granitoids. Low
values of Rb/M (M = HREEs, Y, Zr, etc.) and high
to very high values of K/Rb of the granitoids
(McCourt & Cobbing 1993) underline their
continental-arc, I-type character, and Rb/Zr ratios
generally less than 1 and often less than 0.70, in
conjunction with low Nb contents, suggest a
primitive to normal arc setting (Brown et al. 1984).
In summary the geochemical data clearly con-
firm the volcanic arc character of the Barisan
granitoids and provide evidence for the existence
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328 W . J. M c C O U R T ET AL.

1000 z

WPG

E lOO

v
: "

3 syn- COLG ee o ~

10
= ;+ /
. . - - - ./
• • eeo I • / ORG

/
(a) 1 , , , ,, ,,=l ~ , I ~ ~,+1 ~ , , = ~l~,l
100 1000 2000
Log Y ( ppm )
2000 i i i i i t I i I + ~ ,','''~ J /Y' '~'~l t

1000 __

syn - C O L G WPG
_
_

Et~
Q"
v
100
-- • qbo • oo
--
_ • • O o •
• •0

VAG ORG -

(b) 1 I I I I I Ill+ I I I I Illl I I I I I 1}1]

10 100 1000 2000
Log Y + Nb (ppm)

Fig. 6. Tectonic setting-classification plots for the south Sumatra granitoids, following Pearce et al. (1984). VAG,
Fields of volcanic arc granite; syn-COLG, syn-collisionalgranite; WPG, within-plate granite and ORG, oceanic ridge
granite as defined by Pearce et al. (1984).

of an active margin and subduction along the arcs of western Sumatra, although this remains
Sumatran continental edge. A further important unproven in the absence of isotopic data for our
feature brought out by the data is the compo- dataset.
sitional similarity of the granitoids of different
ages, as can be seen from the way that the entire
sample population, representing Late Triassic to
Geochronology
Pliocene plutonism, plots very close together on the
normalized spider diagrams (Fig. 7a, b). The best Material was collected for both Rb/Sr and
interpretation of this similarity is that the mech- K-Ar analysis but the granitoids whole rock
anism of magma genesis has been a consistent and geochemistry precludes their use for Rb/Sr geo-
long-lived one throughout the last 200 Ma. It is chronology and consequently the dating pro-
considered that this mechanism can only be batch gramme was restricted to the K-Ar method.
or partial melting in a subduction zone and mantle Approximately 40 new mineral ages were deter-
wedge environment below the continental margin. mined on samples collected from the Barisan
A crustal contribution does not seem to have been a plutonic belt. All were fresh, undeformed, non-
factor in the geochemical evolution of the plutonic mineralized material collected at outcrop away
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MESOZOIC--CENOZOIC PLUTONISM IN SUMATRA 329

Norm: OGR Incorporating all other published ages from

100 , , , ! i , , i i , ! i w exposed plutons in western Sumatra (Fig. 8), a
"ALL" SAMPLES
further plutonic event in the Permian (?287-
256 Ma) is indicated. Furthermore, either the
Jurassic plutonism began in the Late Triassic, or
,& alternatively there were two distinct magmatic
episodes, one in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic
d (220-183 Ma) and one in the Mid-Jurassic to Early
Cretaceous (170-130Ma). The latter suggestion
is preferred because the ages correspond to
similar cycles of plutonism in peninsular Malaysia,
peninsular Thailand and Burma (Cobbing et al.
1992).
.01 I I I I I 1 t I i I I I |

(a) Sr KzO Fib Ba Th Ta Nb Oe HI Zr Sm Y Yb

Episodic plutonism in Sumatra:
Norm: MOFIB
1000 i i w , i i i , I ! ! 1 , , r , , ! ! ! i ~ a plate tectonic model
"ALL" SAMPLE S
Episode A (?287-256 Ma)
100
K A discontinuous Lower-Middle Permian volcanic
arc is present as an elongate fault-bounded strip
along the western edge of the Mergui microplate
"-- x
1D -.~ and is interpreted to be subduction related (Katili
1973; Pulunggono & Cameron 1984). Palaeonto-
logical evidence from sediments associated with
the andesitic volcanics indicates a warm climate
and Cathaysian affinities, in contrast to the
Gondwana characteristics of the remainder of
the Mergui microplate sedimentary sequences
.01 i i t i i i l i l i i l i , i l | | i i t i

R b B a T h U K N b L a C e S r N d H f Z r S m E u Ti G d B y Y E r Y b Lu
(Fomaine & Gafoer 1989). The volcanics and
(b) associated sediments are accordingly interpreted as
Fig. 7. Multi-element spider diagrams for the south a separate terrane, probably an oceanic arc, that was
Sumatra Barisan granitoids, normalized to (a) oceanic subsequently accreted to the Mergui continental
ridge granite and (b) mid-ocean ridge basalt. Area in margin (cf. Wajzer et al. 1991) through northerly
between solid lines shows compositional field of all directed subduction and the closure of a marginal
samples (n = 54). ocean basin in the Late Permian or, more likely,
Early Triassic. A single K-At age of 248 _+ 10 Ma
from these Lower to Middle Permian volcanics in
Sumatra (Nishimura et al. 1978) may approximate
from any obvious faults, shears, solution planes to the age of collision and accretion. The Sibolga
or sizeable dykes. The limitations and pitfalls of and Ombilin granites, with ages of 287-256 Ma,
K-Ar dating are well known to the authors, in may represent plutonism associated with this Late
particular that plutons or intrusive bodies dated Palaeozoic subduction but their present position
by a single sample should not be considered to be is probably exotic.
reliably dated. Most of the quoted ages are either
from duplicate samples and/or mineral pairs and are
Episode B (224-180 Ma)
considered reliable and interpreted as intrusive
ages. In addition, the plutonic episodes discussed The collision and accretion of the Permian
below (A-F) have ages which are in close agree- (Peusangan-Palepat) volcanic arc is interpreted
ment with those from other regional studies using to be part of a major terrane amalgamation event,
Rb-Sr mineral and whole rock isochron dating that included the collision of the continental East
techniques in addition to K-Ar methods (Cobbing Malaya and West Malaya (Sibumasu) Blocks along
et al. 1992). the Bentong-Raub Line (suture) in the earliest
At least four periods of plutonic activity have Triassic. The extensive granitic, S- and I-type,
been identified: Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism of peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and
(203-130 Ma), Middle to Late Cretaceous (117- the Indonesian tin-islands was a direct consequence
80 Ma), Early Eocene (?60-50 Ma) and Miocene- of this collision (Mitchell 1977). Granite ages range
Pliocene (20-5 Ma) as outlined in Table 1. from 250-195 Ma but the majority are c. 220 Ma
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016

330 W.J. McCOURT E T A L .

A MID - LATE PERMIAN ARC

B ( LATE ) TRIASSIC - EARLY JURASSIC ARC

C MID - JURASSIC - EARLY CRETACEOUS ARC

D MID- LATE CRETACEOUS ARC

E EOCENE ARC

F NEOGENI5ARC

30--
O

_Z
5: (E)
2o

c~ (F)
~ o ) c> ::iiiiiiiiiiiYiiiSiiiiiJJ
~o
(A)
~i iiiiiiiiiiJ :::::::::::::::::::::::
I I
1o 30 50 70 100 130 150 200 250
PLUTON AGES ( M a )

Fig. 8. Histogram of available plutonic ages from Sumatra, incorporating this study and previously published data.

(Cobbing et al. 1992) suggesting that most of the

plutonism was post-orogenic. In addition, a partly
coeval plutonic arc of subduction related I-type
granitoids can now be identified in western
Sumatra (219 _+4 to 183 _+ 13 Ma). Plutons of this
subduction-related arc intrude Palaeozoic meta-
sediments of the West Malaya (Sibumasu) terrane
deformed by the collision, supporting an Early
Triassic suturing age. Thus it is tentatively
suggested that the Early Mesozoic plutonism may
in fact be made up of two separate magmatic
events: an Early Triassic event dominated by
collision-related crustal S- and I-type granites in
peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and the Indonesian
tin-islands, and a Late Triassic to Early Jurassic
(220-180 Ma) post-collisional event. The latter is
represented by an I-type plutonic arc in western
Sumatra (Episode B) and coeval S-type and crustal
I-type granitic magmatism in the Main Range
Province, Indonesian tin-islands and eastern
Sumatra (Episode B1). This magmatism was
probably related to tectonic release and adiabatic
decompression, with resulting anatexis, in the
back-arc region, with granites channelled along
deep-seated faults. A postulated change in the con-
vergence angle of the oceanic plate resulted in a
more oblique subduction regime in the Early
Jurassic that brought the Episode (B-B 1) plutonism
to an end and resulted in transpressional strike-slip
along the Sundaland continental margin which was
taken up along older fault structures.
Episode C ( 1 6 9 - 1 2 9 Ma)
Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plutonism
in Sumatra is represented by an extensive I-type,
subduction-related belt (Bungo batholith, Sulit Air
suite) focused along the western edge of the Mergui
microplate broadly coincident with, but laterally
more extensive than, the Episode B plutonic belt.
The plutonism appears to have been channelled
along the junction between the Permian volcanic
arc and the Palaeozoic continental margin meta-
sediments, interpreted as an Early Triassic suture.
This period of plutonism is correlated with north-
west-directed subduction beneath the Sundaland
continental margin, in line with postulated north-
westward spreading based on identified sea floor
magnetic anomalies in the eastern Indian Ocean
(Patriat & Achache 1984). This plutonic arc may
also extend north into the Shan scarp region of
Burma on the basis of limited geochronological
evidence (Cobbing et al. 1992). Episode C pluton-
ism terminated in the latest Early Cretaceous (or
early Middle Cretaceous) following the collision,
accretion and local obduction of the allochthonous
Woyla terranes of southern Sumatra, some 125 Ma
ago (McCourt et al. 1993). These ophiolitic rocks
can be correlated with similar rocks in western
Burma (Mawgyi andesites), Tibet (Donqiao ophio-
lite) and possibly SE Kalimantan (Alino Formation
and Meratus ophiolite), and it is likely that they
represent fragments of an oceanic arc system that
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016
MESOZOIC---CENOZOIC PLUTONISM IN SUMATRA
collided with, and was thrust over, the continental
margin of Sundaland at this time (cf. Mitchell
1993).
Episode D (120-75 Ma)
Subsequent to the accretion event, possible north-
directed subduction was reestablished and I-type
granitoid magmas were emplaced into the now
cratonized Woyla microplate, with the majority
of the plutons focused along the main suture line
and related faults (Sikuleh granite, Manunggal
batholith, Ulai intrusion, Garba pluton, Sulan
pluton). Based on Mitchell (1993), it is probable
that this subduction-related arc extends north into
Burma west of the Sagaing Fault, where the oldest
dated plutons are of mid-Cretaceous age. This
western Burma Arc (?equivalent to the Central
Valley Province of Cobbing et al. (1992)) is made
up of I-type granodioritic to tonalitic plutons, with
K-Ar ages of 106+7, 103+4, 9 8 + 4 , 9 4 + 4
and 91 __.8 Ma, and like its Sumatran equivalent
intrudes a sequence of deformed oceanic rocks,
basaltic andesites and basalt pillow lavas, the
Mawgyi andesites (Mitchell 1993). Broadly con-
temporaneous plutonism is also recorded from the
Western Province of Thailand and Burma (Cobbing
et al. 1992) and corresponds to a mixed population
of I- and S-type granites with high initial ratios
indicative of a significant crustal component in
most cases. Clarke & Beddoe-Stephens (1987)
proposed that this belt of Upper Cretaceous S- &
I-type crustal granites also extends into eastern
Sumatra, as indicated by the 80 Ma Hatapang
granite. It is suggested that this plutonism was
related to anatexis, the result of crustal thickening
accompanying thrusting that was contemporaneous
with subduction and VAG, I-type magmatism in the
Central Valley Province and western Sumatra.
Middle to Late Cretaceous magmatism continued
northwards through the Mogok Belt into Assam
(Mitchell 1993) and reported ages of 113-82 Ma on
the Gandise batholith in Tibet (Debon et al. 1986)
may indicate a further extension of this plutonism.
The general absence of plutonic rocks with ages
in the range 75-60 Ma, coincides with the well
documented latest Cretaceous deformation
throughout this region, including Sumatra (de
Coster 1974; Hamilton 1979; Cameron et al. 1980;
Pulunggono & Cameron 1984). Exactly why
plutonism ceased is not clear. The model proposed
here involves a suggested change from high angle
to oblique subduction along the continental margin,
related to a change in oceanic spreading patterns
and plate configurations, that resulted in the
accretion of a continental sliver, the West Sumatra
terrane. This terrane is now present as a series
of fragments such as Sikuleh, Natal and possibly
331
Bengkulu (Fig. 2) that correspond to the southerly
extension of the West Burma terrane of Metcalfe
(1994). Much of the evidence for this event, how-
ever, has since been destroyed during tectonism and
disruption related to the Early Tertiary collision
of India and Eurasia.
Episode E (60-?50 Ma)
Following the Late Cretaceous deformation event,
a new subduction regime was established along
the continental margin of Sumatra as evidenced by
a short-lived but extensive plutonic episode from
60-50 Ma (Episode E). This I-type, VAG plutonic
arc (Lassi pluton, Nagan granodiorite etc.) was
superimposed on the earlier Cretaceous and
Jurassic arcs via deep-seated older fault structures
in the continental margin which acted as magma
conduits. Limited regional evidence suggests that
this mainly Early Eocene (57-52 Ma) plutonism
extends into Burma and Thailand where it is of
combined I- & S-type character (Cobbing et al.
1992; Mitchell 1993). It is suggested that this
plutonic episode was brought to an end by the
Middle Eocene collision of India and Eurasia at
about 50 Ma, approximating to the timing of
proposed ophiolite emplacement in the Indo-
Burman Ranges of western Burma (Mitchell 1993).
A further important consequence of the collision of
India and Eurasia was the indentation and related
deformation of the Lower Tertiary margin of Asia
and the probable extrusion and clockwise rotation
of much of SE Asia, including Sumatra. The shape
of this margin prior to collision was, as suggested
by Tapponnier et al. (1986), a simple slightly
convex line extending from Sumatra to the western
Makran. As a preliminary model it is proposed that
this margin was characterized by a series of sub-
parallel, outwardly younging plutonic belts repre-
senting prolonged convergence and subduction-
related plutonism, along the margin, from the Early
Mesozoic to the Early Tertiary.
Episode F (30-0 Ma)
Subsequent to the India-Eurasia collision, and a
related major reorganization of plate motions
and spreading patterns in the Indian Ocean, NNE
directed subduction was established along the
Sundaland margin. Available plutonic ages from
Burma, 38 + 1 Ma (Mitchell 1993) suggest that
subduction-related activity was taking place along
the margin by the Early Oligocene, although
plutonism in Sumatra was apparently not estab-
lished until the Early Miocene (Episode F). Wajzer
et al. (1991) reported Late Oligocene ages (30-
28 Ma) from the Air Bangis granite of central
Sumatra, but concluded that these plutons, and
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016

332 W.J. McCOURT ET AL.

/'),
J !
./
/
~ • (
/

\
v x
v
'/+~L .3
. + )

I
I

GRANITE PROVINCES

EASTERN, I - type of
Permian - Triassic age
r~ MAIN RANGE, S - type
of dominantly Triassic age
WESTERN, I & S-type of
Jurassic - Cretaceous & Tertiary age
~] ENTRAL VALLEY, I - type
Mid - Late Cretaceous age

q 0 ~

0 400km
L I

Fig. 9. The main granite provinces of SE Asia, modified from Cobbing et al. (1992) for Sumatra. Inset shows the
principal tectonostratigraphic terranes of SE Asia based on Metcalfe (1988, 1990).
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016

MESOZOIC---CENOZOIC PLUTONISM IN SUMATRA 333

contemporaneous volcanics of the Langsat volcanic
arc, had formed elsewhere along the Sundaland
margin and were tectonically juxtaposed against
the Woyla Group of Sumatra sometime prior to the
Middle Miocene. Rock et al. (1983) proposed that
the Langsat Volcanics were of Palaeogene age, a
conclusion confirmed by Wajzer et al. (1991), who
assigned them a Late Eocene to Early Oligocene
age on the basis of whole rock K-Ar dates (40-
38 _+ 1 Ma). Thus the proposed age of the Air
Bangis plutonism is almost identical to that noted
above from Burma. The younger dates (30-28 Ma)
from the Air Bangis granites could therefore reflect
their collision with and accretion to the Sumatran
margin and this could relate to the proposed mid-
Oligocene collisional event responsible for the
recorded inversion in the forearc basins of Sumatra
and Java as proposed by Daly et al. (1991).
Following this mid-Oligocene event, widespread
andesitic volcanism was established in Sumatra and
the main Neogene magmatism of the Barisan arc
was initiated. Subduction-related VAG plutonism
was widespread by the end of the Early Miocene
and in the Middle Miocene the entire Barisan
arc became volcanic. Middle Miocene to Early
Pliocene, I-type granitoid plutons are essentially
confined to the western Barisan Ranges in Sumatra,
focused along the Semangko Fault strand of the
SFS, approximately coinciding with the exposed
western limits of the Upper Mesozoic Woyla
terranes and the main axis of the Upper Oligocene
volcanic arc. The Neogene plutonic episode is also
recorded from the Burma Arc and possibly the
Mogok Belt (Mitchell 1993).
Conclusions
It is proposed that the Mesozoic-Cenozoic
plutonic evolution of Sumatra was episodic and
that five plutonic episodes can be recognized: Late
Triassic-Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Early
Cretaceous, Middle Cretaceous-Late Cretaceous,
Early Eocene and Miocene-Pliocene. Each episode
was dominated by I-type, subduction-related
plutonism. Granitoids from different episodes are
very similar petrographically and geochemically
and are of VAG character. This is interpreted to
mean that Sumatra has been the site of an active
convergent margin and of long-lived subduction,
albeit episodic, since the Early Mesozoic. The
majority of the plutonic episodes identified from

N [~ MID- LATE
(EUR)ASIA , . ~ X __ ~ "J CRETACEOUS ARC

._4_ ,~• ~ ,~ -----<._×

- - - . . - , < ,~ ;"..... :"- .>----------~.. |
~, --.<.:-.>..'a.:~.: . : .-. , ~ ...........
• ",": ~ " . : '.:.' '.... I

, ,-~!...:.;.,.....,

,/f \k "

Fig. 10. Cartoon, not to scale, illustrating a possible plate-tectonic setting along part of the Asian margin prior to
the Eocene collision of India (modified from Metcalfe (1990). SE Asian terranes as follows: SC, South China;
C, Qiangtang; I, Indochina/East Malaya; L, Lhasa; S, Sibumasu; WB, West Burma; WY, Woyla.
 Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ at Pennsylvania State University on February 20, 2016
334 W.J. McCOURT ET AL,
Sumatra can be recognized, albeit in disrupted
form, throughout m u c h of SE Asia (Fig. 9). Thus
the Triassic to Early Jurassic plutonism correlates
with the Eastern and Main Range Granite Provinces
of Thailand and Malaysia, whereas the Middle
Jurassic and Cretaceous plutonism can be corre-
lated with a combination of the Western and
Central Valley Provinces of Thailand and Burma.
It is suggested as a preliminary model that prior to
the Eocene collision of India the Sundaland margin
was orientated approximately W N W and made up
of a series of outwardly younging subduction-
related plutonic arcs (Fig. 10), some of which
probably extended along the southern margin of the
Asian plate. The present distribution and geometry
of these arcs in SE Asia is the result of the effects
of the collision of India and Eurasia, i.e. inden-
tation, extrusion and strike-slip faulting, as pre-
dicted by the model of Tapponnier et al. (1982,
1986). The more recent major dextral strike-slip
m o v e m e n t s along the SFS and related master faults
outside of Sumatra, the onset of which coincided
with the opening of the A n d a m a n Sea c. 11 Ma ago
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