IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 23, No. 3; June 2016 1453

'HQRLVLQJRI$FRXVWLF3DUWLDO'LVFKDUJH6LJQDOV&RUUXSWHG
ZLWK5DQGRP1RLVH


 
 
&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW
4DWDU8QLYHUVLW\'RKD4DWDU

DQG
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
$PHULFDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6KDUMDK6KDUMDK8$(


3RZHUWUDQVIRUPHUVDUHRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDQGH[SHQVLYHHOHFWULFDOHTXLSPHQW
WKDW UHTXLUH RQOLQH FRQGLWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ 3DUWLDO GLVFKDUJH 3' PHDVXUHPHQW LV
FRQVLGHUHGWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHDQGQRQGHVWUXFWLYHDSSURDFKWRREVHUYHWKHFRQGLWLRQRI
SRZHU WUDQVIRUPHUV LQ VHUYLFH +RZHYHU PDQ\ VRXUFHV RI QRLVH LQWHUIHUH ZLWK WKH
FDSWXUHG 3' VLJQDOV OHDGLQJ WR ZDYHIRUP GHIRUPDWLRQ 7KXV LW LV LPSRUWDQW IRU WKH
GHWHFWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI 3' VLJQDOV WR LQLWLDOO\ VXSSUHVV WKH QRLVH HQFRXQWHUHG
ZLWK 3' PHDVXUHPHQW ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH LQYHVWLJDWH D PHWKRG QDPHG SRZHU VSHFWUDO
VXEWUDFWLRQGHQRLVLQJ366'WKDWXVHVIDVW)RXULHUWUDQVIRUPWRUHVWUDLQWKHUDQGRP
QRLVH HQFRXQWHUHG LQ PHDVXUHG DFRXVWLF 3' VLJQDOV 7KH GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI
366'LVFRPSDUHGZLWKWKRVHRIZDYHOHWEDVHGGHQRLVLQJWHFKQLTXHVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKH
PDWKHPDWLFDOPRUSKRORJLFDOILOWHU7KHGHQRLVLQJWHFKQLTXHVDUHILUVWH[DPLQHGRQ3'
VLJQDOV FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK ORZ DQG KLJK OHYHOV RI VLPXODWHG UDQGRP QRLVH 7KH
GHQRLVLQJ HYDOXDWLRQ PHWULFV VKRZ WKH VXSHULRULW\ RI 366' RYHU WKH RWKHU WHFKQLTXHV
0RUHRYHU D PRGLILHG 366' 0366' PHWKRG LV SUHVHQWHG WR DGGUHVV WKH DFWXDO 3'
VLJQDOV FRUUXSWHG ZLWK UHDO UDQGRP QRLVH +LJK UHGXFWLRQ LQQRLVH OHYHOV DUHDFKLHYHG
XVLQJ0366'
,QGH[7HUPV²3DUWLDOGLVFKDUJHVLJQDOUDQGRPQRLVH:DYHOHWVKULQNDJHGHQRLVLQJ
SRZHUVSHFWUDOVXEWUDFWLRQGHQRLVLQJQRLVHSRZHUVSHFWUXPHVWLPDWLRQ

 !"  DQG QRLVH VLJQDO LV D FKDOOHQJLQJ WDVN 7KXV UHOLDEOH DQG
HIILFLHQW GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRGV VKRXOG EH HPSOR\HG WR GHQRLVH
3$57,$/ GLVFKDUJH 3' PHDVXUHPHQW LV ZLGHO\
UHFRJQL]HG DV RQH RI WKH PRVW HIIHFWLYH DQG QRQGHVWUXFWLYH
VWUDWHJLHV IRU RQOLQH FRQGLWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ RI SRZHU
WUDQVIRUPHUV 7KH GHWHFWLRQ RI WKH 3' VRXUFHV DQG ORFDWLRQV
FDQ KHOS ZLWK WDNLQJ WKH DSSURSULDWH DFWLRQV WR UHPHG\ WKH
GDPDJH DQG KHQFH NHHS WKH SRZHU JULG IURP WKH SURVSHFWLYH
WKH PHDVXUHG 3' VLJQDOV IURP WKH FRXSOHG H[WHUQDO
LQWHUIHUHQFHV
7KHUH DUH IRXU PDLQ W\SHV RI QRLVH WKDW FRXSOH LQWR RQOLQH
3' VHQVRUV 7KHVH QRLVHV DUH FDWHJRUL]HG WR ZKLWH QRLVH
UDQGRP QRLVH UHSHWLWLYH SXOVHVKDSHG QRLVH DQG GLVFUHWH
EUHDNGRZQ 0RUHRYHU WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ RI 3' VLJQDOV LV
EHQHILFLDO WR LGHQWLI\ WKH GHIHFWV VXFK DV YRLGV VKDUS SRLQWV
DQG FUDFNV ,PSURYLQJ 3' GHWHFWLRQ DQG FODVVLILFDWLRQ ZLOO
HQKDQFH WKH QHZ WUHQG LQ PDLQWHQDQFH SUDFWLFH E\ UHSODFLQJ
WKHFODVVLFDOWLPHEDVHGPDLQWHQDQFHZLWKWKHFRQGLWLRQEDVHG
PDLQWHQDQFH>@>@
+RZHYHU QXPHURXV VRXUFHV RI QRLVH LQWHUIHUH ZLWK WKH
PHDVXUHG 3' VLJQDOV OHDGLQJ WR GHIRUPDWLRQ LQ LWV ZDYHIRUP
VKDSH 6XFK D FRPPRQ SUREOHP ZLWK RQOLQH GHWHFWLRQ
EHFRPHVVHULRXVZKHQWKH3'VLJQDOLVFRPSOHWHO\LPPHUVHG
LQQRLVH,QWKLVFDVHWKHGLVFULPLQDWLRQEHWZHHQWKH3'VLJQDO
Manuscript received on 27 July 2015, in final form 16 November 2015,
accepted 16 December 2015.
DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2015.005532
VSHFWUDOLQWHUIHUHQFHV'6,V>@>@,QSUDFWLFHWKHFDSWXUHG
3' VLJQDOV DUH SURQH WR UDQGRP SXOVHV IURP OLJKWQLQJ
VZLWFKLQJ RSHUDWLRQV DQG 5) FRURQD UHOHDVHG IURP +9
HTXLSPHQW >@ 0HDQZKLOH WKH IUHTXHQF\ VSHFWUXP
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ERWK 3' VLJQDO DQG UDQGRP QRLVH DUH TXLWH
VLPLODU>@7KXVH[WUDFWLQJWKH3'SXOVHVIURPWKHHPEHGGHG
UDQGRPQRLVHLVDFKDOOHQJLQJWDVN
0DQ\ VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG
DQG XWLOL]HG LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI 3' VLJQDO GHQRLVLQJ 6RPH RI
WKHVHWHFKQLTXHVFDQEHFRQGXFWHGLQWLPHGRPDLQIUHTXHQF\
GRPDLQ DQG WLPHIUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQ 7KH WLPH GRPDLQEDVHG
GHQRLVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DUH UDUHO\ XVHG VLQFH WKH\ UHTXLUH SULRU
NQRZOHGJH RI WKH QRLVH ZKLFK LV QRW XVXDOO\ DYDLODEOH LQ
SUDFWLFDOVLWXDWLRQV>@2QWKHRWKHUKDQGIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQ

1454 R. Hussein et al.: Denoising of Acoustic Partial Discharge Signals Corrupted with Random Noise

EDVHG WHFKQLTXHV LQFOXGLQJ WKH GHVLJQ RI GLJLWDO ILOWHUV OLNH #$  %"&' &!($
ILQLWH DQG LQILQLWH LPSXOVH UHVSRQVH ILOWHUV DQG IDVW )RXULHU )")
WUDQVIRUP))7WKUHVKROGPHWKRGVDUHXWLOL]HGWRDGGUHVVWKH
QDUURZEDQG QRLVHV VXFK DV '6,V >@ 7KHVH WHFKQLTXHV KDYH
WKH PHULW RI ORZ FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRPSOH[LW\ KRZHYHU WKH\
KDYH OLPLWDWLRQV LQ UHDOWLPH RSHUDWLRQV EHFDXVH RI WKH WLPH
YDU\LQJQDWXUHRIQRLVH>@
7R DVVHVV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRGV 3'
VLJQDOV FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK VLPXODWHG QRLVH DUH H[DPLQHG DW
GLIIHUHQW QRLVH OHYHOV 0RUHRYHU WHVWV DUH FRQGXFWHG RQ DFWXDO
PHDVXUHG3'VLJQDOVFRUUXSWHGE\UHDOQRLVH7KHVHWXSVKRZQ
LQ)LJXUHLVXWLOL]HGWRJHQHUDWHDQGPHDVXUHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRI
$OWHUQDWLYHO\ZDYHOHWWUDQVIRUP:7KDVEHHQSURSRVHGWR
DFRXVWLF3'VLJQDOV)LJXUHDVKRZVDQH[DPSOHRIQRLVHIUHH
DGGUHVV WKH GUDZEDFNV RI WLPH DQG IUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQEDVHG
3' VLJQDOV ZKLOH )LJXUH F DQG G LOOXVWUDWH WZR H[DPSOHV RI
GHQRLVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV DV :7 FDQ FRQVHUYH ERWK WLPH DQG
DFWXDO3'VLJQDOVFRUUXSWHGZLWKUHDOUDQGRPQRLVH
IUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQ LQIRUPDWLRQ 6HYHUDO :7EDVHG GHQRLVLQJ
PHWKRGV DUH UHSRUWHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH >@ >@ ,QLWLDOO\ WKH
DXWKRUV LQ >@ >@ KDYH SURSRVHG DQ HIILFLHQW DSSURDFK
QDPHGZDYHOHWWKUHVKROGGHQRLVLQJ7KLVPHWKRGLVVLPSOHDQG
FRPSXWDWLRQDOO\ HIILFLHQW KRZHYHU LW \LHOGV D FRQVLGHUDEOH
GLVWRUWLRQ LQ WKH 3' SXOVH VKDSH 7KHQ D PHWKRG QDPHG
DXWRPDWHG ZDYHOHW VHOHFWLRQ DQG WKUHVKROGLQJ $:67 LV
SURSRVHG LQ >@ WR VHOHFW WKH RSWOLPDO PRWKHU ZDYHOHW EDVHG
RQ WKH FURVV FRUUHODWRLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH ZDYHOHW EDVLV DQG WKH
3' VLJQDO XQGHU VWXG\ ,Q >@ D PHWKRG EDVHG RQ PXOWL
UHVROXWLRQVLJQDODQDO\VLVLVSURSRVHGWRVXSSUHVVDOOW\SHVRI
QRLVHVDQGLQWHUIHUHQFHV,WVKRZVDVXSHULRUSHUIRUPDQFHHYHQ
LIWKH3'VLJQDOLVEXULHGLQVHYHUHQRLVH,Q>@WKHDXWKRUV
H[WHQGHG WKHLU ZRUN LQ >@ WR DOVR FRQVLGHU WKH RSWLPDO
ZDYHOHWGHFRPSRVLWLRQOHYHOEDVHGRQWKHHQHUJ\GLVWULEXWLRQ 
RI ZDYHOHW VXEEDQGV 7KH VXEEDQGV RI ORZ HQHUJLHV DUH )LJXUH/DERUDWRU\6HWXS
QHJOHFWHGDQGWKRVHRIKLJKHQHUJLHVDUHWUXQFDWHG
7KH DXWKRUV LQ >@ GHPRQVWUDWHG KRZ WR LPSOHPHQW WKH
GLVFUHWH ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP ':7 WR UHMHFW WKH SXOVHOLNH
0.01

D
QRLVH LQ RQVLWH VLWXDWLRQV +RZHYHU WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRG LV 0

DSSOLHG LQ DQ LWHUDWLYH PDQQHU ZKLFK VHULRXVO\ LQFUHDVHV WKH -0.01

FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRPSOH[LW\ (QHUJ\ %DVHG :DYHOHW 6HOHFWLRQ -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-4
x 10
(%:6 PHWKRG LV SURSRVHG LQ >@ WR VHOHFW WKH RSWLPDO E
Magnitude (V)

0.1

ZDYHOHW OLEUDU\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH HQHUJ\ FULWHULD 8QOLNH WKH

$:67WKHRSWLPDOZDYHOHWEDVLVDWVFDOHŒLVLGHQWLILHGDVWKH
0

RQH WKDW SURGXFHV DSSUR[LPDWLRQ VXEEDQG ZLWK HQHUJ\ -0.1

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

SHUFHQWDJH KLJKHU WKDQ WKRVH SURGXFHG E\ RWKHU ZDYHOHWV 0.04

F
-4
x 10

0RUH LQWHUHVWLQJO\ D SURPRVLQJ GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRG EDVHG RQ 0.03

0.02

PDWKHPDWLFDO PRUSKRORJLFDO ILOWHU 00) LV LQWURGXFHG LQ 0.01

>@WRDGGUHVVERWKZKLWHDQGUDQGRPQRLVHVPL[HGZLWK3' 0

VLJQDOV
-0.01
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Time (Sec)

-4

,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH LQYHVWLJDWH WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI D GHQRLVLQJ

x 10

PHWKRG QDPHG SRZHU VSHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ GHQRLVLQJ 366'
WR UHVWUDLQ WKH UDQGRP QRLVH HQFRXQWHUHG ZLWK WKH PHDVXUHG
DFRXVWLF 3' VLJQDOV 6SHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ LV D IUHTXHQF\
GRPDLQEDVHGGHQRLVLQJWHFKQLTXHZKLFKLVFRPPRQO\XVHGLQ
WKH FRQWH[W RI VSHHFK SUHSURFHVVLQJ >@ >@ 7R RXU
NQRZOHGJH WKLV LV WKH ILUVW WLPH 366' LV HPSOR\HG WR UHILQH
WKH 3' VLJQDOV FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK UDQGRP QRLVH 7KH
SHUIRUPDQFH RI 366' LV H[DPLQHG RQ WZR 3' VLJQDOV RI
)LJXUH  D 1RLVHIUHH 3' VLJQDO E DQG F /DERUDWRU\PHDVXUHG 3'
VLJQDOVFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKUHDOUDQGRPQRLVH
$QRLOILOOHGWDQNZLWKPൈPൈPGLPHQVLRQVLVXVHGWR
VLPXODWH WKH WUDQVIRUPHU LQVXODWLRQ V\VWHP 7KH KLJK YROWDJH
VRXUFH LV N9 P$ +] $& WHVWHU 7KH KLJK YROWDJH
VRXUFHLVFRQQHFWHGWRDQHOHFWURGHV\VWHPWKDWLVDGMXVWDEOHWR
JHQHUDWHWKH3'VLJQDOV
GLIIHUHQW VLJQDOWRQRLVH UDWLRV 615V 7KH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI 7KHXVHGDFRXVWLFHPLVVLRQ$(VHQVRUKDVDEDQGZLGWKRI
WKH SURSRVHG 366' LV YHULILHG XVLQJ IRXU HYDOXDWLRQ PHWULFV N+]ZLWKDUHVRQDQFHIUHTXHQF\RIN+]7KHGDWD
ZKHUH LWV GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH LV FRPSDUHG WR D DFTXLVLWLRQ HTXLSPHQW LV D  0+] EDQGZLGWK RVFLOORVFRSH
FRQYHQWLRQDO:7PHWKRGQDPHG5LJVXUH(%:6DQG00) LQWHUIDFHGZLWK0DWODE70ZLWKVDPSOLQJIUHTXHQF\VHWWR0
)XUWKHUPRUHZHGHYHORSDPRGLILHG366'0366'PHWKRG VDPSOHVHFIRUDZLQGRZRIVDPSOHVߤVHF7KH$(
WR GHQRLVH DFWXDO 3' VLJQDOV SROOXWHG ZLWK UHDO QRLVH ,Q WKLV VHQVRU LV IL[HG RQ WKH WDQN
V ZDOO ZLWK D PDJQHWLF KROGHU ,Q
UHJDUG D SRZHU VSHFWUXP HVWLPDWRU QDPHG PLQLPXP PHDQ DGGLWLRQ VLOLFRQH JUHDVH LV DSSOLHG EHWZHHQ WKH WDQN VXUIDFH
VTXDUH HUURU 006( LV XWLOL]HG WR HYDOXDWH WKH QRLVH SRZHU DQG $( VHQVRU WR LQFUHDVH WKH TXDOLW\ RI WKH WUDQVIHUUHG $(
VSHFWUXPGHQVLW\36' VLJQDODQGUHGXFHWKHUHIOHFWLRQVRQWKHFRQWDFWLQWHUIDFH
 
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 23, No. 3; June 2016 1455

/& 6&$"  )RUWKHDFRXVWLF3'VLJQDOVFRUUXSWHGZLWKVLPXODWHGQRLVH

! ( WKH 36' RI WKH GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDO ‫ݖ‬ሺ݅ሻ FDQ EH REWDLQHG DV
IROORZV
8QOLNH WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO LPSOLFDWLRQ RI VSHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ ଶ ଶ ଶ
LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI ZKLWH QRLVH VXSSUHVVLRQ >@>@ WKH หܼሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ൌ หܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห െ หܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห  
SURSRVHG PHWKRG SURYHV LWV HIIHFWLYHQHVV WR UHVWUDLQ UDQGRP ଶ
QRLVH 0RUHRYHU WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI 366' LV FRPSXWDWLRQDOO\ ZKHUHหሺ‡୨ன ሻห LVWKH36'RIWKHGHQRLVHG3'VLJQDO
HIILFLHQW VLQFH WKH RQO\ FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRVW LV LQFXUUHG LQ 7KHIUHTXHQF\VSHFWUXPRIWKHGHQRLVHG3'VLJQDOሺ‡୨ன ሻ
FRPSXWLQJ WKH ))7 ZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ LWV ORZ LV REWDLQHG E\ FRPSXWLQJ WKH VTXDUH URRW RI LWV 36'
FRPSXWDWLRQDOFRPSOH[LW\>@ PXOWLSOLHG E\ WKH SKDVH RI WKH QRLVHFRUUXSWHG 3' VLJQDO
$ PHDVXUHG DFRXVWLF 3' VLJQDO SROOXWHG ZLWK DQ Ԅሺሺ‡୨ன ሻሻVXFKWKDW
HQYLURQPHQWDOQRLVHFDQEHUHSUHVHQWHGE\ ܼሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ ൌ หܼሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห݁ ௝థሺ௑ሺ௘
ೕഘ ሻሻ
 
‫ݔ‬ሺ݅ሻ ൌ ‫ݏ‬ሺ݅ሻ ൅ ‫ݒ‬ሺ݅ሻǡ݅ ൌ Ͳǡͳǡʹǡ ‫ ڮ‬ǡ ܰ 
7KHGHQRLVHG3'VLJQDO‫ݖ‬ሺ݅ሻFDQEHREWDLQHGE\DSSO\LQJ
ZKHUH‫ݔ‬ሺ݅ሻLVWKHFDSWXUHGQRLV\3'VLJQDO‫ݏ‬ሺ݅ሻLVWKHRULJLQDO
QRLVHIUHH3'VLJQDO‫ݒ‬ሺ݅ሻLVWKHQRLVHVLJQDO݅LVWKHGLVFUHWH
WLPHDQGܰLVWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVHVLJQDOV
/&!'  "&!($6
)"$!! ) 
$VVXPLQJ WKDW WKH RULJLQDO 3' VLJQDO DQG WKH LQWHUIHULQJ
QRLVH DUH XQFRUUHODWHG ZKLFK LV RIWHQ WKH FDVH LQ 3'
WKHLQYHUVHGLVFUHWH)RXULHUWUDQVIRUP,')7WRWKHVSHFWUXP
ܼሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ
/#)&!'  "&!($6
$! ) 
0366' LV SURSRVHG KHUH IRU QRLVH VXSSUHVVLRQ RI 3'
VLJQDOVWKDWDUHFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKUHDOUDQGRPQRLVH'XULQJ
RQVLWH PHDVXUHPHQWV WKH FDSWXUHG 3' VLJQDOV DUH FRUUXSWHG
PHDVXUHPHQWV WKH SRZHU VSHFWUDO GHQVLW\ 36' LV REWDLQHG ZLWKUHDOQRLVHRIDQRQ\PRXVSRZHUVSHFWUXP6XFKXQNQRZQ
E\FRQGXFWLQJ))7RIERWKVLGHVRIHTXDWLRQWKDWLV>@ 36'RIWKHHPEHGGHGQRLVHVLJQDOKLQGHUVWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
ܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ ൌ ܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ ൅ ܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ  RI366'7KXVZHXWLOL]HDQRLVH36'HVWLPDWLRQPHWKRGRI
ORZFRPSOH[LW\7KHDOJRULWKPLVSUHYLRXVO\GHYHORSHGLQ>@
ZKHUH ܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ ܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ DQG ܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ DUH WKH GVFUHWH )RXULHU DQGLVEDVHGRQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDO006(HVWLPDWRURIWKHQRLVH
WUDQVIRUPV ')7V RI QRLV\ 3' QRLVHOHVV 3' DQG QRLVH
VLJQDOVUHVSHFWLYHO\߱LVWKHFRQMXJDWHYDULDEOHRI݅
0XOWLSO\LQJERWKVLGHVE\WKHLUFRPSOH[FRQMXJDWHVZHJHW
ଶ ଶ
หܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ൌ หܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ൅ หܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห
ଶ 
PDJQLWXGHVTXDUHG ')7 FRHIILFLHQWV ,Q WKLV UHJDUG WKH
DXWKRUV FRQVLGHUHG WKH QRQVWDWLRQDU\ HQYLURQPHQWDO QRLVH
ZKHUHWKHQRLVHOHYHOYDULHVRYHUWLPH
ଶ
,Q SUDFWLFH DQ HVWLPDWH RI WKH QRLVH 36' ቀॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅቁ
൅ ʹหܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻหหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห …‘•ሺߠሻ  VKRXOGEHREWDLQHGDQGWKHQVXEWUDFWHGIURPWKHFDSWXUHG3'
VLJQDO¶V36'WRJHWWKHGHQRLVHG3'VLJQDO¶V36'>@+HQFH
ZKHUH Ʌ LV WKH SKDVH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DFRXVWLF DQG QRLVH ଶ ଶ ଶ
VLJQDOV หܼሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ൌ หܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห െ ॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ 

ߠ ൌ ‫ܵס‬ሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ െ ‫ܸס‬ሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻ  6LQFHDOOWHUPVDUHH[SUHVVHGLQWHUPVRIWKHIUHTXHQF\LQGH[

7DNLQJWKHH[SHFWHGYDOXHRIERWKVLGHVZHJHW ɘ ZH OHDYH RXW WKH H[SUHVVLRQ ‡୨ன  IRU PRUH QRWDWLRQDO
ଶ ଶ ଶ VLPSOLFLW\7KDWLV
ॱ ቄหܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ ൌ ॱ ቄหܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ ൅ ॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ 
 ȁܼȁଶ ൌ ȁܺȁଶ െ ॱሼȁܸȁଶ ሽ 
൅ ॱ൛ʹหܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻหหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห …‘•ሺߠሻൟ
)RU WKH ')7 FRHIILFLHQWV RI QRLV\ 3' VLJQDO ሺܺሻ DQG QRLVH
7KXV
VLJQDO ሺܸሻ WKH\ FDQ EH UHSUHVHQWHG LQ SRODU QRWDWLRQ WR
ଶ ଶ ଶ 
ॱ ቄหܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ ൌ ॱ ቄหܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ  ൅ ॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ IDFLOLWDWH WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO GHULYDWLRQV LH ܺ ൌ ‫ ݁ܯ‬௝ஏ DQG
 ܸ ൌ ܴ݁ ௝஍  UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH D SULRUL 615 DQG D SRVWHULRUL
൅ ʹॱ൛หܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻหൟॱ൛หܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻหൟॱሼ…‘•ሺߠሻሽ ఙೄమ ȁ௑ȁమ
615DUHWKHQGHILQHGE\ߙ ൌ మ DQGߚ ൌ మ UHVSHFWLYHO\
)RU366'WKHSKDVHRIWKHRULJLQDO3'VLJQDODQGQRLVHVLJQDO ఙೇ ఙೇ

DUHLQGHSHQGHQWRIHDFKRWKHUV7KXVॱሼ…‘•ሺߠሻሽ ൌ ͲKHQFH $V LOOXVWUDWHG LQ >@ WKH 006( HVWLPDWRU RI ܸ ଶ  LV WKHQ
ଶ ଶ ଶ
GHILQHGE\WKHFRQGLWLRQDOH[SHFWDWLRQॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺሽ8VLQJ%D\HV¶
ॱ ቄหܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ ൌ ॱ ቄหܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ ൅ ॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ  UXOHॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺሽLVGHILQHGDV
ାஶ ଶగ 
7KXV ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݂௑ȁோǡ஍ ሺ‫ݔ‬ȁ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߮ሻ݂ோǡ஍ ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߮ሻ ݀߮݀‫ݎ‬
ଶ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ॱሼܸ ȁܺሽ ൌ ାஶ ଶగ  
หܺሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ൌ หܵሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ൅ หܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห   ‫׬‬଴ ‫׬‬଴ ݂௑ȁோǡ஍ ሺ‫ݔ‬ȁ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߮ሻ݂ோǡ஍ ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߮ሻ ݀߮݀‫ݎ‬
ଶ ଶ ଶ
ZKHUHหሺ‡୨ன ሻห หሺ‡୨ன ሻห DQGหሺ‡୨ன ሻห DUHWKH36'RIWKH &RQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHSUREDELOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQIXQFWLRQ3')RI
QRLV\ 3' VLJQDO QRLVHIUHH 3' VLJQDO DQG QRLVH VLJQDO WKH QRLV\ 3' DQG QRLVH¶V ')7 FRHIILFLHQWV DUH *DXVVLDQ
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KHQ
 
1456 R. Hussein et al.: Denoising of Acoustic Partial Discharge Signals Corrupted with Random Noise

ͳ ʹ‫•‘… ݉ݎ‬ሺ߮ െ ߰ሻ െ ݉ଶ െ ‫ ݎ‬ଶ  5LJVXUH DQG (%:6 UHVSHFWLYHO\ DV ZHOO DV 00) 7KH
݂௑ȁோǡ஍ ሺ‫ݔ‬ȁ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߮ሻ ൌ ଶ ‡š’
ሺ ଶ ሻ  DGDSWLYH WKUHVKROG VHOHFWLRQ XVLQJ WKH SULQFLSOH RI 6WHLQ¶V
ߨߪௌ ߪௌ
XQELDVHGULVNHVWLPDWH5LJVXUHLVIRXQGWREHRQHRIWKHPRVW
DQG UREXVW FRQYHQWLRQDO ZDYHOHWEDVHG GHQLVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV >@
‫ݎ‬ െ‫ ݎ‬ଶ  ,QZKLFKDVFDOHGHSHQGHQWWKUHVKROGGHWHUPLQDWLRQPHWKRGLV
݂ோǡ஍ ሺ‫ݎ‬ǡ ߮ሻ ൌ ଶ ‡š’ሺ ଶ ሻ  SURSRVHG WR UHVWUDLQ WKH QRLVH FRPSRQHQWV DW HDFK VFDOH
ߨߪ௏ ߪ௏
LQGLYLGXDOO\ 3' VLJQDOV FRUUXSWHG ZLWK VLPXODWHG DQG UHDO
6XEVWLWXWLQJ HTXDWLRQ  DQG  LQWR HTXDWLRQ  DQG UDQGRPQRLVHVDUHH[DPLQHGDWGLIIHUHQWQRLVHOHYHOV
XVLQJ>@JLYHV
0DQ\SHUIRUPDQFHHYDOXDWLRQPHWULFVDUHXWLOL]HGWRDVVHVV
ͳ ߙ  WKH GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI DOO GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRGV 7KHVH
ॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺሽ ൌ ൬ ൅ ൰ ȁܺȁଶ 
ሺͳ ൅ ߙሻ ଶ ሺͳ ൅ ߙሻߚ  PHWULFV DUH VLJQDOWRQRLVH UDWLR RI WKH GHQRLVHG VLJQDO
ሺܴܵܰ஽ ሻURRWPHDQVTXDUHHUURUሺܴ‫ܧܵܯ‬ሻEHWZHHQWKHRULJLQDO
7KHH[SHFWDWLRQRIHTXDWLRQLVFRPSXWHGZLWKUHVSHFW
DQG GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDOV FURVV FRUUHODWLRQ FRHIILFLHQW ሺܴ௦௭ ሻ
WRܺVXFKWKDWॱ௑ ൛ॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺሽൟ ൌ ߪ௏ଶ  EHWZHHQ WKH RULJLQDO DQG GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDOV DQG WKH
$ FRQYHQWLRQDO HVWLPDWRU RI ߙ LV GHPRQVWUDWHG LQ >@ UHGXFWLRQLQQRLVHOHYHOሺܴܰ‫ܮ‬ሻ7KHVHPHWULFVDUHGHILQHGDV
ZKHUH WKH DXWKRUV KDYH GLYLGHG WKH WLPH VHULHV VLJQDO LQWR
σே௜ୀଵȁ‫ݏ‬ሺ݅ሻȁ
ଶ 
VXFFHVVLYH DQG RYHUODSSLQJ WLPH IUDPHV 7KHQ WKH D SULRUL ܴܵܰ஽ ൌ ͳͲ Ž‘‰ 
σே 
௜ୀଵȁ‫ݖ‬ሺ݅ሻ െ ‫ݏ‬ሺ݅ሻȁ
ଶ
615 RI WKH FXUUHQW WLPHIUDPH ݅ LV FRPSXWHG EDVHG RQ WKH
QRLVH36'RIWKHSUHFHGLQJIUDPHWKDWLV 
ே
ȁܺሺ߱ǡ ݅ሻȁଶ  ͳ 
ߙොሺ߱ǡ ݅ሻ ൌ ݉ܽ‫ ݔ‬ቆ െ ͳǡ Ͳቇ ܴ‫ ܧܵܯ‬ൌ ඩ ෍ȁ‫ݖ‬ሺ݅ሻ െ ‫ݏ‬ሺ݅ሻȁଶ 
෢ଶ ሺ߱ǡ ݅ െ ͳሻ
ߪ  ܰ
௏ ௜ୀଵ

$VVXPLQJWKDWॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺǢߙොሽGHQRWHVWKHHVWLPDWRURIHTXDWLRQ ேି௡ିଵ

EDVHGRQߙොLQHTXDWLRQWKHHVWLPDWHGQRLVHYDULDQFH 
෪ଶ LVGHILQHGDV ܴ௦௭ ൌ ෍ ‫ݏ‬ሺ݅ሻ ‫ݖ‬ሺ݅ ൅ ݊ሻ 
GHQRWHGE\ߪ ௏ ௜ୀ଴
෪ଶ ൌ ॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺǢߙොሽ
ߪ  ே
௏
ͳ 
7KXVWKHHVWLPDWHGQRLVH36'LVGHILQHGDV ܴܰ‫ ܮ‬ൌ ͳͲ Ž‘‰ ෍ȁ‫ݔ‬ሺ݅ሻ െ ‫ݖ‬ሺ݅ሻȁଶ  
ଶ
ܰ
෪ଶ ൌ ܰǤ ॱሼܸ ଶ ȁܺǢߙොሽ
ॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ ൌ ܰǤ ߪ  ௜ୀଵ
௏
ଶ ,Q JHQHUDO WKH EHVW GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRG VKRXOG \LHOG KLJKHU
7KHQ VXEVWLWXWLQJ ZLWK ॱ ቄหܸሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቅ LQ HTXDWLRQ  WR JHW
ܴܵܰ஽  KLJKHU ܴ௦௭  KLJKHU ܴܰ‫ ܮ‬DQG ORZHU ܴ‫ ܧܵܯ‬WKDQ WKH
ଶ
WKH 36' RI WKH GHQRLVHG VLJQDO ቀหܼሺ݁ ௝ఠ ሻห ቁ DQG KHQFH RWKHUPHWKRGV
REWDLQLQJWKHGHQRLVHGVLJQDOXVLQJHTXDWLRQDQG,')7
7KHSURSRVHG0366'PHWKRGFRPSULVHVWZRPDLQVLJQDO
SURFHVVLQJ VWDJHV )LUVW WUDQVIRUPLQJ WKH FDSWXUHG 3' VLJQDO
WR WKH IUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQ XVLQJ ))7 ZKLFK LV SURYHQ WR EH
FRPSXWDWLRQDOO\ HIILFLHQW 6HFRQG WKH HPSOR\HG QRLVH 36'
HVWLPDWRU \LHOGV DQ RSWLPDO WUDGHRII EHWZHHQ QRLVH WUDFNLQJ
SHUIRUPDQFH DQG FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRPSOH[LW\ ,Q WKLV UHJDUG D
ORZ±FRPSOH[LW\DQGDFFXUDWHZHLJKWLQJIXQFWLRQLVGHULYHGWR
HVWLPDWH WKH QRLVH 36' 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG ':7 LPSOLFDWHV
WKUHH PDLQ VWDJHV ZKLFK DUH ZDYHOHW GHFRPSRVLWLRQ
VKULQNDJH DQG UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ 7R VXIILFLHQWO\ HQKDQFH WKH
GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI ':7 EDVHG GHQRLVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV
DQ DGDSWLYH ZDYHOHW VKULQNDJH PRGDOLWLHV VKRXOG EH
LQWURGXFHG ZKLFK VHULRXVO\ LQFUHDVHV WKH FRPSXWDWLRQDO
FRPSOH[LW\ $OWKRXJK WKH 00) \LHOGV DQ DXVSLFLRXV
GHQRLVLQJSHUIRUPDQFH WKH UHFXUVLYHRSHUDWLRQV WRGHILQH WKH
7! ("$ '($6
)"$! 
7KH 366' GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRG LV D VSHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ
DSSOLFDWLRQ WR FOHDQ WKH QRLV\ 3' VLJQDOV FRUUXSWHG ZLWK
UDQGRP QRLVH 7KH PHWKRG LV H[DPLQHG RQ 3' VLJQDOV
FRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWQRLVHOHYHOV7KHGHQRLVLQJUHVXOWV
DUH FRPSDUHG WR WKRVH RI 5LJVXUH (%:6 DQG 00) )LUVW
366'LVWHVWHGRQ3'VLJQDOVRIKLJK615VZKHUHWKHVLJQDO
LV SROOXWHG ZLWK D ORZOHYHO QRLVH ,Q KLV FDVH WKH QRLVH
RYHUODSV ZLWK WKH VLJQDO VXFK WKDW GHIRUPLQJ LWV VKDSH
KRZHYHUWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHRULJLQDO3'VLJQDOLVVWLOOFOHDU
6HFRQGO\366'LVWHVWHGRQ3'VLJQDOVFRQWDPLQDWHGE\KLJK
OHYHOQRLVHZKHUHWKH3'VLJQDOLVHQWLUHO\EXULHGLQQRLVH
)LJXUH D VKRZV DQ H[HPSODU\ QRLVHIUHH 3' VLJQDO 7ZR
GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI VLPXODWHG UDQGRP QRLVH DUH DGGHG WR WKLV
VLJQDOWRWXUQRXWWZRQRLV\3'VRIG%DQGG%615VDV
RSWLPDO QXPEHU RI ILOWHUV PLJKW KLQGHU WKH UHDOWLPH VKRZQ LQ ILJXUHV E DQG E UHVSHFWLYHO\ )LJXUHV EH
DSSOLFDWLRQV>@ GHPRQVWUDWH WKH GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI 5LJVXUH (%:6
00)DQG366'DWORZQRLVHOHYHO615 G%,WLVREVHUYHG
WKDW 366' LV PRUH FDSDEOH RI UHVWUDLQLQJ WKH UDQGRP QRLVH
7"$!!"  WKDQ 5LJVXUH (%:6 DQG 00) )LJXUH EH GHPRQVWUDWH
7KLVVHFWLRQGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHFDSDELOLW\RIWKH366'PHWKRG WKH FDSDELOLW\ RI 366' WR GHQRLVH D 3' VLJQDO VHYHUHO\
WR GHQRLVH WKH DFRXVWLF 3' VLJQDOV FRQWDPLQDWHG E\ UDQGRP FRUUXSWHGE\UDQGRPQRLVH7KH3'VLJQDOLVWRWDOO\LPPHUVHG
QRLVH7KHGHQRLVLQJUHVXOWVRI366'DUHFRPSDUHGWRWKRVHRI LQQRLVH7KHGHQRLVHG3'VLJQDOVDUHGHSLFWHGLQ)LJXUHE
FRQYHQWLRQDO DQG UHFHQW ZDYHOHW GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRGV QDPHO\ HZKHUHWKHPLQLPXPGLVWRUWLRQLVREWDLQHGE\366'$OVR

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 23, No. 3; June 2016 1457

88# 88/
D D
88 88#
88
8
8
: &!;<9= : &!;<8=
88 &! 88 &!
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
 8 7 88#  8 7
88 E E
88
8 8
!
:
&! 
!
:
&! 

88 &! 88 &!

#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
 8 7 88#  8 7
F

)    >  
 ; ? =
F
)    >  
; ? =

88 88

8 8
!
:
&!6
!
:
&!6 88
88 &!
&!
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
88#
 8
7  8 7
G G
88 88

8 8

!
:
&!))' !
:
&!))'
88 &! 88 &!

#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
88#
 8
7
 8 7
H H
88
88

8
8
!
:
&!&!
88 &! !
:
&!&!
88 &!
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9


;
@=  8
7 #9 # 9  89 8

;
@=
89  9 #
 8
#9
7 
)LJXUH1RLVHUHGXFWLRQRI3'VLJQDOFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKORZOHYHOUDQGRP
)LJXUH1RLVHUHGXFWLRQRI3'VLJQDOFRQWDPLQDWHGZLWKKLJKOHYHOUDQGRP
QRLVH D RULJLQDO DQG QRLV\ 3' VLJQDOV 615  G% E F G DQG H
QRLVHDRULJLQDODQGQRLV\3'VLJQDOV615 െG%EFGDQGH
FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDOV XVLQJ 5LJVXUH (%:6 00) DQG
FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDOV XVLQJ 5LJVXUH (%:6 00) DQG
366'UHVSHFWLYHO\
366'UHVSHFWLYHO\

7DEOH'HQRLVLQJSHUIRUPDQFHRI5LJVXUH(%:6003DQG366'
PHWKRGVDWORZQRLVHOHYHOܴܵܰ ൌ ͷ݀‫ܤ‬ 7DEOH  'HQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI 5LJVXUH (%:6 003 DQG 366'
PHWKRGVDWKLJKQRLVHOHYHOܴܵܰ ൌ െͳͲ݀‫ܤ‬
0HWULF ܴܵܰ஽ 51/
506( ܴ௦௭ 
$SSURDFK (dB) (dB) 0HWULF ܴܵܰ஽ 51/
506( ܴ௦௭ 
5LJVXUH     $SSURDFK (dB) (dB)
5LJVXUH    
(%:6    
(%:6    
00)    
00)    
366'    
366'    
 
D FRQVLGHUDEOH SRUWLRQ RI QRLVH LV HOLPLQDWHG E\ 366'
FRPSDUHG WR 5LJVXUH (%:6 DQG 00) $OWKRXJK WKH 7#! ("$ '($6
GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI 00) DQG 366' VHHPV WR EH ERWK $ 
FRQYHUJHQW KRZHYHU 366' \LHOGV OHVV PDJQLWXGH HUURU WKDQ
00)0RUHRYHU00)LVXQDEOHWRDFFXUDWHO\UHFRYHUWKH3' 7KH GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SURSRVHG 0366'
VLJQDOVRI615OHVVWKDQG% PHWKRG LV LQYHVWLJDWHG RQ WKH 3' VLJQDOV FRUUXSWHG ZLWK UHDO
UDQGRPQRLVHZKHUHWKHQRLVHOHYHOVDUHXQNQRZQ
7KHQXPHULFDOUHVXOWVWDEXODWHGLQ7DEOHVDQGUHLQIRUFH
WKH SRWHQF\ RI 366' WR GHQRLVH 3' VLJQDOV RI ORZ DQG KLJK )LJXUHV D DQG D VKRZ WZR VDPSOHV RI DFWXDO 3' VLJQDOV
615V )LUVW 7DEOH  VKRZV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH HYDOXDWLRQ PHDVXUHGLQWKHODERUDWRU\ZKHUH)LJXUHVDDQGDLOOXVWUDWH
PHWULFVIRUD3'VLJQDORIORZQRLVHOHYHO615 G%,WFDQ WZR 3' VLJQDOV FRUUXSWHG E\ ORZOHYHO DQG KLJKOHYHO UHDO
EHQRWHGWKDW366'\LHOGVDGHQRLVHG3'VLJQDORIPLQLPXP UDQGRPQRLVHUHVSHFWLYHO\
GLVWRUWLRQ DQG KLJKHVW VLPLODULW\ WR WKH RULJLQDO VLJQDO $OVR $VGHSLFWHGLQ)LJXUHVEHLWFDQEHYLVXDOO\QRWHGWKDW
WKH PHWULFV ܴܵܰ஽  ܴ௦௭  DQG ܴܰ‫ ܮ‬WKDW REWDLQHG E\ 366' DUH WKH 0366' PHWKRG \LHOGV KLJKHU UHGXFWLRQ LQ QRLVH OHYHO
KLJKHUWKDQWKRVHREWDLQHGE\WKHRWKHUPHWKRGV WKDQWKRVHDFKLHYHGE\5LJVXUH(%:6DQG00)DQGKHQFH
/LNHZLVH7DEOHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHGHQRLVLQJUHVXOWVDFKLHYHG UHSURGXFHVWKHPRVWFOHDQVLJQDO
E\5LJVXUH(%:600)DQG366'DW615RIG%7KH 7RYHULI\WKHVWUHQJWKRI0366'LQWKHFRQWH[WRIRQVLWH
REWDLQHGGHQRLVLQJSHUIRUPDQFHVFRQILUPWKHUHOLDELOLW\RIWKH VLWXDWLRQV LWV GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH LV DOVR H[DPLQHG RQ
366' PHWKRG HYHQ LQ VHYHUH QRLV\ HQYLURQPHQWV ZKLOH WKH DQRWKHU DFWXDO 3' VLJQDO FRPSOHWHO\ LPPHUVHG LQ QRLVH DV
3'VLJQDOFDQEHUHSURGXFHGZLWKPLQLPXP506(PD[LPXP VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH D 7KH HQYLURQPHQW ZKHUH WKH 3'
ܴܵܰ஽ PD[LPXPܴ௦௭ DQGPD[LPXPUHGXFWLRQLQQRLVHOHYHO PHDVXUHPHQW ZDV FDSWXUHG KDV PDQ\ VRXUFHV RI UDQGRP

1458 R. Hussein et al.: Denoising of Acoustic Partial Discharge Signals Corrupted with Random Noise
8#
887 D
D
8
88#
8
: &!@:A>
B>:B
C
 8
: &!@:A>
B>
C


::

::

8
88#
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
887  8 7
89  8 7
8 E 88/

889 88#
E
8 88
!
:
&! 
!
:
&! 

889 ;$<#D98= ;$</F#G=

8
8
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
 8
7 887  8 7

) >
;? =
89
)   > 
;? =

F F
8 88/
889 88#
8 88
889 !
:
&!6 8 !
:
&!6
;$</89E= ;$</FFD=
8 88
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
88#  8 7
 8 7
89 G
8
G 88

889 8
8 !
:
&!))'
889 !
:
&!))' 88 ;$<7D=
;$<//8/=
8  8 /
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
7
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9  8
9
7
 8
8
H
8
H
889 9

8 8
!
:
&!&!
889 9 ;$<7#/G=
!
:
&!&!
;$<//79=

8 #9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9
#9 # 9  89 8 89  9 # #9 
;
@=  8 7

;
@=  8 7  )LJXUH  1RLVH UHGXFWLRQ RI D 3' VLJQDO FRUUXSWHG ZLWK KLJKOHYHO UHDO
)LJXUH  1RLVH UHGXFWLRQ RI D 3' VLJQDO FRUUXSWHG ZLWK ORZOHYHO UHDO UDQGRPQRLVHDQRLVHFRUUXSWHG3'VLJQDOEFGDQGHFRUUHVSRQGWR
UDQGRPQRLVHDQRLVHFRUUXSWHG3'VLJQDOEFGDQGHFRUUHVSRQG WKH GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDOV XVLQJ 5LJVXUH (%:600) DQG 0366'
WR WKH GHQRLVHG 3' VLJQDOV XVLQJ 5LJVXUH (%:6 00) DQG 0366' UHVSHFWLYHO\
UHVSHFWLYHO\

QRLVHV DQG KHQFH WKH 3' VLJQDO LV HQWLUHO\ EXULHG LQ QRLVH )XUWKHU WKH PRGLILHG 366' 0366' LV LQWURGXFHG WR
)LJXUHVEHGHQRWHWKHGHQRLVLQJUHVXOWVRI5LJVXUH(%:6 DGGUHVV WKH DFWXDO 3' VLJQDOV FRUUXSWHG ZLWK UHDO UDQGRP
00) DQG 366' UHVSHFWLYHO\ ,W FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW WKH QRLVH2QWKLVFRXQWWKHSRZHUVSHFWUXPGHQVLW\36'RIWKH
5LJVXUH ORVHV WKH RULJLQDOLW\ RI WKH 3' VLJQDO ZKLOH (%:6 UDQGRPQRLVHLVHYDOXDWHGXVLQJDQHVWLPDWRUQDPHGPLQLPXP
FDQQRWUHPRYHDOOWKHQRLVHVHPEHGGHGZLWKWKHFDSWXUHGVLJQDO PHDQVTXDUHHUURU006(7KHORZFRPSXWDWLRQDOFRPSOH[LW\
$OVR )LJXUH G LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW 00) FDQ QRW HOLPLQDWH WKH RI VXFK HVWLPDWLRQ PRGDOLW\ VXSSRUWV WKH LGHD RI LPSOHPHQWLQJ
UDQGRPQRLVHRIKLJKOHYHO00)GHSHQGVRQWKHSDUDPHWHURI 0366'LQUHDOWLPHRSHUDWLRQV:KHQFRPSDULQJWKHGHQRLVLQJ
VLJQDOWRQRLVH UDWLR LQGH[ 615, ZKLFK PD\ QRW UHIOHFW WKH UHVXOWV DFKLHYHG E\ 0366' WR WKRVH RI ZDYHOHW DQG
UHDO615RIWKHFDSWXUHGQRLV\VLJQDO2QWKHRWKHUKDQG366' PRUSKRORJLFDO ILOWHU PHWKRGV LW FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW 0366'
FDQ HIILFLHQWO\ UHVWUDLQ WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH H[LVWLQJ QRLVHV DFKLHYHVWKHKLJKHVWUHGXFWLRQLQQRLVHOHYHOV
0RUHRYHU WKH 51/ OHYHOV RI WKH GHQRL]HG VLJQDOV XVLQJ WKH
SURSRVHG0366'DUHKLJKHUWKDQWKH51/OHYHOVRIWKHRWKHU  6$!()
PHWKRGV )RU H[DPSOH )LJXUHV EH VKRZ WKDW WKH 51/ 7KLVZRUNZDVPDGHSRVVLEOHE\1353JUDQW
DFKLHYHGE\0366'LVG%ZKLOHWKH51/VDFKLHYHGE\ IURP 4DWDU 1DWLRQDO 5HVHDUFK )XQG D PHPEHU RI 4DWDU
5LJVXUH (%:6 DQG 00) DUH   DQG G% )RXQGDWLRQ 7KH VWDWHPHQWV PDGH KHUHLQ DUH VROHO\ WKH
UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KLV FRQILUPV WKH VXSHULRULW\ RI WKH SURSRVHG 0 UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHDXWKRUV
366'RYHUWKHRWKHUGHQRLVLQJWHFKQLTXHV
'
9 $" 
>@ (5 %URZQ Component Modelling in Electric Power Distribution
,Q WKLV SDSHU D IUHTXHQF\ GRPDLQEDVHG GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRG ReliabilityQGHG&5&3UHVV
QDPHG SRZHU VSHFWUDO VXEWUDFWLRQ GHQRLVLQJ 366' LV >@ < +DQ DQG 6RQJ ³&RQGLWLRQ PRQLWRULQJ WHFKQLTXHV IRU HOHFWULFDO
HTXLSPHQWDOLWHUDWXUHVXUYH\´,(((7UDQV3RZHU'HOLY9RO1R
HPSOR\HGWRVXSSUHVVWKHUDQGRPQRLVHHQFRXQWHUHGZLWKWKH SS±
3' VLJQDO PHDVXUHPHQW 366' LV ILUVW WHVWHG RQ ODERUDWRU\ >@ , 6KLP -- 6RUDJKDQ DQG :+ 6LHZ ³'LJLWDO VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ
PHDVXUHG 3' VLJQDOV FRQWDPLQDWHG ZLWK VLPXODWHG UDQGRP DSSOLHGWRWKHGHWHFWLRQRISDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHDQRYHUYLHZ´,((((OHFWU
QRLVH:KHUHLWLVH[DPLQHGRQWZRQRLV\3'VLJQDOVRIDQG ,QVXO0DJ9RO1RSS
>@ ;0D&=KRXDQG,-.HPS´,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRIZDYHOHWDQDO\VLVDQGLW
G%6157KHGHQRLVLQJSHUIRUPDQFHRI366'LVFRPSDUHG DSSOLFDWLRQLQSDUWLDOGLVFKDUJHGHWHFWLRQ´,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU
WR WKRVH RI FRQYHQWLRQDO DQG UHFHQW ZDYHOHW VKULQNDJH ,QVXO9RO1RSS
GHQRLVLQJ PHWKRGV DQG PRUSKRORJLFDO ILOWHU PHWKRG ,W LV >@ + =KDQJ 75 %ODFNEXUQ %7 3KXQJ DQG ' 6HQ ³$ QRYHO ZDYHOHW
WUDQVIRUPWHFKQLTXHIRURQOLQHSDUWLDOGLVFKDUJH PHDVXUHPHQWV3DUW
IRXQG RXW WKDW 366' \LHOGV VXSHULRU GHQRLVLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH :7GHQRLVLQJDOJRULWKP´,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU,QVXO9RO
WKDQWKHRWKHUPHWKRGV 1RSS

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 23, No. 3; June 2016 1459
>@ + =KDQJ 75 %ODFNEXUQ %7 3KXQJ DQG = /LX ³$SSOLFDWLRQ RI >@ 5& +HQGULNV 5 +HXVGHQV DQG - -HQVHQ 006( EDVHG QRLVH 36'
VLJQDO SURFHVVLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WR RQOLQH SDUWLDO GLVFKDUJH GHWHFWLRQ LQ WUDFNLQJZLWKORZFRPSOH[LW\$FRXVWLFV6SHHFKDQG6LJQDO3URFHVVLQJ
FDEOHV´,QW&RQI3RZHU6\VW7HFKQ32:(5&216LQJDSRUH9RO
1RSS
>@ ) <RX DQG < =KDQJ ´5HVHDUFK RI DQ ,PSURYHG :DYHOHW 7KUHVKROG
'HQRLVLQJ 0HWKRG IRU 7UDQVIRUPHU 3DUWLDO 'LVFKDUJH 6LJQDO´ -
0XOWLPHG9RO1RSS
>@ *.RQLJDQG.)HVHU´$1HZ'LJLWDO)LOWHUWR5HGXFH3HULRGLF1RLVH
LQ 3DUWLDO 'LVFKDUJH 0HDVXUHPHQWV´ ,QW¶O 6\PSRV +LJK 9ROWDJH (QJ
,&$663,(((,QW¶O&RQISS
>@ , *UDGVKWH\Q DQG , 5\]KLN Table of Integrals, Series and Products,
New York: AcademicWKHG
>@ < (SKUDLP DQG ' 0DODK ³6SHHFK HQKDQFHPHQW XVLQJ D PLQLPXP
PHDQVTXDUHHUURUVKRUWWLPHVSHFWUDODPSOLWXGHHVWLPDWRU´,(((7UDQV
$FRXVW 6SHHFK 6LJQDO 3URFHVVLQJ 9RO  1R  SS ±

,6+1HZ2UOHDQV86$9RO1RSS 
>@ 6 0DOODW DQG :/ +ZDQJ´6LQJXODULW\ GHWHFWLRQ DQG SURFHVVLQJ ZLWK 
ZDYHOHWV´(((7UDQV,QI7KHRU\9RO1RSS
>@ ' / 'RQRKR ³'HQRLVLQJ E\ 6RIW7KUHVKROGLQJ´ ,((( 7UDQV ,QI
7KHRU\9ROSS
>@ '/'RQRKRDQG,0-RKQVWRQH´$GDSWLQJWR8QNQRZQ6PRRWKQHVV
YLD :DYHOHW 6KULQNDJH´ - $PHU 6WDWLVW $VVRF 9RO  SS 

>@ ; 0D & =KRX DQG ,- .HPS ´$XWRPDWHG ZDYHOHW VHOHFWLRQ DQG
5DP\ +XVVHLQ 6¶ ZDV ERUQ LQ $OH[DQGULD (J\SW LQ
 +H UHFHLYHG KLV %6F DQG 06F GHJUHHV IURP WKH
FROOHJHRIHQJLQHHULQJ$OH[DQGULD8QLYHUVLW\(J\SWLQ
DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\+HZRUNHGIRURQH\HDUDVDWHDFKLQJ
DVVLVWDQWDW$OH[DQGULD8QLYHUVLW\7KHQ+HZRUNHGIRUWKUHH
\HDUV DV D UHVHDUFK DVVLVWDQW DW FRPSXWHU VFLHQFH DQG
HQJLQHHULQJGHSDUWPHQW4DWDU8QLYHUVLW\,Q'HFHPEHU
WKUHVKROGLQJIRU3'GHWHFWLRQ´,((((OHFWU,QVXO0DJ9RO1R
SS
>@ / 6DWLVK DQG % 1D]QHHQ ³:DYHOHWEDVHG GHQRLVLQJ RI SDUWLDO
GLVFKDUJH VLJQDOV EXULHG LQ H[FHVVLYH QRLVH DQG LQWHUIHUHQFH´ ,(((
7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU,QVXO9RO1RSS±
>@ ; =KRX & =KRX DQG ,- .HPS ³$Q LPSURYHG PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU
5DP\KDVMRLQHGWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%ULWLVK&ROXPELD8%&WR
SXUVXH KLV 3K' VWXGLHV LQ WKH HOHFWULFDO DQG FRPSXWHU
HQJLQHHULQJ+LVUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQWKHWKHRU\DQGDSSOLFDWLRQVRIVWDWLVWLFDOVLJQDO
SURFHVVLQJ LQ SDUWLFXODU QRQVWDWLRQDU\ VLJQDO DQDO\VLV +H LV LQWHUHVWHG LQ
GHYHORSLQJPHWKRGVIRUHIILFLHQWVLJQDOGHQRLVLQJGHWHFWLRQDQGFODVVLILFDWLRQ


DSSOLFDWLRQ RI ZDYHOHW WUDQVIRUP WR SDUWLDO GLVFKDUJH PHDVXUHPHQW GH
QRVLQJ´,(((7UDQV'LHOHFWU(OHFWU,QVXO9RO1RSS±

>@ + =KDQJ 75 %ODFNEXUQ %7 3KXQJ DQG ' 6HQ ´$ QRYHO ZDYHOHW
WUDQVIRUP WHFKQLTXH IRU RQOLQH SDUWLDO GLVFKDUJH PHDVXUHPHQWV 2QVLWH
QRLVH UHMHFWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ´ ,((( 7UDQV 'LHOHFWU (OHFWU ,QVXO 9RO
1RSS
>@ -/L7-LDQJDQG6*U]\ERZVNL´6FDOH'HSHQGHQW:DYHOHW6HOHFWLRQ
IRU 'HQRLVLQJ RI 3DUWLDO 'LVFKDUJH 'HWHFWLRQ´ ,((( 7UDQV 'LHOHFWU
(OHFWU,QVXO9RO1RSS
.KDOHG %DVKLU 6KDEDQ 0¶60¶  UHFHLYHG WKH 3K'
GHJUHH LQ  IURP WKH 'HSDUWPHQW RI (OHFWULFDO DQG
&RPSXWHU (QJLQHHULQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DWHUORR :DWHUORR
&DQDGD +LV UHVHDUFK H[SHULHQFH LQ DFDGHPLF DQG LQGXVWULDO
LQVWLWXWLRQVFRYHUVDYDULHW\RIGRPDLQVLQLQWHOOLJHQWV\VWHPV
DSSOLFDWLRQDQGGHVLJQ+HLVFXUUHQWO\DQ$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU
LQ WKH &RPSXWHU 6FLHQFH DQG (QJLQHHULQJ 'HSDUWPHQW
&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ4DWDU8QLYHUVLW\'RKD4DWDU


>@ 0%$VKWLDQL DQG 60 6KDKUWDVK ³)HDWXUHRULHQWHG 'HQRLVLQJ RI
3DUWLDO 'LVFKDUJH 6LJQDOV (PSOR\LQJ 0DWKHPDWLFDO 0RUSKRORJ\
)LOWHUV´ ,((( 7UDQV 'LHOHFWU (OHFWU ,QVXO 9RO  1R  SS 

>@ 6 ) %ROO ³6XSSUHVVLRQ RI DFRXVWLF QRLVH LQ VSHHFK XVLQJ VSHFWUDO
VXEWUDFWLRQ´,(((7UDQV$FRXVW6SHHFK6LJQDO3URFHVV9RO1R
SS
>@ 6 9 9DVHJKL Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise
ReductionQGHG1HZ<RUN86$:LOH\
>@ & 9DQ /RDQ Computational Frameworks for the Fast Fourier
Transform6,$0
>@ ´6SHFWUDO6XEWUDFWLRQ%DVLFV´GHDEUXQHODFXN
$\PDQ+(O+DJ6¶0¶60¶UHFHLYHGKLV%6DQG
06 GHJUHH IURP .LQJ )DKG 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 3HWUROHXP DQG
0LQHUDOV DQG KLV 3K' IURP WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DWHUORR LQ
  DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\ +H MRLQHG WKH 6DXGL
7UDQVIRUPHU&RDVD4XDOLW\&RQWURO(QJLQHHUIURPWLOO
)URP-DQXDU\WLOO-XQH'U(O+DJZRUNHGDVD
3RVWGRFWRUDO IHOORZ DW WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :DWHUORR WKHQ KH
MRLQHG WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7RURQWR DV D 3RVWGRFWRUDO IHOORZ
EHWZHHQ-XO\WLOO-XO\&XUUHQWO\'U(O+DJLVDQ
$VVRFLDWH SURIHVVRU LQ WKH HOHFWULFDO HQJLQHHULQJ GHSDUWPHQW DW WKH $PHULFDQ
8QLYHUVLW\ RI 6KDUMDK $OVR 'U (O+DJ LV DQ DGMXQFW $VVRFLDWH SURIHVVRU DW WKH
8QLYHUVLW\RI:DWHUORR'U(O+DJPDLQDUHDVRILQWHUHVWDUHFRQGLWLRQPRQLWRULQJ
DQGGLDJQRVWLFVRIHOHFWULFDOLQVXODWLRQDQGSXOVHSRZHUDSSOLFDWLRQVLQ ELRORJLFDO
V\VWHPV