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Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, 24, 1-24 1
REVIEW ARTICLE

Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip: A

Review

Zahra Ayati1, Mohammad Sadegh Amiri2, Mahin Ramezani3, Elahe Delshad4, Amirhossein Sahebkar*,5,6,7
and Seyed Ahmad Emami1,8

1
Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 2Department
of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran; 3Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences,
Mashhad, Iran; 4Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical
Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 5Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
6
Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
7
School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; 8Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharma-
cy, Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract: Background: The fruit of genus Rosa, known as "rose hip", is frequently used in different traditional
medicines. Rose hips have long been used to treat kidney stones, gastroenteric ailments, hypertension and respira-
tory problems such as bronchitis, cough and cold.
Aim: This review is focused on the ethnopharmacological uses of rose hip as well as phytochemical and pharma-
cological aspects.
ARTICLE HISTORY Results: Ethno-medical uses of rose hip have been recorded in many countries since a long time. Approximately,
129 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from rose hip. This fruit contains some major active
Received: September 4, 2018 components such as flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, fatty oil, organic acids and inorganic
Accepted: October 6, 2018 compounds. Scientific studies have suggested a wide range of pharmacological activities for rose hip including
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, cardioprotective,
DOI: antiaging, anti H. pylori, neuroprotective and antinociceptive activities. In particular, the rose hip powder and
10.2174/1381612824666181010151849   extract have been reported to exert therapeutic effects on arthritis.
Conclusion: Some of the ethnomedical indications of rose hip, such as nephroprotective and gastroproetctive
actions, have been confirmed by preclinical pharmacological studies. Additional investigations on the pharmaco-
logical effects of rose hip as well as evidence from randomized controlled trials are essential to assess the
therapeutic value of this natural product.
Keywords: Rosa canina, cornuside, anti-cancer, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, liver and kidney protection, osteoarthritis, linoleic acid,
quercetin, palmitic acid, shikmic acid, apigenin, catechin, β- naringenin hexoside, rose hip, R. multiflora, Rosaceae.

1. INTRODUCTION
The genus Rosa is one of the most widespread members of the
Rosaceae family with more than 100 species. Rose hip (which is
also called rose haw) is a good source of different types of micronu-
trients (vitamins) and phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, tan-
nins and flavonoids. Rose hip has a long history of traditional uses
in folk medicine. Rose hip has been used for the treatment of sever-
al illnesses including ear, nose and throat problems. In the tradi-
tional European folk medicine, rose hip has been used as a laxative,
diuretic, anti-gout and anti-rheumatism medication [1].
To extend our view towards future indications of rose hip for
medicinal and clinical purposes, we reviewed traditional applica-
tions of Rosa spp. fruits and also clinical properties and pharmaco-
logical potentials of rose hip in various ethnomedical systems.
Besides the traditional uses, Rosa spp. exhibits various phar-
macological properties. Several in vitro and in vivo pharmacologi-
cal studies and clinical trials have confirmed the traditional uses of
rose hip. These studies are also discussed in this review.
*Address corrrespondence to this author at the Neurogenic Inflammation
Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;
E-mail: amir_saheb2000@yahoo.com
2. PHYTOCHEMICALS OF ROSE HIP
According to the phytochemical reports on rose hips, many
categories of phytochemicals have been identified, the most widely
known are anthocyanisn, phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acids,
hydroxycinnamic acids), tannins (hydrolysable tannins and ellag-
itannins), flavanols, flavonoids (dihydrochalcone), stilbenoid, ca-
rotenoids, chlorins, organic acids, sugars, fatty acids, galactolipid
(monogalactosyldiacyl glycerol), tocopherols and vitamins (Tables
1, 2). The total phenolic contents in 25 rose hip fruit types was in
the range of 20.1 to 32.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and Rosa
canina fruit. Flavanols are the main phenolic class in most of the
species. Fatty acid analyses show that rose hips contain nine major
fatty acids. The major fatty acid in all rose hip species is α-linolenic
acid followed by palmitic and linoleic acids. Rose hips contain
several elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn [2] (Table 1).
Interestingly, rose hip is also known as a rich source of vitamin C
[3]. High amounts of ascorbic acid and carotenoids in the powder
from pulp with skin and vitamin E in seeds make rosehip a good
antioxidant. Rose hip has been suggested as a supplement for me-
dicinal and prophylactic purposes in conditions such as deficiency
of vitamins C and E [4]. Currently, oral and topical products of rose
hip that are mainly derived from R. canina are produced and used.

1381-6128/18 $58.00+.00 © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers

2 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

Table 1. The main phytochemicals of rose hip.

Phytochemical class Components Refs.

anthocyanin cyanidine-3-glucoside, hydroxycinnamic acid and derivatives (3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid [2, 5, 6]

phenolic acid and derivatives 1, 2, 5-p-coumaroylquinic acid 1, 2, p-coumaric acid hexoside 1, 2, sinapic acid hexoside 1, 2

hydroxybenzoic acids and derivatives( ellagic acid pentoside 1-3, methyl ellagic acid 1-2, methyl ellagic acid pento-
side, methyl gallate acetyl dihexoside, methyl gallatehexoside, methyl gallate rutinoside
[2]
Methyl gallate 3-O-beta-glucoside)
Taxifolin pentoside,

flavanols (+)-catechin, catechin hexoside, PA dimer 1-5, PA trimer 1-8, PA tetramer, PA dimer monoglyc1-3, PA dimer glyc [2, 6]
1-4, (–)-Epicatechin

flavonols Isorahmnetin-3-rhamnoside, kaempferol derivative, quercetin-3-arabinofuranoside, quercetin-3-arabinopyranoside, [2, 6]

quercetin-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucuronide, quercetin-3-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-
rutinoside, quercetin-3-xyloside, quercetin-3-o-rutinoside, quercetin glucurinide, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin
hexoside, quercetin pentoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin rhamnoside, kaempferol rhamnosyl-hexoside

flavonol-glycoside quercetin, quercitrin [7]

dihydrochalcone-glycoside Phloridzin [7]

flavanones eriodictyol hexoside 1, 2 , naringenin hexoside 1-5, hesperidin [2]

flavone apigenin derivative 1, 2 [2]

carotenes lycopene, beta-carotene, beta-chryptoxanthin, rubixanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein, epimers of neochrome [2, 8, 9]

Fatty oil linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid [10]

flavonoids isoquercetin, kempferol, rutin, quercetin, hyperoside and tiliroside [11]

galactolipids

sugars and organic acids glucose, fructose, sucrose, citric acid, malic acid, quinic acid, tartaric acid, shikmic acid, fumaric acid, ascorbic acid [2]

tanins Elagitanins [5]

triterpenoids

phytosterols

vitispiran [11]

inorganic compounds nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc [4]

vitamines folates, K, ascorbic acid, vitamin E [12]

Table 2. Chemical structure of hips of Rosa species.

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

phenolic acids

R. canina [5-14]

1 gallic acid
R. sempervirens [15]

R. canina [5-14]

2 protocatechuic acid
R. sempervirens [15]

3 salicylic acid R. canina [5]

(Table 2) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 3

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

[13, 14,
4 vanillic acid R. canina
16]

5 methyl gallate R. canina [5]

6 syringic acid R. canina [14]

R. canina [13]
7 ferulic acid
R. sempervirens [15]

8 caffeic acid R. canina [14]

R. canina [13]
9 p-hydroxybenzoic acid
R. sempervirens [15]

methyl gallate 3-O-β-

10 R. canina [5]
glucoside

R. canina [5, 14]

11 ellagic acid
R. sempervirens [15]

hyxdroxy benzoic acids

R. rugosa
12 ellagic acid pentoside1–3 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
13 ellagic acid hexoside1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
14 methyl ellagic acid pentoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
15 methyl gallate acetyl di hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
16 methyl gallate hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
17 methyl gallate rutinoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
18 methyl gallate pentoside [17]
R. canina

(Table 2) Contd….
4 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

hydroxyl cinnamic acids

R. rugosa
19 3-feruloyl quinic acid [17]
R. canina

3-p-coumaroyl quinic R. rugosa

20 [17]
acid R. canina

4-p-coumaroyl quinic R. rugosa

21 [17]
acid R. canina

5-p-coumaroyl quinic R. rugosa

22 [17]
acid R. canina

R. rugosa
23 p-coumaric acid hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
24 sinapic acid hexoside [17]
R. canina

trans-5-caffeoylquinic
R. rugosa
25 acid (neochlorogenic [17]
R. canina
acid)

cis-5-caffeoylquinic R. rugosa
26 [17]
acid R. canina

R. rugosa
27 4-caffeoyl quinic acid [17]
R. canina

3-caffeoyl quinic acid R. rugosa

28 [17]
(chlorogenic acid) R. canina

(Table 2) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 5

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

hydrolysable tannins

R. rugosa
29 digalloyl HHD phexoside 1-4 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
30 trigalloyl hexoside 1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
31 trigalloyl HHDP hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
32 tri gallquinic acid [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
33 di-HHDP glucose1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
34 digalloyl hexoside1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
35 digalloyl quinicacid1–3 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
36 galloylbis HHDP glucose 1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
37 HHDP di galloyl glucose isomer1-3 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
38 HHDP galloyl hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
39 HHDP glucose isomer [17]
R. canina

ellagi tannins

40 tellimagrandin I R. canina [5]

41 tellimagrandin II R. canina [5]

(Table 2) Contd….
6 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

gall=

42 rugosin A: R1= O-gall, R2= H R. canina [5]

43 rugosin B: R1= H, R2= OH R. canina [5]

gall=

44 rugosin D: R1= O-gall, R2= H R. canina [5]

45 rugosin E: R1= H, R2= OH R. canina [5]

Flavonoids

R. canina [5-14]

46 catechin R. sempervirens
[15]

47 epicatechin R. canina [13]

(Table 2) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 7

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

R. rugosa
48 catechin hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
49 PA dimer1–5 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
50 PA trimer1–8 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
51 PA tetramer [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
52 PA dimermonoglyc1–3 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
53 PA dimerdiglyc 1–4 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
54 dimer PA monogallate [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
55 isorhamnetin pentoside1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
56 isorhamnetin-3-rhamnoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
57 isorhamnetin hexoside [17]
R. canina

58 kaempferol: R1= OH, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5=H, R6= OH R. canina [5, 18]

R. rugosa
59 kaempferol derivative [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
60 kaempferol-acetyl hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
61 kaempferol-acetyl hexoside rhamnoside [17]
R. canina

R. canina [13, 17]

62 kaempferol 3-O-glucoside: R1= O-glucoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5=H, R6= OH R. rugosa [17]

R. sempervirens [15]

kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide: R1= O-glucuronide, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5=H, R6= OH R. rugosa
63 [17]
R. canina

[5, 14,
64 quercetin: R1= OH, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH R. canina
18]

R. rugosa [17]

65 quercetin-3-O-glucoside (isoquercetin): R1= O-glucoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH [13, 17,
R. canina
18]

R. sempervirens [15]

R. rugosa
66 quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside: R1= O-arabinofuranoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
67 quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside: R1= O-arabinopyranoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
68 quercetin-3΄-glucuronide: R1= OH, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= glucuronide, R6= OH [17]
R. canina

(Table 2) Contd….
8 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

R. rugosa [17]

[5, 13,
69 quercetin-3-O-galactoside (hyperoside): R1= O-galactoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5=OH, R6= OH R. canina
17, 18]

R. sempervirens [15]

R. rugosa
70 quercetin-3-glucuronide: R1= O- glucuronide, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
[17]
R. canina
71 quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (quercitrin): R1= O-rhamnoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH
R. canina [5, 13]

R. sempervirens [15]

R. rugosa [17]

[14, 17,
R. canina
20]
72 quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin): R1= O-rutinoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH
R. micrantha [20]

R. canina [5, 18]

R. rugosa
73 quercetin-3-xyloside: R1= O- xyloside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OH, R6= OH [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
74 quercetin-acetyl hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
75 quercetin-hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
76 quercetin-galloylhexoside 1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
77 quercetin-rhamnosyl hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
78 eriodictyol hexoside 1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
79 naringenin hexoside 1–5 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
80 taxifolin pentoside 1–3 [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
81 taxifolin di-pentoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
82 dihydrokaempferol hexoside [17]
R. canina

R. rugosa
83 apigenin derivative1, 2 [17]
R. canina

R. canina
84 eriodictyol hexoside [20]
R. micrantha

R. canina
85 isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside: R1= O-rutinoside, R2= H, R3= OH, R4= H, R5= OMe, R6= OH [20]
R. micrantha

R. canina [13]

86 amentoflavone
R. sempervirens [15]

(Table 2) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 9

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

R. rugosa
87 phloridzin [17]
R. canina

R. canina [14]

88 myricetin
R. damascena [16]

89 spiraeoside R. canina [5]

90 astragalin R. canina [5]

91 tiliroside R. canina [5, 18]

R. canina [17, 6]

R. micrantha [6]

92 cyanidin 3-O-glucoside

R. rugosa [17]

Stilbenoid

R. rugosa
93 resveratrol derivative [17]
R. canina

Carotenoids

[12, 17,
R. rugosa
94 lycopene 9]

R. canina [12, 9]

R. rugosa [17]

95 β-carotene
[12, 17,
R. canina
9]

(Table 2) Contd….
10 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

96 lutein R. canina [9]

97 zeaxanthin R. canina [9]

98 rubixanthin R. canina [9]

99 neochrome R. canina [9]

Chlorins

100 chlorophyll a R. canina [12]

101 chlorophyll b R. canina [12]

organic acids

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
102 oxalic acid [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
103 tartaric acid [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
101 malic acid [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

(Table 2) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 11

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
105 citric acid [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
106 succinic acid [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
107 fumaric acid [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

R. rugosa
108 shikimic acid [17]
R. canina

109 quinic acid R. canina [13]

Sugars

R. pimpinellifolia [19]

R. villosa [19]
110 fructose
R. canina [12, 19]

R. dumalis [19]

R. pimpinellifolia [19]

R. villosa [19]
111 glucose
R. canina [12, 19]

R. dumalis [19]

R. pimpinellifolia [19]

R. villosa [19]

R. canina [12, 19]

112 sucrose

R. dumalis [19]

113 trehalose R. canina [12]

R. pimpinellifolia
R. villosa
114 sorbitol [19]
R. canina
R. dumalis

115 raffinose R. canina [12]

(Table 2) Contd….
12 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

No. Name of compounds Structures Species Refs.

fatty acids

R. agrestis [20]

[10, 20,
R. canina
21]

R. dumalis [10, 20]

116 palmitic acid
R. rubiginosa [20]

R. villosa [10, 20]

R. pulverulenta [10]

R. pisiformis [10]

R. agrestis [20]

[10, 20,
R. canina
21]

R. dumalis [10, 20]

117 linolenic acid
R. rubiginosa [20]

R. villosa [10, 20]

R. pisiformis [10]

R. pulverulenta [10]

R. agrestis [20]

R. canina [20, 21]

118 linoleic acid R. dumalis [20]

R. rubiginosa [20]

R. villosa [20]

R. agrestis [20]

[20,
R. canina
211]
119 oleic acid
R. dumalis [20]

R. rubiginosa [20]

R. villosa [20]

R. agrestis [20]

R. canina [20, 21]

120 stearic acid R. dumalis [20]

R. rubiginosa [20]

R. villosa [20]

121 arachidonic acid R. canina [21]

R. agrestis

R. canina

122 arachidic acid R. dumalis [20]

R. rubiginosa

R. villosa

R. agrestis

R. canina

123 erucic acid R. dumalis [20]

R. rubiginosa

R. villosa

(Table 2) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip
No. Name of compounds
Galactolipid
(2S)-1, 2-di-O-[(9Z,
12Z, 15Z)-octadeca-9,
12, 15-
124
trienoyl]-3-O−β-D-
galactopyranosy glycerol
(GOPO®)
tocopherols and vitamins
125 α-tocopherol
126 β-tocopherol
127 γ-tocopherol
128 δ-tocopherol
129 ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
3. ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ETHNOMEDICINAL USES
The fruits (hips) of different species of Rosa genus (family:
Rosaceae) have a long history of traditional use in folk medicine in
different parts of the world. The fruits of R. canina, the most fa-
mous species of the Rosa genus, have notable ethnobotanical and
traditional medicinal properties. It is a well-documented plant in the
European and Asian Traditional Medicine (Table 3). In Germany,
consumption of R. canina hips, known as Hakeputten, is believed to
prevent flu and colds [23]. In Romania, R. canina fruits commonly
known as "Stropacui" are used as a remedy for diarrhea [24]. Addi-
tionally, R. canina hips are used as a substitute for tea as well as
making syrup, jam and flour substitute by Hungarian ethnic groups
living in the Carpathian Basin [25]. Several species of this genus
(11 taxa) are used in Turkish traditional medicine. For example, the
hips of some of these species are known to treat cold and bronchi-
tis: R. canina L., R. dumalis Bechst., R. heckeliana Tratt. and R.
phoenicia Boiss. Moreover, the fruits of R. foetida Herrm., R. galli-
ca L. and R. pisiformis (H.Christ) Sosn. displayed laxative activity.
In Turkey and Canada, hips of R. gymnocarpa Nutt. ex Torr. &
A.Gray, R. nutkana C.Presl, R. spinosissima L. and R. villosa L. are
eaten and used as a substitute for tea (Table 3). In the Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM), the hips of R. roxburghii are edible and
utilized for their digestive, heat-clearing and detoxifying activities
[26]. In Korea, R. davurica fruit is reported as a traditional drug to
treatgastroenteric ailments [27]. The fruits of R. canina and R.
pulverulenta are extensively used in folk medicine for a wide range
of ailments in Lebanon. The fruit juice of the mentioned species is
orally consumed as an astringent, antidiarrhoeic, diuretic and anti-
scorbutic [28]. In the Iranian folk medicine, the fruits of R. canina
Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 13
Structures Species Refs.
R. canina [22]
R. canina [12]
R. canina [12]
R. canina [12]
R. canina [12]
R. pimpinellifolia [19]
R. villosa [19]
R. canina [12, 19]
R. dumalis [19]
and R. beggeriana are used as diuretic and fro the treatment of hy-
pertension and kidney stones [29, 30]. Rosa webbiana is commonly
known as Shuli in India and its fruit has also been reported as a
traditional reemdy to treat jaundice and impotence [31]. In Argenti-
na, R. rubiginosa fruit is edible and used as an antitussive and for
dermatological purposes [32]. Rosa nutkana is native to British
Columbia and Canada; where it is traditionally used for children
suffering from diarrhea [33]. The most common ethnobotanical
uses of the Rosa species fruits in various countries seems to be
treatment of kidney stone, respiratory problems (cough, bronchitis
and cold), diarrhea, hypertension, diabetes and jaundice. The eth-
nobotanical and traditional uses of the Rosa species fruits in differ-
ent countries are summarized in Table 3.
4. PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ROSE HIP
4.1. Gastrointestinal System
As shown in Table 4, there have been some pharmacological
studies investigating the gastro-protective effects of rose hip partic-
ularly R. canina fruit. Some studies have indicated the anti-
ulcerogenic activity of R. canina fruit which was more effective
(2070 mg/kg) than the reference compound misoprostol at 0.4
mg/kg in rats [1]. Carotenoids of rose hip can protect gastric muco-
sa in peptic ulcer disease and gastroduodenal mucosal inflamma-
tion. An in vitro study showed that carotenoid from rose hip exerted
anti H. pylori effect (MIC50b=8.2 to 11 µg/ml) which was compa-
rable to that of metronidazole [9] (Table 4). However, the hydroal-
coholic crude extract of R. Canina did not show a significant anti-
ulcer effect [84].
14 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

Table 3. Ethnobotanical uses of different rose hips in various countries around the world.

No. Rosa species Vernacular name Country Part used Ethnobotanical uses Refs.

1 R. acicularis Lindl. Khoh t'an Alaska hips Rose hips are used to make jelly [34]
and jam, hips are also eaten fresh,
mostly by children

2 R. agrestis Savi - Croatia fruit The fruit eaten by coastal house- [35]
holds

3 R. beggeriana Schrenk ex Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Soori Pakistan fruit Fruit boil and use as tonic [36]

Nastaran Iran fruit Antihypertensive, diuretic, treat- [29]

ment of Kidney stone

Tapaculos, tallos de Spain fruit Astringent, cold [37]

zarza, escaramujo, zarza treatment, antianemic
escaramujera

Kusburnu Turkey fruit Cold, bronchitis, diuretic, sto- [38]

machic

Nastaran Iran fruit Treatment of blood pressure, [30]

kidney stones, diuretic

Stropacui Romania fruit Treatment of diarrhoea [24]

Shilan Iraq fruit diuretic, blood cell disorders, [39]

sedation

Dog rose Tunisia hips treatment of common cold and [40]

other infections, as diuretic agent
and for the treatment of various
inflammatory diseases

4 R. canina L. Ward Barri Lebanon fruit Fruit juice is used as astringent, [28]
antidiarrhoeic and antiscorbutic.
Decoction of fruits is taken to
treat dyspnoea and rheumatism

Trendafili i ege¨r Macedonia fruit respiratory problems [41]

(cough, bronchitis and
cold)

ˇsipurak, divlja ruˇza Montenegro fruit colds, vitamin C deficiency, for [42]
disorders of the urinary tract and
kidney stones

- Switzerland fruit ant anemic, making jam [43]

Sipkinje, ˇSipak Serbia fruit used to cure colds and influenza [44]
(tea)

Kusburnu, it burnu, Turkey fruit cold, flu, cough [45]

Okuz gotu diabetes, appetizer

Hakeputten Germany hips flu and colds prevention [23]

Nametek Uzbekistan fruit against common cold [46]

5 R. corymbifera Borkh. Csipkerózsa, hecseli, fruit making syrup, jam, preserves, [25]
rózsabogyó, pecs, Hungary stewed fruit,
bucske, seggvakaró, soaked drink; with yeast it was
istengyümőcs, vadrózsa, made into wine; “cibere” soup,
csipkefa, szagrógya, enriched with bread; dried: tea;
bicskerózsa ground: flour substitute in
famine

(Table 3) Contd....
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 15

No. Rosa species Vernacular name Country Part used Ethnobotanical uses Refs.

6 R. davurica Pall. Saengyeolgwinamu Korea fruit gastroenteric disorder [27]

7 R. dumalis Bechst. - Turkey fruit laxative, diuretics, treatment of [47]

cold and pain of menstruation,
making marmalade or jam

8 R. foetida Herrm. - Turkey fruit used as laxative [47]

9 R. gallica L. Gul Turkey fruit laxative, soothing, antiseptic, [47]

treatment of psoriasis

10 R. gymnocarpa Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray Baldhip rose Canada hips The small hips were eaten raw [48]
and dried for tea.

11 R. heckeliana Tratt. Şilank Turkey fruit antitussive, colds [49]

12 R. hemisphaerica Herrm. Okuz gotu Turkey fruit eaten as fresh, foodstuff [50]

13 R. macrophylla Lindl. Seghu Nepal fruit eaten raw as fruit or a snack [51]

14 R. montana Chaix ex Vill. - Turkey fruit making marmalade or jam and [47]
fruit juice

15 R. moschata Herrm. Gangli gulab Pakistan fruit treatment of constipation [52]

16 R. nutkana C.Presl Nootka rose Canada hips A tonic tea is made from the [33]
fruits. Fruits are used for children
suffering from diarrhea.

17 R. phoenicia Boiss. Kusburnu, it burnu, Turkey fruit cold, flu and diabetes [45]
Okuz gotu

18 R. pisiformis (H.Christ) Sosn. - Turkey fruit used as laxative [47]

19 R. pulverulenta M.Bieb. Ward Dabek Lebanon fruit fruit juice is orally used as astrin- [28]
gent, antidiarrhoeic, diuretic and
antiscorbutic

20 R. roxburghii Tratt. Cili China fruit Heat-clearing and detoxifying [26]

effect, inducing saliva and slakes
thirst, digestion, edible

21 R. rubiginosa L. Rosa musqueta Argentina fruit Edible, antitussive, dermatologic [32]

22 R. sempervirens L. Reusa Italy fruit used in ophthalmic [53]

23 R. spinosissima L. - Turkey fruit used as a tea substitute [47]

24 R. villosa L. - Turkey hips Laxative, diuretics, treatment of [47]

cold and pain of menstruation,
making marmalade and also used
as a tea substitute

25 R. webbiana Wall. ex Royle Shuli India fruit Treatment of impotency and [31]
jaundice

Chyrir, Röhloy Afghanistan hips Ashes of hips is mixed with [54]

mother's milk and applied to
children's ear-ache. Decoction of
hips is applied for stomach trou-
ble, fever, bloody cough and high
blood pressure.

26 R. woodsii Lindl. Champes, rosa de costil- USA fruit Fruits were eaten raw or used to [55]
la make jelly

4.2. Liver and Kidney
As shown in Table 4, hydro-ethanolic extract of R. canina fruit
(250- 750 mg/kg) could inhibit liver injury followed by liver toxici-
ty in rats. Hepatoprotective effect of rose hip has been reported to
be correlated with oxidative stress reduction [56]. It has been sug-
gested that R. canina fruit extract can act as a growth factor for
pancreatic beta-cell line in vitro [57]. This finding is in line with the
reported reduction of Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) in a rat model of
streptozotocin-induced diabetes after treatment with 250, 500
mg/kg of the plant extract [85].
16 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00
It has been reported, in a rat model of nephrolithiasis, that rose
hip extract (250-500 mg/kg) has the potential to be used for kidney
stone prevention [58]. R. canina fruit extract also possesses protec-
tive effects against kidney function disturbances, oxidative stress
and histological damages induced by reperfusion injury [59]
(Table 4).
4.3. Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Table 4 shows the pharmacological activities of rose hip on the
nervous system. Rose hip extract has neuroprotective activities in
brain ischemia [60]. A potential anti-Alzheimer activity has been
reported for R. canina fruit extract. Antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory activities seem to be the main mechanisms through
which rose hip exert its neuroprotective effects [61]. However, only
two studies in rat models, reporting intraperitoneal administration,
are available (Table 4). Therefore, further investigations and clini-
cal trials are necessary to improve our understanding of the neuro-
protective activities of rose hip and its constituents (Table 4).
4.4. Heart and Arterials
Clinical and experimental studies have shown that administra-
tion of rose hip can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases [62,
63] (Table 4, 5). Rose hip which is rich in antioxidants with high
amounts of ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds that possess anti-
obesity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. Rose hip low-
ered plasma cholesterol and attenuated atherosclerotic plaque for-
mation in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model [63]. Administra-
tion of rose hip extract to high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice could in-
crease fecal cholesterol content and liver expression of LDLR gene
as well as selected reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) genes, and
reduced blood pressure, oxidized LDL, total cholesterol and athero-
sclerotic plaque volume [63] (Table 4). In a randomized double
blind placebo-controlled trial, administration of R. Canina powder
(40 gr, 6 weeks) reduced markers of cardiovascular risk in obese
non-diabetic individuals [62].
4.5. Skin and Hair
One of the most frequent uses of rose hip in modern medicine is
its application in cosmetic products such as creams and soaps. In a
clinical study, topical administration of seed and shell powder of R.
canina fruit had significant effects on crow's-feet wrinkles im-
provement, and also increased skin moisture and elasticity [64]. In
some other clinical trials, R. canina seed oil could prevent
epithelitis after radiotherapy and erythema of surgical scars (Table
5) [65, 66]. Some other studies showed that proanthocyanidins from
rose hip methanolic extract could prevent melanogenesis in guinea
pig skin as well as mouse melanoma cells, and exerted beneficial
effects on skin-whitening factor when taken orally [67]. Quercetin
from rose hip could inhibit melanogenesis due to the inhibition of
both protein expression and activity of tyrosinase [68] (Table 4).
4.6. Joints and Muscles
Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the anti-
arthritis and analgesic activities of rose hip [69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74]
(Table 4, 5). In particular, these effects were observed in subjects
with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic musculoskeletal
pain (Table 5). Although a meta-analysis of RCTs found changes in
pain scores and ‘rescue medication’ after treatment with R. canina
hip powder compared to placebo, authors pointed out that the in-
cluded studies (287 patients: powder 145 patients and placebo 142
patients; median trial-duration of 3 months) were supported by the
manufacturer [72].
4.7. Anti-cancer Properties
Due to its high contents of antioxidant compounds such as phe-
nols, β-carotene, glutathione, tocopherol, ascorbate and anthocya-
nins, rose hip had gained attention as a possible anticarcinogenic
Ayati et al.
plant [75, 76]. Interestingly, R. canina extract prevented the growth
of tumor cell lines (colon, breast, lung, cervical and hepatocellular
carcinomas) but did not exert any toxicity in non-tumor liver prima-
ry culture [77] (Table 4).
4.8. Antioxidant Properties
Several in vitro studies have indicated antioxidant activities of
rose hip. These antioxidant activities are not only due to the high
amount of vitamin C but also due to a rich content of polyphenols,
proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, vitamin E and carotenoids [4, 75].
The total phenolics’ content of R. canina fruit is about 609.19 (mg
gallic acid 100 g-1), the total carotenoids content is 18.07 (mg þ-
carotene 100 g-1) and that of ascorbic acid is 27.49 (mg 100 g-1).
The ability of rose hip in scavenging H2O2 is about 87.26 % which
is much more than that of BHA (0.03 %) and BHT (0.14 %). Also,
the TEAC of this fruit is about 416 (µM Trolox g-1FW) which is
near to that of BHA (462 (µM Trolox g-1FW)) and more than BHT
(0.35 (µM Trolox g-1FW)) [78] (Table 4).
4.9. Anti-obesity Activities
In vivo preclinical studies have demonstrated significant inhibi-
tory effect of R. canina and rose hip fruit and seed extracts on
weight gain after oral administration. The extract of fruits and seeds
markedly decreased visceral fat weight in mice, without affecting
food intake [79, 80, 81]. Trans-tiliroside, one of the active constitu-
ents of the seed extract, was also shown to significantly suppress
body weight gain, liver TG levels and visceral adiposity at the dose
of 0.1-10 mg/kg/day [79]. It inhibited plasma glucose elevation
after 1 hour of glucose administration and increased the expression
of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPAR- α) mRNA
levels in the liver tissue [79]. The anti-obesity effect of trans-
tiliroside was stronger than that of orlistat [79]. Also, in three small
clinical trials (subject number between 31 and 60), R. canina pow-
der or extracts was reported to reduce abdominal adiposity [81] as
well as cardiovascular risk factor associated with obesity such as
FBS [80] and circulating cholesterol levels [62].Therefore, it has
been suggested that R. canina could be potentially useful for the
development of a new class of anti-obesity agents [79, 80, 81] (Ta-
ble 4, 5).
4.10. Anti-inflammatory Activity
Rose hip extract and a number of its bioactive compounds have
been shown to reduce inflammation. Various molecular mecha-
nisms have been suggested for the inflammatory action of rose hip,
such as inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway which could
attenuate pro-inflammatory enzymes (e.g. MMPs and COX-2) and
decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-
alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and CCL5) [82]. Galactolipids are probably
important for the anti-inflammatory activity of R. canina fruit [83]
(Table 4). However, only preclinical studies are available and in
rats the administered dose ranged between 100 [84] and 500 [98]
mg/kg.
5. TOXICITY AND SIDE EFFECTS
Except for two cases of allergic contact dermatitis to rose hip
oil [102], no toxicity has been reported for this plant. Regarding
side effects, loose stools, flatulence and mild gastrointestinal dis-
comfort were reported in some of the clinical trials with rose hip
powder [62, 80].
CONCLUSION
In this review, the folklore applications, phytochemicals and
pharmacological properties of rose hip were evaluated. Rose hip
contains various constituents such as anthocyanins, phenolic deriva-
tives and vitamins. This plant has been used in traditional medicines
around the world for different purposes such as laxative, diuretic
and treatment of cold and pain. Although various pharmacological
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 17

Table 4. in vitro and in vivo studies of rose hip activities.

NO. Activity/ Rosa spp. Active constitu- Study design Results Refs.
disease ents/preparations

gastrointestinal

1 ethanol 96%induced R. canina fresh fruits aqueous rats model, 2070 mg/kg, orally gastro-protective effect through ↓ainflammation, [1]
peptic ulcer extract 15 min before induction ↓edema, ↓epithelial injury, ulcer preventive
effect

2 anti-Helicobacter R. canina carotenoids in vitro study anti-H. pylori effects (MIC50b=8.2 to 11 µg/ml ), [9]
pylori activity comparable to metronidazole.

3 ethanol 96%-induced R. canina hydro alcoholic rat model, 100 and 200 mg/kg of reduced gastric damage, not significant anti-ulcer [84]
gastric damage crude extract of aqueous solution of extract genic effectiveness
fruits

liver and kidney

4 chronic carbon tetra- R. canina hydro-ethanolic rat model, 250, 500, and 750 ↓liver injury, ↓oxidative stress [56]
chloride-induced fruit extract mg/kg, six weeks, orally
hepatotoxicity

5 antidiabetic (acting as R. canina hydro extract in vitro on ß cell lines ↑ßtc6 cells at 24, 48, 72, 96 h.; significant cell [57]
growth factor for alteration
pancreatic beta-cell
line)

6 CaOx kidney stones R. canina hydromethanol rat model, nephrolithiasis with ↓kidney and liver lipid peroxides, ↓renal and [58]
prevention extract ethylene glycol (1% EG), 250- urinary calcium contents, ↓size and number of
500 mg/kg, 30 days CaOxe calculi in the kidneys, ↑citrate excretion

7 renal disturbances R. canina fruit extracts rat model ↓creatinine clearance, ↓absolute excretion of [59]
induced by reperfusion potassium, ↓urine osmolarity, ↓increase in abso-
injury lute excretion of sodium, ↓blood creatinine and
urea concentrations, ↓degree of histological
damages and level of malondialdehyde; ↑cferric
reducing/antioxidant power level

8 streptozotocin induced R. canina ethanolic extract rat model, 250, 500 mg/kg, ↓FBSd [85]
diabete orally

central and peripheral nervous system

9 neuroprotective effects R. canina Setarud® (Rosa rat model, 0.66 mL/kg, intraperi- ↓ cerebral infarct volume
against ischemic brain canina, Urtica toneal, 30 minutes after middle ↑motor function [60]
injury dioica, Tanacetum cerebral artery occlusion.
vulgare with sele-
nium)

10 neuroprotective effect R. canina extract rat model, intraperitoneal, 21 ↑spatial learning, better expression of Sypf and [61]
in alzheimer with some days Psen1g
other ex-
tracts

heart and arteries

11 antiatherosclerotic R. canina extract hypercholesterolemic mouse model, ↓blood pressure, ↓plasma cholesterol; [63]
effects 6 months ↓atherosclerotic plaques formation; ↑nitric
oxide dependant vasodilation

(Table 4) Contd….
18 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

NO. Activity/ Rosa spp. Active constitu- Study design Results Refs.

disease ents/preparations

skin and hair

12 melanin biosynthe- R. aqueous extract In vitro on B16 mouse melanoma the 50% ethanol eluate: ↓Production of melanin
sis canina cells ↓intracellular tyrosinase [67]
In vivo on brown guinea pigs with
UVB-induced pigmentation, oral
administration

13 melanin biosynthe- R. quercitin B16 mouse melanoma cells ↓tyrosinase expression

sis canina ↓intracellular tyrosinase activity [68]

joints and muscles

14 arthritis R. multiflora petroleum ether rat collagen-induced arthritis ↓arthritis severity score, ↓paw swelling, ↓joint [69]
extract model, (12, 36 or 120mg/kg/day, inflammation, ↓cartilage surface erosion
orally), 28 days

anti-cancer
15 colon and breast R. villosa hydroalchoholic in vitro model, colon cancer ↓proliferation
cancer extract cells HT29 and breast cancer [86]
cells MCF-7

16 cytotoxic effect R. canina. aqueous, ethanolic and in vitro, sarcoma cells ether extract had cytotoxic effect
petroleum ether ex- [87]
tracts

17 antioxidant and
antineoplastic activity
R. canina vitamin C, flavonoids, in vitro, HeLa, MCF7 and HT-
phenolic acids 29 cell line, vitamin C, 39.17
mg/kg, flavonoids, 451.05
microg/kg, phenolic acids,
504.69 microg/kg
flavonoids and vitamin C posed antioxidant
activity. flavonoids ↓ cell growth, while vitamin [88]
C did not.

antioxidant
18 antioxidant activity R. canina fruit extract derived in vitro, neutrophil respiratory ↓reactive oxygen species [77]
of vitamin C burst

19 total antioxidant R. extracted lyophi- in vitro, hydroxyl radical, hydro- higher antioxidant activity than BHAh, [78]
activity canina lized powdered gen peroxide and Trolox equiva- except in the TEACi assay
fruit lent antioxidant capacity

20 antiproliferative and R. total extract, vita- in vitro, ABTSj method, human high cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties
antioxidant effects canina min C, neutral colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2) [89]
polyphenols, acidic
polyphenols

21 correlation of antioxi- R. canina polyphenol in vitro superoxide anion and DPPHk radical scav-
dant effect mecha- enging effect. [90]
nisms and polyphenol ↓concentration → ↑metal ion chelating
content activity

22 antioxidant activity R. canina crude extract, in vitro, FRAPl assay, ABTS antioxidant properties in all samples, inhibi-
R. moscha- CHCl3 extract, assay, lipid peroxidation tory effect against lipid peroxidation [91]
ta ascorbate-free
extract

(Table 4) Contd….
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 19

NO. Activity/ Rosa spp. Active constitu- Study design Results Refs.

disease ents/preparations

antinociceptive

23 antinociceptive activi- R. canina aqueous, ethanol mice model, p-benzoquinone- antinociceptive properties (with ethylacetate [92]
ty extract, ethylace- induced abdominal constriction and n-butanol fractions)
tate , n-butanol test
fraction

lipid accumulation and body fat reduction

24 fat weight and lipid R. canina 80%aqueous mice model, fruit extract (25, 50 extracts of seeds and fruits: ↓gain of body [79]
profile acetone extracts of mg/kg/day) and seeds extract weight, ↓visceral fat weight, without affecting
fruit and seeds (12.5 and 25 mg/kg/d), trans- food intake, ↓ TGm and free fatty acid
tiliroside (0.1-10 mg/kg/day) trans-tiliroside: significant anti-obese effect

25 anti-hyperlipidemic R. canina ethanolic extract rat model, streptozotocin induced ↓serum TG and Choln;. [85]
effect diabete, 250, 500 mg/kg, orally o p
LDL and HDL not changed significantly.
Islets necrotic and regenerated pancreatic islet
cells were improved

26 lipid accumulation R. canina extract mice model, high-fat diet (HFD) ↓body weight, ↓less visceral fat, ↓Liver [93]
with 1% extract (RH), 8 weeks weight, ↓total hepatic lipid, ↓triglyceride,
↓expression of peroxisome proliferator-
activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in
epididymal fat

27 weight gain prevention not known powder mice model, high fat diet, 295 g, ↓(body weight, FBS, total chol., insulin [94]
3 months levels); ↑((EE (energy expenditure), VO2,
VCO2) ↑metabolic rate during treadmill
exercise. upregulated of Ucp1and other BAT
and brite markers

anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect

28 anti-inflammatory R. canina hydroalcoholic rat model, paw edema assay;100 ↓edema in both doses [84]
extract and 200 mg/kg, oral administra-
tion

29 inflammatory R. canina aqueous, ethanol mice, carrageenan-induced and anti-inflammatory properties (with [92]
extract, ethylace- PEG –induced hind paw edema ethylacetate and n-butanol fractions)
tate, n-butanol model
fraction

30 chemotaxis inhibition R. canina galactolipid in vitro, PMNsq isolated from ↓migration of PMNs [95]
of blood neutrophils peripheral blood, Boyden cham-
ber technique

31 immunomodulatory R. canina triterpene acids in vitro, Mono Mac 6 cell line (as ↓lipopolysaccharide induced interleukin-6 [96]
effect a model for human macrophages) release.

32 cytokine production R. canina triterpene acid in vitro, normal mononuclear ↓production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha [97]
and proliferation of T mixture cells, human thyroglobulin and and IL-6r, ↓CD4s(+) T-cell and CD19(+) B-
cells and B cells lipopolysaccharide cell proliferation

33 immunomodulatory R. canina extract rat model, 250-500 mg/kg, orally, ↑(gamma globulin level, neutrophil, monocyte [98]
4weeks counts, phagocyte activity), ↑Thiobarbituric
acid reactive substances (TBARSt), ↓GSHu
levels

34 anti-inflammatory R. canina choloroform in vitro, chondrocytes treated ↓IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation [99]
extract with IL-1beta, 72 hours downregulation of NF-kappaB targets includ-
ing COX-2v and MMPsw
a. ↓: decrease
20 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 Ayati et al.

b. MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration

c. ↑: increase
d. FBS: fasting blood sugar
e. CaOx: calcium oxalate
f. Syp: Synaptophysin
g. Psen1: Presenilin-1
h. BHA: butylated hydroxyanisole
i. TEAC: tetraethylammonium chloride
j. ABTS: 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)
k. DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
l. FRAP: ferric reducing ability of plasma
m. TG: triglyceride
n. Chol: cholesterol
o. LDL: low-density lipoprotein
p. HDL: high-density lipoproteins
q. PMN: polymorphonuclear leukocytes
r. IL: Interleukin
s. CD: cluster of differentiation
t. TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
u. GSH: glutathione
v. COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2
w. MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases

Table 5. Clinical trials and meta-analysis related to reported medicinal uses of rose hip.

No. Activity/ Rosa spp. Active constitu- Study design Dose Participants Description Refs.
Disease ents/preparations

1 cell longevity, skin wrinkles, R. canina seeds and shells randomized, double- 45 gr/day, 8 34 healthy subjects Crow's-feet wrinkles [64]
moisture, and elasticity powder (Hyben Vital®) blind weeks Age: 35-65 years improvement, ↑skin mois-
ture, ↑elasticity
↑satisfaction
↑cell longevity of erythro-
cyte cells during storage for
5 weeks

2 pain reduction in osteoar- R. canina powder meta-analysis of --- --- ↓pain [72]
thritis randomized con-
trolled trials (RCTs).
primary outcome:
reduction in pain
calculated as effect
size (ES)

3 acute exacerbations of R. canina powder (Litozin®) pilot study providing up 152 men overall improvement, [71]
chronic pain to 3 mg changes were greater in
galacto- patients with grater degrees
lipid/day, 54 of disability and pain
weeks

4 pain reduction and general R. canina Hyben Vital®(stand. double-blind, place- 5 gr/day, 3 112 patients with ↓symptoms of osteoarthritis, [70]
wellbeing improvement in powder of fruits) bo-controlled, cross- months osteoarthritis general wellbeing, ↓joint
osteoarthritis patients over pain and stiffness

5 cell injury inhibition in hip R. canina standardized rose-hip double-blind, ran- 0.5-gr, BIDa, 100 patient ↑hip joint mobility ↓pain [73]
and knees in Osteoarthritis powder of seeds and domized, placebo- 4 months
husks controlled

6 symptom reduction in R. canina powder double-blind placebo- 5gr/day, 6 89 patient pain scale not changed; [100]
rheumatoid arthritis controlled, Primary months ↑physical scores, mental
outcome variable score remained unchanged

8 chronic musculoskeletal R. canina powder of hip and seed pilot study up to 20 52 patients with no differences [74]
pain compared to gr/day in acute exacerbation
pseudofruit powder yoghurt, 3 of low back pain or
(Litozin®) months knee pain

(Table 5) Contd....
Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00 21

No. Activity/ Rosa spp. Active constitu- Study design Dose Participants Description Refs.

Disease ents/preparations

9 osteoarthritis R. canina standardized rose-hip randomized, double five 0.5 gr 100 patients ↑hip joint mobility, [101]
powder blind, placebo- capsules, ↓ pain
controlled BID, 4
months

9 glycemia and lipid profile R. canina aqueous extract randomized, double 750 mg BID, 60 patients with type ↓(FBS, cholesterol/HDL-C) [80]
blind, placebo- 3 months 2 diabetes
controlled

10 human abdominal visceral R. canina extract double-blind and 100 mg/day , 32 subjects, BMIb ↓(abdominal total fat area, [81]
fat reduction in preobese randomized 12 weeks >= 25 , <30 abdominal visceral fat area,
subjects body mass and body weight
index at week 12 , ab-
dominal subcutaneous fat
area)

11 risk of cardiovascular R. canina powder randomized, double 40 gr, 6 31 obese non ↓systolic blood, ↓(LDL) [62]
disease blind, placebo- weeks diabetic individuals, cholesterol levels,
controlled ↓LDL/HDL ratio, ↓reynolds
risk assessment score for
cardiovascular disease

12 epithelitis prevention after different seed oil (Repavar®) prospective, explora- topically, BID 28 patients with effective in prevention of [65]
radiotherapy plant tory, controlled and head and neck severe epithelitis
species open clinical study cancer treated with
intensity modulated
radiotherapy

13 post-surgical scars different seed oil comparative, single- topically, 108 patients with ↓erythema, ↓atrophy, [66]
plant (Repavar ®) center, prospective, BID, 6 weeks open surgical ↓discoloration
species double blinded procedures for skin
tumor removal
a: BID: twice a day
b: BMI: body mass index

activities including anti-arthritis, anti-obesity and antioxidant ef- HHDP = hexahydroxydiphenoyl

fects have been reported for rose hip in preclinical studies, still IL = Interleukin
more studies are necessary to fill existing gaps in our knowledge of
the pharmacological effects and bioactive ingredients of rose hip. IL-1beta = interleukin-1beta
IL-6 = interleukin-6
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS LDL = low-density lipoprotein
ABTS = 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- MMP = matrix metalloproteinase
sulphonic acid)
PA = Proanthocyanidin
BHA = butylated hydroxyanisole
PMN = polymorphonuclear leukocytes
BHT = butylated hydroxytoluene
PPAR- α = peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
BID = twice a day
Psen1 = Presenilin-1
BMI = body mass index
RCT = reverse cholesterol transport
CaOx = calcium oxalate
Syp = Synaptophysin
CCL5 = chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5
TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
CD = cluster of differentiation
TEAC = tetraethylammonium chloride
Chol = cholesterol
TG = triglyceride
COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2
TNF-alpha = tumor necrosis factor-alpha
DPPH = 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
FBS = fasting blood sugar CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
FRAP = ferric reducing ability of plasma Not applicable.
GSH = glutathione CONFLICT OF INTEREST
HDL = high-density lipoproteins The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial or other-
HFD = high-fat diet wise.
22 Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2018, Vol. 24, No. 00
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study has been supported by the Deputy of Research of
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences .
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