Chapter 1-3

NORTHERN QUEZON COLLEGE, INC.
Brgy. Comon, Infanta Quezon

Senior High School Department
PROBLEMS, MOTIVATIONS, AND VISIONS OF CONSTRUCTION
WORKERS IN INFANTA, QUEZON
A research paper submitted
In fulfillment of the requirement of Senior High School,
Northern Quezon College Incorporated
Joyce Ann Rutaquio
Daniela Coronacion
Jeralph Justimbaste
Maria Katrina Shailyn Ritual
Carlot Virrey
Jessy Mae Napay*

Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
INTRODUCTION
People contribute man power to accomplish the goal. They uses their
knowledge, physical strength, skills, and capability to make living, to earn money,
to help others, to help his community, country and the world at large. In the book
of Entrepreneurship, people are define as the ultimate marketing strategies. They
play a crucial role in the success of the enterprise (Morató, 2017). The people that
the researchers talks about is the worker. According to Scott (2018) in
smallbusiness there are two classifications of worker, the blue collar workers and
white collar workers. White collar workers perform labor jobs and typically work
with their hands. White Collar workers usually perform job duties in an office
setting. They are highly skilled and formally trained professionals. Many white-
collar workers, such as accountants, bankers, attorneys and real estate agents,
provide professional services to clients. Other white-collar workers, such as
engineers and architects, provides services to businesses, corporations and
government agencies. On the other hand, the skills necessarily for blue collar
work vary by occupation. Some blue-collar occupations require highly skilled
personnel who are formally trained and certified. These workers include aircrafts
mechanics, plumbers, electricians and structural workers. Many blue-collar
employers hire unskilled and low-skilled workers to perform simple task such as
cleaning, maintenance and assembly line work. Thus, construction workers are
belongs to Blue Collar workers. According to Collins English Dictionary,
construction workers are tradesman, laborer or professional employed in the
physical construction of the built environment and its infrastructure.
Construction workers work on all construction sites, doing a wide range of tasks
from the very easy to the extremely difficult and hazardous. Although many of the
tasks they do require some training and experience, most jobs usually require
little skill and can be learned quickly.
While some construction workers are constructing one of the buildings of
Northern Quezon College Incorporated, the researchers saw the dedication and
determination of construction workers to earn money. Are they happy in this
kind of work? That was just some of the questions that the researchers want to
answer. For these reasons, this study focuses in the construction workers’ vision,
motivation and challenges. They work very hard which motivates the researchers
to know what is the reason behind it. Also, the researchers wondered of what
vision these construction workers have, who or what motivates them to do hard
works, and what are the challenges they are up to. Do their age, sex, civil status,
educational attainment, number of years working and workers experience play an
important role in this kind of work? These are just some of the questions the
researchers want to answer.

This study aims to explain and describe the problems, motivations and
visions of construction workers in Infanta, Quezon. Its purpose is to explore the
lived-experiences of construction workers. The researchers hope that the result of
this research study can give contributions and awareness to respondents,
students, educators, school administrators, parents and readers.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
If you glance around you, and you are in a building it will probably be
apparent that construction workers have engaged in various task in your vicinity.
Floor have laid, windows installed and rooms with doors or other openings
created. Who has not been in a kitchen installed by a construction workers? Or
maybe you crossed a bridge on the way to work? By just looking around us it easy
to see things made by construction workers and start wondering about how they
made them, the diversity of task involved and the diverse skill required.
Professional construction workers must learn their skill in some way or another
in other words, they must each other become a construction worker (Fjellström,
n.d).
Construction is also one of the most dangerous industries for workers
(following agriculture, mining and transportation) and the second highest rate of
non-fatal injuries and illness (after transportation) in 2005 ( BLS, 2006).
According to Philippines Statistics Office, the Philippines employs more than 2

million construction workers. Due to the nature of industry, the workers are
constantly exposed to dangerous environments.
Construction workers ranges from child engineering and the infrastructure
project (dams, highways, airport) involving a multitude of individual
construction firms to the construction and renovation of residential and
industrial structures, to routine residential repair (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005). A
construction workers typically work as part of a team on a construction sites
(such as building, home, or other structure). A person may be responsible for a
number of tasks, including carpentry, demolition, drywall, finishing and roofing.
A construction workers hour may vary depending on the needs at the job sites;
works typically done during the day and may involve difficult conditions such as
extreme heat and cold. Construction workers may work long days, weekends, and
holidays, depending on the job deadline.
Modernization and industrialization have paved a good way to
construction industry. Small towns and cities become more organized and the
construction sector too has a got boost (Kumar, 2013). Irrespective of occasional
slumps in the economy or in construction works, the sector is going through a
faster growth. Apart from old urban/industrial center, and new industrial/urban
centers have appeared on the map where construction sector and in general, lack
of greater employment opportunity elsewhere has drawn large numbers of
workers in this sector (Kumar, 2013).

According to The Scientific World Journal, in India, construction industry
is the second largest employer when compared to agriculture throughout the
world. The construction area of civil engineering is one of the most hazardous
industries. The number of fatal accidents taking place at the construction sites is
quite alarming and the major cause was found to fall on person from height and
through opening. Indian construction labour force is 7.5% of the total world labor
force and it contributes to 16.4% of fatal global occupational accidents. In the
construction industry the possibility of fatality is five times more likely than in a
manufacturing industry where the risk of a major injury is two and a half times
higher. India has the world’s highest accident rate among construction workers,
according to a recent study by the international labor organization (ILO) that
cited one survey by a local and group showing that 165 out of every 1000 workers
are injured on the job. Construction workers are not the only one who suffer an
accidents but also the public, including the children. These accidents diminish
the image of the construction industry, as a result there is shortage of skilled
labor.
According to The Scientific World Journal, there are several factors
responsible for health problems and construction site accidents. From the result
of occupational safety and Health Administration examination of the causes of
construction fatalities, it was shown that 39.o9% of fatalities in construction were
caused by fails, 8.4% were stucked by objects, 1.4% were caught in between
incidents, and 8.5% were electrocution.

According to the Thesis of K. Ponnaian (2016) with the title of Problems
of Construction Workers in Kanyakumari, there are ten (10) problems of workers.
The said problems are the following:
1. Casual Nature of Employment
The nature of employment in construction industry remains casual and
uncertain. In fact, no one either contractor or owner gives an assurance of job to
the workers. It is seen that construction activity is slack in rainy seasons which
reduces the demand for workers. On the other hand, shortage of water in summer
season also affects the demand for workers in construction industry. Hence, this
is one of the most important problems faced by the construction workers. It affect
the family income and standard of living and it develops.
2. Uncertain Working Hours
Uncertain working hours is another problem faced by the workers in
construction sector. There is a fixed hours of work in government and non-
government departments or organized sectors. Generally, the working hours of
workers rangers between 6 or 8 and 10 in all sectors except in the construction
sector. Normally construction works begin at 8 or 8:30 a.m. and continue up to
4:30 or 5:30 p.m. every day. However, this working hours is not possible on all
occasions, sometimes constructions workers should work up to 5or 6:30 p.m. in
other words they should work more than the normal hours.
3. Unsafe working conditions

Construction works require safe conditions to protect the workers from
getting injuries, mishap, and occupational diseases or at least keep themselves
safe in working environment. The construction workers should have tools and
equipment made of rubber, plastic or metal, to protect the skin, nose, lungs, eyes,
and hands and safety drinking water. Such measures help to maintain the
efficiency and health of the workers in construction sector.
4. Injuries
Construction activities are subjected to get injuries which cause physical,
mental, and fiscal problems. This happens when they use hammer, cutting
machine, sickle, spade, big axe, chisel and other sharp equipments or tools too
fast and carelessly. The careless handling of such instruments causes severe pain,
wounds and loss of blood and even they may cut nerves or fingers. Thus, masons,
carpenters, electricians, painters, lumbers, and helpers get injuries.
5. Noise
The use of modern technology cause noise which affects the hearing
capacity and working efficiency of construction workers .In fact, cutting
machines, drilling machines, breaking equipment and concrete preparing
machines create intolerable noise. Noise causes giddiness, vibration and loss of
hearing. Moreover, sudden and violent noise shocks the workers.
6. Working at High Places

It is seen that height of the houses and buildings is higher than that of the
past one. In fact, the height of building increases from second floor to third floor
to fourth floor and so on according to need and fiscal power of the owners. The
workers who work at high place face problem such as fearness, tension, shivering,
giddiness and ache and leg pain. These problems cause labor absenteeism,
sickness and low labor efficiency. Thus, a number of construction workers are
affected by the height of the working places.
7. Non Availability of Raw Materials
Construction sector generates employment and income opportunities for
crores of people in India. However, the creation of employment opportunities in
construction sector depend on the availability of raw materials, such as granite,
bricks, cement, sand, iron materials, wood, paint, water etc. The non-availability
of raw materials affects the employment and income opportunities of workers
who depends on construction activities. Thus, the overall study indicates that out
of the total respondents (100), 62 per cent have faced this problem. Hence, it is
accepted that the non-availability of raw materials is one of the major problems
faced by construction workers in the district.
8. Lack of Co-operation and Satisfaction
Construction workers get employment continuously only when they
cooperate with the owners or contractors and work to their satisfaction.
Otherwise, they may change the laborers which affect the workers who have been
already working in the construction sector. Lack of co-operation and satisfaction
with the contractors or owners cause many problems that they face in the
construction activities. It is observed that about 23 per cent workers are affected
by this problem.
9. Occupational Diseases
The respondents face occupational diseases in construction sector. In fact,
the study observes the diseases like cough, asthma, allergy, lungs, body pain and
bronchial diseases. This is because the construction workers work in unsafe
conditions in mud, stone, cement, steel and iron nails, sand, bricks, and
unhygienic water. Most of the masoney works depend upon cement mix material.
Moreover, the workers do not wear socks or gloves, or shoes or any other safety
devices. Similarly, carpenters smoke wood dust and cement mix which affects the
respiratory system. Further, helpers who engage in construction activities do not
use or wear any safety measures. Thus, construction workers get affected by any
one or two of the occupational diseases. The study of occupational diseases of
construction workers has drawn the attention of scholars and researchers at
national and international level. The study displays that out of the total
respondents, 31 per cent suffer from occupational diseases. It is also understood
that some occupational diseases affect the respondents chronically whereas
others frequently. However, construction works are subjected to occupational
diseases. Consequently, they have to loss their health and wealth.

10. Absence of Social Security
The workers in the building construction are far away from the benefits of
social security and labor welfare programs run by the government. As a result,
workers work under the conditions like uncertain work, no medical facilities,
unsafe working environment and lack of fair wages and insurance facilities. Thus,
there is a total absence of social security schemes in construction sector. It affects
the hope of the workers and discourages them. Therefore, this study analyses the
views of workers in construction about the absence of social security. Most of
them realize that this is one of the problems which affect their interest and
attitude towards construction sector. It is seen that out of the total respondents,
93 per cent suffer due to lack of social security. Thus, this problem cannot be
neglected in construction industry.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study attempts to determine the problems, motivations and visions of
construction workers in Infanta, a municipality in the province of Quezon and
their implication to the study.
Specifically, this investigation seek to answer the following questions:
1. How may the profile of the construction workers be described and
analyzed along the following variables:

a) Age;
b) Sex;
c) Civil status;
d) Educational attainment;
e) Number of year/s working;
f) Working experience; and
g) Monthly Income?
2. What do these construction workers envision for themselves, families, and
community?
3. What motivations do these construction workers have?
4. What working problems confront these construction workers in
accomplishing their vision?
5. How do construction workers cope-up these problems while fulfilling their
duties as a workers?
6. What implication may be derived from the results of this study?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The results of this study would be beneficial to the following;
To Construction workers (Respondent)

Construction workers may be able to use the result of this study to spread
the importance of construction workers in the society and may use as a guide to
persuade our government to give them enough benefits. Also, the result of this
study may help the respondents to cope up their problems and struggles.
To the Family of the construction workers
This study would beneficial to them because it can give them awareness
about the experiences of their family member which is a construction workers.
Also, this study will help them to know what are challenges of their family
members and be able to solve those problem based on the narratives of the
respondents.
To Construction Company
Construction’s company can use this study to understand the challenges
faces by their workers and the things that motivates their workers to work hard.
To Researchers
We, the researchers will definitely benefit from the present study because
who would be able to know what challenges does construction worker encounter
because of their work.
To Students
This study will be significant in providing learners with knowledge on the
roles and responsibilities needed being a child of construction worker. This study
would also give them some insight on the importance of a construction worker in
our society.
To School Administrators
This study will also to benefit the school administrator. They will be able to
know what kind of problem they encountered being children of construction
worker. To know that some of the student in their school are child of construction
worker.
To Educators
This study will also benefit the teacher. As a teacher they encountered
problem between their students, some of their student is a child of construction
worker, so they will able to know some problem and challenges that their student
encountered.
ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY
The study took into account the following assumptions:
1. The respondent will answer the questions honestly;
2. The respondent will fully participate in the research study;
3. The school where the study will undertake is safe and pleasant;
4. The teachers, students, parents and researchers will appreciate this research
study; and
5. The researchers will come up with the implications of the study.
SCOPE AND (DE) LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The data used in this study pose some limitations to the research
conducted. The sample size may limit the generalizability of the results to the
general population of construction workers throughout the Philippines. Due to
the nature of the study, the researchers preferred to limit the respondent to
fifteen (15) construction workers.
This study is concerned with the discovery and description of the
problems, motivations, and visions of the construction workers. The researchers
will use the mixed approach to researcher to describe and explore the experiences
of construction workers.
This research will purposely delimited only to the municipality of Infanta,
a rural town in the province of Quezon for purposes of convenience. Along the
subject matter, the study just focus on the vision, motivation, problems and
challenges of the construction workers in this town. The conducting of data will
be on the month of February 2019.

DEFINITION OF TERMS USED
The major terms used in this study are defined in order to avoid
misunderstanding and misinterpretation as they are used in the investigation.
The following terms have given their meanings, both conceptually and
operationally. The terms are the following:
Construction workers. It refers to the respondents of the study. They are
workers in Infanta, Quezon. It is a tradesman, laborer or professional employed
in the physical construction of the built environment and its infrastructure.
Infanta, Quezon. It refers to the place where the study takes place.
Motivation. It refers to person or thing that make an construction workers to
action toward a desired goal a reason to act, gives purpose and direction.
Problems. It refers to challenges, struggles and barriers faces by construction
workers.
Vision. It refers to the vision of the construction workers. It is defined as one’s
concept, imagination or thought picture or image of what the future will be or
look like.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter includes the conceptual framework of the study, and a
number of literatures and studies reviewed that will give in depth understanding
of the problem under this study. The researchers uses thematic approach in doing
the related literature and studies. A study of literatures and related studies is
undertaken to identify those that are similar to the present one. At the end of the
chapter, a section on justification of the study is presented.
History of Construction
According to Hagos and Shewangzaw (2012), construction has been an aspect of
life since the beginning of human existence. The first buildings were huts and
shelters constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the
Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen like bricklayers and carpenters
appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the 19 th
century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later on diesel and electric
powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers. Traditional
construction, might be considered as having properly, commenced between 4000
and 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia when humans started to
abandon a nomadic existence that caused a construction shelter. The
construction of Pyramids in Egypt (2700-2500 BC) might be considered the first
instance of large structure construction. Other ancient historic constructions

include the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (4767-438 BC), the Apian
Way by Roman engineers (312 BC), and the Great Wall of China by General Ming
T’ien under orders from Ch’in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (220 BC). Similarly, the
Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire including aqueducts,
insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads.
Population growth and urbanization led to an increasing need for shelter
developments, and focused attention on the importance of local building
materials and techniques. Accordingly, the construction industry in many parts of
the world started to grow with an increasing demand. In line with this,
construction companies are growing at a fast pace all over the world. With this
growth of construction companies, contractual relationships related to
construction are increasing. Thus, there is a dire need for a coherent and efficient
law to deal with such contractual relationships (Hagos & Shewangzaw, 2012).
Coming into our country, the growth and increasing demand for the
construction industry has followed a similar pattern as observed in trend of the
world. Currently, construction is one of the sectors leading the way towards
modernization and industrialization in Ethiopia. The construction sector in
Ethiopia, generally in the world, contributes to the realization of about fifty
percent of the total capital. Being the second largest employer in the country, it’s
also an engine for technology, innovation and overall development (Hagos &
Shewangzaw, 2012).
In the past history of Ethiopia the construction industry was not
considered as an independent sector of the national economy. It was rather
considered as incapable of generating national wealth. As a result, no
comprehensive strategy for its development was considered. This, in turn, has led
to the undesirable features of the current construction sector. These features
include lack of clear developmental objectives for the industry; inadequate co-
ordination of planning between the industry and infrastructure programs in the
various sectors of the economy heavy dependence on foreign resources such as
materials, equipment and expertise representation of the role players in the
construction sector by inadequate and ineffective organizations, inadequate
numbers of suitably qualified and experienced personnel at all levels that include
engineers, technicians, mechanics, operators and foremen, etc. inadequate
relevant local construction regulations and standards, and inadequate
consideration given to the use of local resources (including community
participation in labor-based works(Hagos & Shewangzaw, 2012).
Ethiopia witnessed a decline in the performance of almost all sectors of the
economy during the various periods of government prior to 1991. The post-world
war period in Ethiopia registered significant changes from the time of Emperor
Haile Selasie (1941-1947) to that of the Derg (1974-1991) culminating in the
events of 1991 which resulted in the formation of Transitional Government of
Ethiopia (hereinafter TGE). Even though various market based economic reforms
have been introduced to the various industries of the country, including the
construction industry, since the downfall of the Derg regime in 1992, the
domestic construction industry has still faced several hindering factors in its
development (Hagos & Shewangzaw, 2012).
The construction industry is one of the three sectors of the economy
identified by the Ethiopia Government for special consideration to foster the
country’s economic development. However, the domestic construction industry
in Ethiopia is still characterized by inadequate capital base, old and limited
numbers of equipment, low levels of equipment availability and utilization,
deficiencies in technical, managerial, financial, and entrepreneurial skills, limited
experience and participation of the private sectors in construction and
consultation works, and insufficient and ineffective use of labor-based road
construction and maintenance technology (Hagos & Shewangzaw, 2012).
The construction industry in Ethiopia is a sector that opens the door for
the growth of many additional industries. Building works require different metal
products, clay works, and cement and cement products, etc. As much, the growth
of these industries will surely follow the growth of the construction industry.
Similarly, when the construction and renovation of housing increased; thereby,
indirectly, opening the door for growth of the furniture industry. All in all, the
construction industry is a sector that can entertain big micro companies, that is
widely labor based. All these being taken into consideration, the industry policy
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has sought to pay special

attention to the construction industry of the country (Hagos & Shewangzaw,
2012).
The Construction Industry
According to Department of Architecture and Building Services, A
successful construction industry is essential to us all, benefits from efficiency
constructed buildings and infrastructures are well known and we all benefit from
them.
The construction industry is associated with the fabrication of houses,
apartments, factories, offices, schools, roads, and bridges (James, 2011). The
construction industry is labor intensive, particularly in developing countries.
Construction in developing countries involves more workers per activity on site.
Typically, 2-10 times as many workers per activity are utilized, compared with
developed countries (Koehn & Reddy in James, 2011).
The construction industry is considered to be dangerous and of a highly
dangerous nature (Hinze & Olbina, 2008). Dangerous refers to bewing risky,
hazardous, or unsafe. Situations, tools, or other elements maybe either
imminently dangerous referring to an impending or immediate risk such as a
bare electrical cord, or inherently dangerous such as poisons, explosives or
chemicals. Globally the construction industry has one of highest injury rates
(Hinze, 2006). Accident frequently occur on building construction sites. These
accident could be in the form of Workers falling from heights, exaction accidents,
the risk of falling debris or equipment’s etc. Researcher have shown that
accidents and injuries in developing countries are generally high when compared
to other European countries (Idoro, 2007). Some of these accidents could be
attributed to the fact that work takes place in unsuitable site conditions.
Ibrahim et al (2014) stated that the building construction industry is made
up of several personnel with different trades, these personnel are assembled on
the sites at various stages of the construction process. The single factor adds
more complexity to construction process, control of activities and personnel is
usually not easy as they come from different backgrounds with unique
characteristics special to them.
Construction Workers’ Health and Safety
The construction industry is a challenging place to work (Pillay & Haupt in
Hinze, Bohner & Lew, 2008). The diverse industry is, however, associated with
high risk environments and employees are exposed to harsh and dangerous
situations, e.g. employees have to work with dangerous machines and equipment.
The industry stands out from other industries as having the highest worker
injury and fatality rates. Every construction worker is likely to be temporarily
unfit to work at some time as a result of moderate injuries or health problems
after working on a construction site (Shakantu,Haupt & Tookey, 2006;
Smallwood, 2004).
Employees are exposed to adverse weather and climatic conditions, as well
as noisy and dusty, inherently dangerous work environments that are physically
demanding (Coble & Haupt, 2000). Furthermore the mobility of construction
employees is considered paramount to industry vulnerability (Haupt, Chileshe &
Miller, 2005). Aspects of risk and vulnerability include sub-standard living
environments, high rates of alcohol abuse and the fact that employees are
separated from their families for long periods of time, thus enhancing visits to
prostitutes. They become HIV-positive and then return to their primary sexual
partners, spreading the virus in those home communities (Fourie &
Schonteich, 2002).
Huang and Hinze (n.d) analyzed accident caused due to fall of workers at
construction sites and the result showed that most fall accidents took place at
elevations of less than 9.15 m, occurring primarily on new construction projects
of commercial buildings and residential projects of relatively low construction
cost.
Indoor (2011) also concluded that all categories of Nigerian contractors do
not perform better than each other in health and safety issues, hence solicited the
support of stake holders in construction to improve health and safety
performance. The effects of inadequate health and safety performance in the
Nigerian construction industry is evident in the high number of fatalities and
injuries recorded across the country (Ayedun et al.,2012).

Molenaar et al (2002) advocated that safety plans must not stop at the
levels of drafting them, rather they should go beyond that and ensure creation of
adequate safety culture, although Farooqi et al (2008) are of the perception of a
good and efficient implementation of health and safety measures in developing
countries. Virtually all construction sites in developing countries are faced with
unsafe conditions exposing the laborers to a wide range of hazards. These
hazards are unfortunately not pointed out to the workers, most of which are
usually novice in construction activities. The main goal of contractors in these
countries is the profit they make from executing such projects, hence they try as
much as possible to maximize profit. Records relating to safety in construction
industry still remain the poorest despite the dramatic improvement recorded in
recent times (Foad, 2011).
Koehn et al (1995) revealed that accidents are usually not reported in
developing countries, the employers usually provide some cash compensations to
these workers for injuries sustained while working on sites. These compensations
are usually regarded to be generosity from the employer as they can do without
making such payments.
Samuel et al (2010) revealed that there was a serious lack of structures and
procedures regarding worker safety at all levels of construction chain in Ghana.
Aniekwu (2007) concluded that accidents occur because majority of the
workers are done manually in the Nigeria construction industry. Globalization

has significant effects on the practice of building in Nigeria with obvious threats
and opportunities which key players should recognize and adequately respond to
(Mbali et al,. 2012). The Bureau of Labour Statistics estimates that about 150,00o
construction site accidents occur every year.
The Effect of Gender on Construction Workers
Women are almost unskilled laborers and they face serious problems
related to work, wage discrimination, gender, sexual harassment, unhealthy job
relationship, lower wages, despite these, construction industry over whelming
attracts female workers. Their skills are never upgraded as they are allowed to
perform only certain types of work and usually they assist the male work force.
The female employment in the construction industry is very high, even though
they work only as the helpers or unskilled worker.
Women constitute half of the construction workers in India as semi-skilled
/ skilled jobs in other industries but in construction industry, women are
employed mostly as unskilled laborers (GOI.2008). They performs various
unskilled jobs in the industry, like cleaning building sites, carrying bricks, gravel,
mortar and water up to the skilled carpenters and masons, irrespective of the
number of years they worked, they are not upgraded from unskilled to skilled as
males (Jhabvala & Kanbur, 2002 ;Baruah,2008). This mindset has led to gender
discrimination in this work allocation and wage distribution (Suchitra and
Rajshekhar, 2006). Such anti-women attitudes and discrimination further

complicate the work place culture of this women labour. They live very tough life
and do not enjoy equality of status and social justice for which they actually
deserve.
Sexual harassment is a serious problem for female construction workers.
Studies also revealed that insecure nature of employment, particularly for
women, creates a vicious trap in which women are forced to please a
subcontractor in order to get work. It is evident that the overwhelming majority
of women in the industry are young, being between the ages of 16-40 years. (Rai
and Sarkar 2012).
The women workers at certain points were going through a number of job
stresses like sexual harassment, being jobless, gender-based discrimination,
proneness to different health hazard, physical problems, insomnia, nausea,
headache and other adverse outcomes. It is seen that at the work place they do
not have any privacy of sanitation. Both male and female workers work together
due to free mixing with the male co-workers they might get sexually transmitted
disease (Tiwari and Ganopadhyay 2011).
Gender stereotypes are present in many realms, including personality
traits and intellectual achievement (Ortner, T. & Sieverding, M. 2008). In
consideration of personality traits, men are regularly seen as more autonomous,
assertive and competitive, whereas women are perceived as more sensitive,
communicative, and tender-minded. These gender-based personality traits reflect

and replicate archetypal social positions as the “male breadwinner” and the
“female caregiver”. In consideration of intellectual abilities from most viewpoints,
the male stereotype has the advantage. Men are generally seen as more
intelligent, and generally estimate themselves as so. Gender been stereotype were
most likely developed in earlier times under different social situations, as a
consequence of a gender-related divisions of labor (Ortner, T. & Sieverding, M.
2008). Women are played a phenomenon known as stereotype threat. Stereotype
threat is believe to happen when a person experiences the threat of substanding a
negative stereotype about their particular group (Jausovee, N. & Jausovee, K.
2008).
Females inexplicably run a greater risk than males of work-realted
musculoskeletal disorders (Nordander et al. 2008). A study by Nordander et al.
(2008) evaluated whether male and female workers, with the same repetitive job
tasks, different regarding the risk of disorders and physical or psychosocial
experience.
According to Griggs et al. (2016), the structure of labour force in the
construction industry are categorized into skilled and unskilled workers. The
labour force under the skilled workers are of varying abilities ranging from
apprentices to trades foremen or supervisors (Liepman, 2013). The apprentice
can be described a beginner who is willing and interested in learning a certain
trade in the construction industry. According to Bheemaih and Smith (2015)

skilled workers is a segment of the work force with a high skill level that creates
significant economic value through the work performed.
Women in South African construction industry are contributing through
various capacities to the construction industry and the economy. Government has
put in mechanism to boost women participation in the industry and this will lead
to women acquiring constructions specific skills to compete with their male
counterparts.
Vervey (2007) noted that in recent past, women have changed from
homemakers to builders and ultimate decisions makers in hiring contractors.
Women’s role have improved and are no longer just a small part of the decisions
making process of any building.
The Effect on Age on Construction Workers
According to proactive Safety Service (2016), the average age of
construction workers in the United States is 40 years old, and this number has
been on a steady rise. Nearly half of construction workers are baby boomers
(born between 1946 and 1964), so there are plenty of construction workers
pushing 70 years old, so there is tremendous range in terms of the age of
construction workers.
As for how old is too old to work in construction, it is not so much a matter
of age, but a matter of physical and mental health. If a construction worker stays
in a good physical condition, then there is no reason why age should impede his
or her ability to work. Simply being able to keep up so that the physically-
demanding work does not become too much to bear will allow people who fall
above the 40 years old average to continue working in the field of construction.
A mental lapse can prove to be deadly—not just for the worker committing
error, but others involved on the project, as well. So it is important that
construction workers stay on top on the mental side, too. If so, workers can work
well into their 50s beyond.
So as long as workers can stay in peak physical and mental condition,
doing construction is not too onerous of a task. The real constraint is the natural
physical (and sometimes mental) regression that comes with aging. But if
workers can stave off this decay—be it through exercise and other physical
activity—there is no reason that they should not be able to work long after the
average.
One might suspect that younger, seemingly more vital workers will be
more popular hires by construction companies, but that is not so. In fact, the
experience that older construction workers bring to the table is attractive to
prospective employers. Not only can it indicate better knowledge of the ins and
outs of construction, it also shows commitment and an ability to stay in good
disciplinary standing.
Construction may not seem like a field cut out for older workers, but
construction workers are getting older, and, if they can maintain the necessary
physical and mental attributes, they are in fact a prized commodity for
employers.
Educational Attainment in Construction
According to United States Bureau of Labor and Statistics, educational
attainment of employees in construction is lower than in most industries expect
for agriculture. In 2010, about 40% of construction workers had some post-
secondary education, in contrast with 62% of the total workforce. These estimates
are based on the Current Population Survey, in which respondents are asked
about the highest level of education they have reached, coding each level of
formal education attained. In addition to formal education, most construction
knowledge is learned on the job or from special courses, licensing, or certification
requirements and apprenticeships.
Such information is not collected by the CPS (Current Population System)
but is available in other data sources. According to the CPS data, production
workers have lower educational attainment than the overall workforce, and the
level of formal education among production workers within the construction
industry is even lower than production workers in other industries. In 2010, 24%
of construction production workers had less than a high school diploma,
compared with 17% of production workers in all other industries combined.
Traditionally, there have been no formal educational requirements for most
production occupations; however, more and more construction trades now

require a high school diploma or its equivalent.2 Workers are often encouraged
or required to attend an apprenticeship program, trade or vocational school,
association training class, or community college to further their trade-related
training.
In construction, union members are much more likely to have a higher
educational attainment than nonunion workers. In 2010, nearly one in three non-
union production workers lacked a high school diploma or equivalent compared
to only one in 10 union workers. Similarly, a larger portion of union members
had post-secondary education (41%) – including some college or an associate’s
degree – when compared to non-union workers (25%).
Educational attainment also differs among demographic groups. Hispanic
(Spanish) construction workers, who are more likely to be foreign-born are much
less likely to have a high school diploma or post-secondary education than non-
Hispanic workers. Women construction workers are more likely to have higher
educational attainment than men. There is no significant difference in
educational attainment between races in construction.
Problems of Construction Laborers
According to Kumar (2006), tssshese construction laborers, as a part of
unorganized work force remain the most exploited ones even after five decades of
independence. In the recent past the trend shows that all big cities of country
have become the centers to recruit casual laborers as construction laborers to

cities and urban areas. Most of the construction laborers migrate to cities and
metros are from poor families and are illiterate. Their lack of education and skill
make their choice very limited. When they come to big cities, they have to face
number of problems because of their inexperience and lack of skill. They become
easy victim of exploitation and have to work for their day today sustenance. The
present study is to analyze the extend of construction laborers problem in Pune,
Maharashtra in which the construction business is booming is a vast proportion
and there is greater migration of business class people, blue collar officers, IT
employees, students etc. Since need of accommodation is essential, the
construction industry also finding their business in its highest level.
Deshkal Society in their online article (2004) it is reported that:
1. Being part of unorganized sector of laborer, they lose in bargaining for fair
wages. They are not paid minimum wages; even the agreed wages are not paid in
time. Even after the construction work is over, substantial due remains with the
builders or the contractors, who are always on the look for devouring these due
wages.
2. Moreover, their working time and hours are not well regulated. They do not get
overtime rates for excess work. They work under very hazardous conditions. The
working conditions and the facilities provided at the sites are far from
satisfactory. Safety conditions and measurers are hardly met. In case of accident,
there is, in general, no provision for financial and medical aid. It is up to the
workers themselves to arrange for the treatment. There is no scheme like ESI
coverage for them. In the extreme cases like death, no body owns the
responsibility.
3. Apart from these, there is no recreational facilities, no availability of drinking
water, toilets, canteens etc.
4. If the workers are female, the problems at work site and while commuting gets
compounded and multiplied. More so if they are pregnant or having small
children. There is no system at all to take care of these children at work site. And
they just cannot take leave out of work during this period lest they would face
extreme financial problems.
5. The living conditions are no way better than the working conditions. It will not
be entirely wrong to say that the situation is still worse. They are destined to live
in slums where one does not get proper (at all) civic amenities. The surroundings
are totally unhygienic. There are no proper facilities for drainage, toilet, potable
water, electricity, recreation etc. There are no local medical facilities, hospital,
school and fair price shop.
6. Besides the problems and woes discussed above, the construction workers have
no social security & benefits in terms of labour welfare measures & provisions.
They don't have provisions like pension and insurance schemes, maternity leave,
accident and death claims, concession loans and financial aid for children's
education and medical needs.
Some construction companies are making provision of accommodation
facilities to the laborers. While majority laborers have to build temporary huts by
themselves, near by the site.
The construction company is not making provision of any electricity of
sanitation facility to the construction laborers. The sanitation hygiene of the
construction site and the laborer's houses found poor condition. Majority sites do
not have any toilets. Where the sites have toilets there it is having substandard
quality. There is limited provision of drinking water and the labourers have to
depend on bore well, tanker lorry water and public water supply. The
construction company is not making provision of water facility for washing cloths
and cleaning their utensils. There also the laborers have to depend on open well,
public water supply, bore well, etc. Some of the construction companies are not
making provision of facility for washing at all. Majority construction site doesn't
have any bathroom facility. Laborers have to depend on open bath, from where
water available.
Health of laborers is not at all matter to construction companies. Majority
companies do not pay medical cost incurred to the laborers. While a considerable
number of site laborers and company jointly meet the expenses incurred for the
medical treatment. The women laborers are not eligible to get the maternity
benefits. More over the companies are not ready to compensate with employee's
having partial and full injuries and are not covered by life insurance. Adequate
accident relief equipment like helmets, hand Gloves and shoes, safety belts,
protection eye wear etc like safety materials and equipment to the construction
laborers.
The wage structure of the construction labor is also found inadequate
considering their labor. Majority laborers are getting a wage in between 50-
100Rs/day. Here the study observed differential wage system for the skilled and
unskilled laborers. For the unskilled laborers the wage comes around 41-
60Rs/day.
Leave facilities are not available for the construction laborers. Some
companies unofficially give medical leave and maternity leave to the construction
laborers. No holiday policy is found in majority construction sites. The working
hours of the construction laborers varied considerably. While majority
construction sites are making provision of 8-11 hour a day.
The laborers do not get healthy food from the construction site. Majority
companies are not making provision of better food to their laborers. Dal, Rotti,
Rice and Vegetables are the regular food habit. Women laborers have to look
after the food and home in addition to their regular work. The construction
companies are not provided with crèches for the children. Majority children are
wandering around the site while parents working in the site. No one to look after
these children and ensure their better health, education and care in their tender
age. Many factors like frequent migration from one area to another; economic
problems etc, cited by the construction laborers in making provision of better
education to their children.
Theoretical Framework
A motive is what prompts a person to act in a certain way or at least
develop an inclination for specific behavior (Kast & Rosenzweig,
1985),"Motivation" can be defined as those forces within an individual that push
or propel him to satisfy basic needs or wants (Yorks, 1976).The level of needs will
determine what rewards will satisfy an employee. According to Dessler, most
psychologists believe that all motivation is ultimately derived from a tension that
results when one or more of our important needs are unsatisfied (Dessler,
1986).Maslow also states that "Only unsatisfied needs provide the sources of
motivation; a satisfied need creates no tension and therefore no
motivation".(Burke 1987).
It is common that three qualities are included in most definitions of
motivation:(1) it is a presumed internal force, (2) that energizes for action, and
(3) determines the direction of action (Russell, 1971).Thus far, the motivational
process has been viewed as a decision-making process which takes place within
the employees (Aldag, 1979).Vroom defines motivation as a process governing
choices made by persons among alternative forms of voluntary activity (Hamner

& Organ, 1978). Motivators are the factors that arouse, direct and sustain
increased performance (Duttweiler, 1986).
Motivation is such an important element in improving work productivity,
every educational administrator needs to have a firm understanding of how it
relates to job satisfaction and reward systems. Based on numerous state and
national studies concerning the condition of schools, a great deal of time, energy,
and effort is expended by educational administrators trying to improve the
effective-ness and efficiency of educational delivery systems. Understanding job
satisfaction and work motivation can be key elements to improving educational
productivity.
General Discussion of Motivation
Essentially, three factors explain why some employees are motivated to
work, while others are not:
1) The motivation to work varies widely in people.
2) In the past decade, there has been a significant change in many
employees' attitudes toward work.
3) The increase in various government social support programs has
contributed significantly to the decline in work motivation in many people
(Stanton, 1983).
The conceptual underpinnings of the various motivational principles put
forth by psychologists were predicated on the fact that America had a powerful,
impressive, and magnificent industrial machine that offered the prospect of
considerable prosperity for all of its citizens (Stanton1983, 210).However, while
the rest of the world seemed hell-bent on becoming more productive, much of
our workforce dropped the work ethic as though it were something to be ashamed
of. Instead of striving for superior performance, their goal was more pay and less
work (Rogers & Levey, 1987).
In addition to employees who are no longer easily motivated, the
employers who subscribe to the Protestant-ethic have no appreciation for their
subordinates' hygiene needs, and create employee dissatisfaction as a
consequence (Herzberg, 1976).
Motivation from three of the foremost theorists on motivation, Maslow,
Herzberg and McClelland, indicates that typical reward system used in public
schools satisfies only the hygiene factors and does not address the higher level
needs that truly motivate people. Changing how we attempt to motivate
employees requires a deeper understanding of these two motivational theories.
The classic theories of motivation from Maslow, Herzberg and McClelland
presented in this paper focus on how each theory supports the other and how
they are applicable in the workplace.
Comparison of Theories
Herzberg argues that only the goal objectives associated with Maslow's
ego-status and self-actualization needs provide motivation or satisfaction on the
job. Meeting the lower order needs simply reduces dissatisfaction; it does not
provide satisfaction (Burke 1987, 33).
The relationship between Maslow's Hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's
motivation-hygiene theory have been compared by some researchers and have
been depicted by overlaying
McClelland's concept of achievement motivation is also related to
Herzberg's motivation-hygiene theory. People with high achievement motivation
tend to be interested in the motivators. People with low achievement motivation
are more concerned about the environment (Hersey and Blanchard1982, 61).
"Although not stated specifically in Maslow's need hierarchy, the need for
achievement underlies self-actualization."(Kast & Rosenzweig, 1970). McClelland
proposed no lower order needs. While his need for achievement is not identical
with Herzberg's motivators, or Maslow's higher order needs, there are some
similarities.
The major differences is McClelland's emphasis on socially acquired needs
(Gibson, Ivancevich & Donnelly, 1979). Maslow is helpful in identifying needs or
motives and Herzberg provides us with insights into the goals and incentives that
tend to satisfy the needs (Hersey & Blanchard, 1982).

One major means of increasing an employee's level of intrinsic motivation
is through changing the work itself (Aldag, 1979).This can be done through job
rehabilitation. Rehabilitating jobs is called job enrichment (Herzberg, 1976,).
However, Aldag has said, "Employees dissatisfied with extrinsic factors are
unlikely to respond well to job enrichment attempts."(Aldag, 1979).
Job enrichment, a significant intervention within OD (Organizational
Development) and a critical element of quality-of-work-life (QWL) projects, is a
direct application of Herzberg's theory and at least an indirect application of
Maslow's theory (Burke, 1987).
Further analysis of these theories leads to the conclusion that when
managers incorporate motivations. Elements in work settings rather than simply
eliminating adverse hygiene factors, they can expect to see higher productivity
and job satisfaction. This seems to be a paradox in many working environments
where a great deal of time, energy and effort is expended on extrinsic factors
which do not lead to job satisfaction/motivation, but only serve to reduce job
dissatisfaction.
The thrust of all of the motivational theories reviewed is that managers
should carefully review what they are incorporating into reward systems. If the
rewards are predominantly extrinsic factors then all that can be hoped for are
employees who are not dissatisfied with their work. Satisfying hygiene needs is
relatively simple, but the satisfaction is short-lived and these types of needs are
not additive in nature.Motivation can be achieved only bysatisfying a very limited
area of complex needs, which are additive in nature and whose satisfaction
results in much more long lasting effect.
What is actually required, therefore, is a two-way effort which is directed
first at the hygiene and then at the development of motivation (Haimann, 1973).
Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
1. The demographic 1. Conduct an

profile of intensive review of
1. The researchers
construction related literatures will come up with
workers in Infanta, and studies. the summary,
Quezon in terms of:
conclusion and
a) Age; 2. Formulate and recommendation of
b) Sex distribute a survey the study.
c) Civil status; questionnaire and
d) Educational guide
attainment; questionnaires 2. The researchers
e) Number of among the will come up with
year (s) construction the implications
working; workers. derived from the
f) Working results of the study.
experience; 3. Gather data by
and means of those
g) Monthly questionnaires and
income? interview. Analyzed
2. Vision data.
3. Motivations 4. Tally, tabulate,
 Maslow’s analyze and
Hierarchy of interpret the
needs theory gathered data.
 Herzberg’s
motivation 5. Draw conclusi0n
hygiene and offer
theory recommendations Figure 1.
 McClelland’s based on the
concept of Conceptual Paradigm
findings of the
motivation study.
theory
4. Problems
RESEARCH PARADIGM
The research paradigm that will guide this study is seen in Fig.1.
The researchers used the input, process, and output approach.
The input box contains demographic profile of selected construction
workers in Infanta, Quezon in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational
attainment, number of year(s) working, and working experience (s). Also, the
vision, motivations and problems of selected construction workers in Infanta
Quezon.
The process box contains the review of related literatures and studies, the
formulation of survey questionnaires, the distribution of the formulated survey
questionnaires and interview guide questionnaires among selected construction
workers in Infanta, Quezon. Then, the data will be gather through the use of
survey questionnaires and interview then the data will be tally, tabulated,
analyzed and interpreted. So then, the researchers will be able to draw the
conclusions and recommendation based on the findings of the study.
And the output box, it contains the target outcome of the study. The
researchers will come up with the summary, conclusion and recommendation of
the study. Also, the researchers will come up with the implications derived from
the result of the study.

Justification of the Study
The various literatures and studies reviewed were very significant to the
process of conceptualization of the present study. It have clear relevance to the
present study. All studies reviewed contributed to the framework of the present
study. They are similar to the present study in the sense that both deal with
experiences of construction workers. Most of the studies reviewed used the
descriptive method of research which is also the one used by the present
researchers.
However, it is clear that there is no duplication of any of the studies
reviewed. In a way, the present study is a replication of some of the studies
mentioned in the review.
The difference lies in the research venue, purpose, and specific focus of the
study that is more on experience. The present study gives more focus on the
vision, motivation and challenges of the construction workers in Infanta, Quezon.

Chapter III
METHODS AND PROCEDURES AND SOURCES OF DATA
This chapter covers the method of research used in this investigation, the
locale of the study, the instrument used, the techniques or mean used for data
gathering, research procedures, sampling technique, and the statistical treatment
used.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This type of research is called mixed approach, both qualitative and
quantitative approaches are used. According to Bian (n.d), mixed methods
research focuses on collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and
qualitative data in a single study or series of studies. Its central premises is that
the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches, in combination, it provides a
better understanding of research problems than either approach alone (Bian,
n.d). Quantitative research design seek to find answer to questions how starting
with how many, how much, how long, to what extent and etc. Answer to those
questions come in numerals, percentages and fractions among others (Suter &
Rusell in Avenilla, 2017). Baraceros (1997) stated that the Qualitative research is
a research type that puts premium or high value on people thinking or point of
view.
Non-experimental research design is a quantitative research design that is
capable of giving qualitative and quantitative data hence, this is often used in the
field of social sciences. It involves variables the way they naturally exist on earth
(Baraceros, n.d).
This study uses descriptive research design. According to Palispis (cited in
Dailo, 2017), “Descriptive study proceeds to describe certain phenomena such as
person, unit, agency or the occurrence of an event as it exists.” Baraceros (n.d)
stated that descriptive depicts an image or a picture of an individual or a group.
In short, descriptive design seeks to describe the current status of a variable or
phenomenon.
Meanwhile, Good and Scale (1972) said that the descriptive method of
research includes studies that support present facts concerning the nature and
status of anything. This simply means that this method of research gives meaning
to the quality and standing of facts. For instance, one may become interested in
generating information about institution, a community, a persons, a class of
events, or any kind of experience about a given phenomenon. This method of
research is found appropriate for the research problem because it can describe
the problems, motivations, and visions of construction workers in identified
community.
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
This study entitled “Vision, Motivation and Challenges of Construction
workers in Infanta Quezon” was conducted at Infanta Quezon.
Infanta, Quezon is 136.4 km from manila and takes 3 hours and 49
minutes to arrive you can ride a bus or van, you can find the route in Legarda,
Manila.
The map shown above is the map of Infanta, Quezon. To find Infanta, you
can search it in the google map.

RESEARCHER INSTRUMENT
In gathering data to get much information, the researchers will utilize the
following instrument:
1. Interview guide question, for us to deeply understand the experiences of
selected construction workers.
2. The researchers used cellphone for interviewing, for picture taking, for
recording and for video, and notebook for documentation and collection of
available documents.
3. The study made used of survey questionnaire which was collaboratively
constructed by the researchers. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. The
first part is the demographic profile of the respondents, which includes the name
of the respondent, section, gender, and the course.
The second part of the survey questionnaire includes closed-ended
statement that will determined the visions, motivations and problems of
construction workers which employ Likert scale method with the options:
Strongly agree, Agree, Uncertain, Disagree and Strongly disagree. The verbal
interpretations given above employed by weight such as 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1
respectively for the purpose of computation.

The information that was gathered from the questions served as a very
important source of information of this study for it to reveal the answer of the
given questions.
MEANS OF GATHERING DATA
In gathering the data and experience the respondents, the researcher used story-
telling and in-depth interview.
Story telling
Through story-telling, the researchers know the experiences of the co-researcher, they
encourage them to narrate their experiences freely,.
In-depth interview
The interview is one of the major techniques in gathering data or information. It
is defined as a purposeful face relationship between two person, one whom called die
interview who asks question to gather information and other called the interviewee of
respondent who supplies the information asked (Calderon & Gonzales, 1993).
Interviews are conducted orally, and the answers to the questions are recorded by
the researcher. The advantages of this instrument are that the researcher can clarify any
questions that are obscure and also can ask the question to expand on answers that are
particularly important or revealing (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2006).

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
The following steps was undertaken by the researchers in order to gather
data:
1. The researchers seek permission to Senior High School Principal of Northern
Quezon College Incorporated and to the Mayor of the said community, Infanta
Quezon, through a letter to conduct a study and distribute a survey questionnaire
among the selected Construction workers.
2. The researcher seek permission to the respondent to be part of the study.
3. The respondents was given enough time to answer the questionnaire.
4. After the retrieval of questionnaires, the researchers will proceed to the face to
face interview with the used of interview guide schedule.
5. All data gathered from the respondents was tallied, tabulated and analyzed.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
This study uses purposive sampling technique. Researchers assume that
they can use their knowledge and experiences of the population to judge whether
or not a particular sample will be represented. It is not expected that the person
chosen are themselves representative of the population, but rather they possess
the necessary information about the population. Researchers here do not simply
study who-ever is available but rather use their judgement to select a sample that
they believe, based on prior information, will provide the data they need. In
short, a purposive sample consist of individuals who have special qualifications of
some sort or are deemed representative on the basis of prior evidence (Fraenkel
& Wallen, 2006).
For these reasons the researchers made us of criteria to be able to judge
who will be qualified respondent in this study.
1. The construction worker have his own family.
2. The construction worker is willing to answer our questions and willing to share
his knowledge, experience and opinion.
3. The construction worker can express his problems, motivations, and visions.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
Answers and responses of the selected construction workers from the
survey questionnaires were tallied, tabulated, and analyzed. All the data were
treated and organized based on the specific problems raised in this research
study.
Percentage and Frequency
This is used in the demographic profile of the students. It is display of data
that specifies the percentage of observations that exists for each data point or
grouping of data points. The formula is:
P = f/n x 100
Where: P = percentage
F = frequency
N = number of cases
WM = (1F + 2F + 3F + 4F + 5F) /N
Where:
WM = weighted mean
F = frequency
N = total number of respondents
For the interpretation of the computed means of the construction workers’
problems, motivations and problems, the following rating scale with
corresponding verbal interpretation use. And to give an in-depth explanation, the
verbal interpretation give an adjectival interpretation give an adjectival
interpretation equivalent to each scale as shown below:

Weight Scale Verbal Adjectival
interpretation interpretation
5 4.2o – Strongly Agree Very Highly
5.00 Noteworthy
4 3.39 – Agree Highly
3.40 Noteworthy
3 2.60 – Uncertain Noteworthy
3.39
2 1.80 - Disagree Slight
2.59 Noteworthy
1 1.00 – Strongly Not Noteworthy
1.79 Disagree

Chapter 1-3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Chapter 1-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

NORTHERN QUEZON COLLEGE, INC.

Brgy. Comon, Infanta Quezon

PROBLEMS, MOTIVATIONS, AND VISIONS OF CONSTRUCTION

WORKERS IN INFANTA, QUEZON

A research paper submitted

In fulfillment of the requirement of Senior High School,

Northern Quezon College Incorporated

Joyce Ann Rutaquio

Maria Katrina Shailyn Ritual

Jessy Mae Napay*

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

of Entrepreneurship, people are define as the ultimate marketing strategies. They

the researchers talks about is the worker. According to Scott (2018) in

provide professional services to clients. Other white-collar workers, such as

engineers and architects, provides services to businesses, corporations and

work vary by occupation. Some blue-collar occupations require highly skilled

mechanics, plumbers, electricians and structural workers. Many blue-collar

belongs to Blue Collar workers. According to Collins English Dictionary,

construction workers are tradesman, laborer or professional employed in the

physical construction of the built environment and its infrastructure.

little skill and can be learned quickly.

While some construction workers are constructing one of the buildings of

determination of construction workers to earn money. Are they happy in this

educational attainment, number of years working and workers experience play an

researchers want to answer.

visions of construction workers in Infanta, Quezon. Its purpose is to explore the

lived-experiences of construction workers. The researchers hope that the result of

this research study can give contributions and awareness to respondents,

students, educators, school administrators, parents and readers.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

created. Who has not been in a kitchen installed by a construction workers? Or

Construction is also one of the most dangerous industries for workers

non-fatal injuries and illness (after transportation) in 2005 ( BLS, 2006).

According to Philippines Statistics Office, the Philippines employs more than 2

constantly exposed to dangerous environments.

Construction workers ranges from child engineering and the infrastructure

project (dams, highways, airport) involving a multitude of individual

construction firms to the construction and renovation of residential and

industrial structures, to routine residential repair (U.S. Census Bureau, 2005). A

construction workers typically work as part of a team on a construction sites

(such as building, home, or other structure). A person may be responsible for a

number of tasks, including carpentry, demolition, drywall, finishing and roofing.

holidays, depending on the job deadline.

Modernization and industrialization have paved a good way to

slumps in the economy or in construction works, the sector is going through a

of greater employment opportunity elsewhere has drawn large numbers of

workers in this sector (Kumar, 2013).

According to The Scientific World Journal, in India, construction industry

is the second largest employer when compared to agriculture throughout the

force and it contributes to 16.4% of fatal global occupational accidents. In the

according to a recent study by the international labor organization (ILO) that

the image of the construction industry, as a result there is shortage of skilled

According to The Scientific World Journal, there are several factors

of occupational safety and Health Administration examination of the causes of

construction fatalities, it was shown that 39.o9% of fatalities in construction were

incidents, and 8.5% were electrocution.

According to the Thesis of K. Ponnaian (2016) with the title of Problems

of Construction Workers in Kanyakumari, there are ten (10) problems of workers.

The said problems are the following:

1. Casual Nature of Employment

The nature of employment in construction industry remains casual and

uncertain. In fact, no one either contractor or owner gives an assurance of job to

the family income and standard of living and it develops.

2. Uncertain Working Hours

Uncertain working hours is another problem faced by the workers in

construction sector. There is a fixed hours of work in government and non-