SME 1013

Programming for
Engineers
Arrays
by: Mohamed Hussein
compliment to:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd Shafiek Yaacob

Arrays
 Arrays are a convenient way to work with large
quantities of data.
 Each array has an index that allows us to locate
and manipulate the quantities stored in the array
 Arrays are equivalent to subscripted variables
commonly used in mathematics In single-valued
variable format
xave = (x1 + x2 + … + xn)/n
In subscripted
variable format
x_ave = (x1 + x2 + … + xn)/n
(array)

x_ave = (x[1] + x[2] + … + x[n])/n

1
 Defining an Array
 Arrays are defined with a name that is accompanied by
size specification, enclosed in square brackets.
 A one-dimensional array definition may be expressed as

storage-class data-type array_name[expression];

 The storage-class is optional.

 It is sometimes convenient to define an array size in term
of a symbolic constant.

Example 9.1
Several typical one-dimensional array definitions

int x[100];
char text[80];
static char message[25];
static float n[12];

Array definition using symbolic constant

#define size[60]
. . .
char letter[size];

2
 More on Array Definition
 Automatic Arrays cannot be initialize in the definition
statement.
 External and Static array definitions can include the
assignment of initial values if desired.
 All individual array elements that are not assigned
explicit initial values will automatically be set to zero.
 The array size need not be specified explicitly when
initial values are included as part of array definition.
 When a string is assigned to an external or a static
character array, the array size specification is usually
omitted.

Example 9.3
Array definitions that include initial values

int digits[5]={1,2,3,4,5};
static float x[6]={0,0.25,0,-0.5,0,0};
char color[3]={‘R’, ‘E’, ‘D’};

int digits[]={1,2,3,4,5};
char color[]=“RED”

3
 Processing an Array
 Single operations which involved entire arrays are not
permitted in C.

 Operations must be carried out on element-by-element

basis. This is usually accomplished within a loop.

 When it is desirable to assign initial values to the

elements of an array, the array must be defined either
globally or as static array.

Example 9-8 summation and average

#include <stdio.h>
main(){
float x[5], sum=0.0, ave; int k, count=0;

x[0]=5; x[1]=4; x[2]=3; x[3]=2; x[4]=1;

for(k=0; k<5; ++k)

{
sum=sum + x[k];
++count;
printf(“sum: %3.1f count: %d”,sum,count);
system{“pause”);
}
ave=sum/count;
printf(“sum=%f and average=%f\n”, sum, ave);
}

4
 Example 9-9 Create a program that calculates
the dot product of two vectors

#include <stdio.h>
main(){
float a[3], b[3], dotpr=0.0; int k;
a[0]=1.0; a[1]=2.0; a[2]=3.0;
b[0]=9.0; b[1]=8.0; b[2]=7.0;

for(k=0; k<3; ++k){

dotpr = dotpr + a[k]*b[k];
}

printf(“Dot Product = %f\n”, dotpr);

Passing Arrays to Functions

 An entire array can be passed to a function as an
argument.
 The array name appears without brackets as an actual
argument within the function call.
 The corresponding formal argument must be declared as
an array within the formal argument declarations with a
pair of empty square brackets.
 When writing function prototypes, an empty pair of
square brackets must follow the name of each array
argument.
 If an array is altered within the function, the alteration
will be recognized in the calling portion of the program.

5
 Example 9.10 Passing of an array to a function

float average(int a, float x[]);

main(){
int n; float avg, list[10];
. . .
avg = average(n, list);
. . .
}

float average(int a, float x[]){

. . .
}

Example 9.11 Alteration of an array by a function.

#include <stdio.h>
void modify(int a[]);

main(){
int count, a[3];
a[1]=0; a[2]=1; a[3]=2;
printf(“%d %d %d\n”, a[1], a[2], a[3]);
modify(a);
printf(“%d %d %d\n”, a[1], a[2], a[3]);
}

void modify(int a[]){

a[1]=-9; a[2]=-9; a[3]=-9;
return;
}

6
 Two-Dimensional Arrays
 Two-dimensional arrays can be thought of as
representing a table of information.
 To select a value from a table, we need to specify the
row and the column.
 Two subscripts are needed.
 Nested loop is usually used to control the indices.
 A two-dimensional array definition can be written as
storage-class data-type array_name[m][n];
 Initialization of a two-dimensional array will be assign
by row.

Example 9.17
Examples of array definitions
float table[50][50];
char page[24][80];
static record[m][n];

Examples of array initializations

int values[3][4]={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12};

int values[3][4]={ {1, 2, 3, 4},

{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12} };

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Sample 9-18 Store and display the following noise
measurements in a two-dimensional array.
Grid X=2m X=4m X=6m
#include <stdio.h> Y=1m 62 dB 80 dB 95 dB
main(){ Y=3m 65 dB 75 dB 82 dB
float sp[2][3];
int row, col;

sp[0][0]=62.0; sp[0][1]=80.0; sp[0][2]=95.0;

sp[1][0]=65.0; sp[1][1]=75.0; sp[1][2]=82.0;

for(row=0; row<2; ++row)

{
for(col=0; col<3; ++col)
{
printf(“%6.1f”, sp[row][col]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

Create a program that calculates the

Sample 9-19 sound intensity at each grid point.
[Intensity = (sp^2)/410]
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
main(){
float sp[2][3], intsty[2][3]; int row, col;

sp[0][0]=62.0; sp[0][1]=80.0; sp[0][2]=95.0;

sp[1][0]=65.0; sp[1][1]=75.0; sp[1][2]=82.0;

for(row=0; row<2; ++row){

for(col=0; col<3; ++col){
intsty[row][col]=(pow(sp[row][col],2))/410;
printf(“%12.3e”, intsty[row][col]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
}

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 Sample 9-20 Write a program that create an
identity matrix of size m x m.

#include <stdio.h>
main(){
int eye[50][50], m, j, k;

printf(“Enter the size m of the I matrix\n”);

scanf(“%d”, m);

for(j=0; j<m; ++j){

for(k=0; k<m; ++k){
eye[j][k] = 0.0;
if(j==k) eye[j][k] = 1.0;
printf(“%3d”, eye[j][k]);
}
}
}

Sample 9-21 Write a program that multiply two

matrices of agreeable size (dimension).
. . .

float a[50][50], b[50][50], c[50][50];

. . .

/* imax = number of rows in a */

/* jmax = number of columns in b */
/* kmax = number of rows in b (= columns in a) */

for(i=0; i<imax; ++i){

for(j=0; j<jmax; ++j){
c[i][j]=0.0
for(k=0; k<kmax; ++k){
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}

. . .