UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CUSTOMIZATION AND FABRICATION OF MUFFLER

WITH EXHAUST GAS MUSSEL FILTER

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of

Methods of Research (NME 427-1ME) for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by:

March 20, 2018

Chapter 1- The Problem and its Background

1.1. Introduction
 Pollution is one of the major problems of our country. Air pollution is the introduction

into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulates, or biological materials that causes discomfort,

diseases, or death to humans, harming other living organisms such as food crops, and even

destroy the natural environment or built environment. One of the causes is the exhaust gases

emitted by vehicles. These gases are particulate matter, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon

monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hazardous air pollutants and greenhouse gases.

The worldwide problem of air pollution has continued to grow at a rapid rate due to

uncontrolled sources. According to a study, around 92% of the world’s human population are

exposed to air pollution levels that exceed the “safe” limits set by the World Health Organization

(WHO). Apart from its great impact to climate change, polluted air has contributed to health

risks like asthma.

Although air quality monitoring in the Philippines has been sporadic and lacks good

quality assurance, there is no doubt that the air quality of Metro Manila is seriously degraded.

Most obvious is the presence of atmospheric particles that reduce visibility on most days, but

there is also evidence of very high concentrations of fine (invisible) particles, and occasional

excessive levels of some gases associated with motor vehicle emissions. Some of these gases can

be absorbed by mussels such that could actually trap the exhausted or emitted gases of vehicles,

as it contains nutrients such as calcium carbonate that can scientifically absorb air pollutants or

residues.

1.2. Conceptual Framework

Mechanical and Electrical

Mussels Input
 Design Analysis
Crushing process

Machining

Customization/Fabrication Bending

Welding
Improvised Muffler
with filter exhaust

Figure 1.1. Conceptual Framework

1.3. Statement of the Problem

1. The air pollution caused by vehicle’s exhaust continued to grow at a rapid rate due to

uncontrolled sources and can be reduced by developing an improvised muffler design with filter

that can lessen exhaust smoke emitted by vehicles such as PUVs.

2. To design a practical muffler that can limit and reduce the excessive noise caused by the

exhaust system with respect to materials, design, build up and dimension. Also, the necessity of

the exhaust for the extent life and stability against gunk and corrosions.

Objectives of the Study

 General Objective

To be able to produce a muffler with a filter made from crushed mussels as filter that can

minimize air exhaust in nearby areas by reducing the harmful exhaust smoke produced by

vehicles. Also, to determine the feasibility of the exhaust gas filter for mufflers with mussels.

 Specific Objectives
To be able to design and produce a customized muffler that has the ability to filter

chemical wastes produced by vehicles using mussels which has the capability of absorbing

harmful contaminants in vehicular smoke.

To be able to apply the principles of chemistry, thermodynamics, background to machine

shop and design, and other related applied sciences.

To be able to create other possibilities or solutions that can help our society to reduce and

eliminate air pollutants coming from vehicle’s exhaust.

To give new innovation and possible design of invention.

1.4. Assumptions of the Study

In designing and fabricating the muffler, the following assumptions were made:

1. Using shells, specifically mussels to adsorb carbon dioxide and other harmful substances that

will be effective in filtering vehicular smoke produced by gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles

as supported by the smoke emission tests.

2. To produce a lighter and wider in dimension muffler that could fit on cars and other most used

vehicles.
3. The materials and tools that will be used are readily available in hard wares and/or other

general merchandise or establishments, and on the workplace.

1.5. Significance of the Study

This research aims to test the capability of using mussels as it contains essential nutrients

in filtering polluted smoke emitted by vehicles. It would also give new ideas and data dealing

with air pollution and it could give other ways to utilize the given shells for future improvement.

The society can benefit from it because it can lessen harmful effects caused by air pollution. The

effects of air pollutants could lead to asthma, cardiovascular diseases, change in lung function,

and even to death. The utilization of mussels can naturally purify, absorb and filter toxic

substances present in. As a result, ozone depletion will somehow diminish and health-related

issues will be limited.

1.6. Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The major focus of this research is to design an improvised muffler that filter excessive

exhaust or particulates released by a vehicle. This study involves the dimensions and selection of

material needed in fabrication of muffler as well as the design of other parts. The invention of the

proposed product will be at the machine shop. The testing of the feasibility of the exhaust gas

filter will be done at the Emission Testing Center. The treatments would be the muffler with and

without the exhaust gas filter.

The performance of the vehicle which will not be affected by the customized muffler is

one of the limitation of the study. This study is also limited to the invention of exhaust gas filter

with the use of mussels.

1.8. Definition of Terms

Muffler or silencer is a device for decreasing the amount of noise emitted by the exhaust of

an internal combustion engine.

Mussel is a shellfish having two parts to its shell, living in either salt or fresh water such as

tulya, lukan, kabya and tahong.

Exhaust are waste gases or air expelled from an engine, turbine, or other machine in the course

of its operation.

Particulates are very small particles of a substance, especially those that are produced when fuel

is burned.

Calcium Carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3, a white, insoluble solid

occurring naturally as chalk, limestone, marble, and calcite, and forming mollusk shells and

stony corals.

Filter is something that works by removing, blocking, or separating out certain elements,

as for removing dust from air or impurities.

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents information and studies conducted related to the project. The

following reviews are obtained from different sources such as books, journals, reports and other

related works:

Main pollutants generated in the engine exhaust gases are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon

oxides (COx), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM). The last term is referred to small
particles leaving the engine, mainly constituted by carbonaceous material. These fine particles

can enter into the human lungs, being responsible for some breathing and cardiovascular

diseases. The hydrocarbons are organic volatile compounds able to form ozone smog at the

ground level when interacting with nitrogen oxides under the sun light. Ozone irritates the eyes,

hurts the lungs, causes asthma attack and aggravates other respiratory problems. In addition,

ozone is one of the primary components of photochemical smog. Furthermore, hydrocarbons can

also cause cancer (Schwartz, 1993).

Nitrogen oxides, same as hydrocarbons, are precursors for ozone formation. The NO2

contributes importantly to the formation of acid rain. The carbon monoxide (CO) reduces the

oxygen flow in the blood and results particularly dangerous for people with heart diseases. The

carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas able to make an atmosphere layer trapping the heat

and contributing to the global warm of the earth (Oberdoster, 1992).

The rapid increase in the vehicle fleet is mainly due to importation of used vehicles to

satisfy the high demand for personal vehicles. The growing vehicle population, especially motor

cycles and three wheelers together, with the high emission rates from many of these vehicles has

been associated with serious air pollution problems in many urban areas of developing countries.

Particularly, vehicular emissions are linked to number of health effects, including respiratory and

cardiovascular diseases such as asthma and lung cancer. Emissions from vehicles consist of a

large number of pollutants resulting from a number of different processes. The most critical

source of pollution is vehicular exhaust that is generated during the fossil fuel combustion

process and subsequently emitted from the tailpipes. Primary pollutants in the vehicular exhaust

that can produce health effects include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur

dioxide and other toxic substances such as particulate matter and lead. Additionally, other gases
(such as ozone) and particles (sulfate and nitrates) can form in the atmosphere as secondary

pollutants from reactions involving some of those primary emissions (Watkins, 2013).

According to a study, Recent United Nations estimates have indicated that 47% of the global

population is living in urban areas. This urbanization has brought with it an increased need for

transportation and hence an increase in motor vehicle generated air pollutants. However, a large

number of epidemiological studies from different parts of the world have consistently identified

an association between ambient levels of air particles and various health outcomes, including

mortality, exacerbation of asthma, chronic bronchitis, respiratory tract infections, ischaemic heart

disease and stroke. Indeed, the United Nations Environment Programme has identified

particulate matter pollution as the most serious air pollution problem faced by many cities. It is

therefore important to evaluate the health effects of motor vehicle generated pollutants in

mechanistic studies, in order to understand the relevance of associations found in the

epidemiological studies (Quick, 2010).

It is well documented that exposure to air pollution causes adverse health effects such

as asthma in children and adults, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the elderly, lung

infections, and cardiovascular morbidity (Chuanfang, 2012). In fact, the diesel exhaust has been

shown to be a predominant contributor to urban fine particulate matter air pollution, estimated by

the World Health Organization (WHO) to result in 3.2 million deaths annually worldwide (Muala

et al.,2014). Hence, there is an urgent need to consider and evaluate methods to reduce individual

exposure. At present, air filtering medium used to remove aerosols or airborne particles have

considerably evolved through multiples scientific research focused on developing new materials

for environment and equipment protection (Otani et al, 2007). In fact, air filters based on

synthetic substances dominate the market for their technical and economic advantages such as
ease of implementation and of low cost. However, synthetic fibers may pose a source of

pollution and health risks (Kezrane, n.d.). Because of the increasing need to protect human health

and to create a cleaner world, aerosol filtration is becoming more important. Hence, there is a

need to look for a low-cost and eco-friendly air filters. Among various ways to detoxify polluted

air is by biological processes such as peat moss and sand filters. However, all of these systems

are bulky, cumbersome, easily contaminated, and highly inefficient. Another alternative is

filtration using fibrous media that is relatively inexpensive, simple to implement, and yet

provides one of the most efficient means for collecting submicron particles (Lee and Liu, 1981).

To date, only few studies using fibers for air filtration were explored such as from Luffa

cynlindrica. Continuous efforts were done to investigate natural fibrous substances for air

filtering system.

Everyone in a traffic jam is exposed to hazardous mixtures through tailpipe and

evaporative emissions, when hydrocarbon pollutants escape into the air through fuel evaporation

- evaporation causes significant hydrocarbon pollution from cars on hot days when ozone levels

are highest. Benzene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and 1, 3-butadiene are examples of toxic air

pollutants associated with motor vehicle emissions. The negative effects of automotive emissions

are maximized when sitting in traffic surrounded by cars, their engines idling. The

Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the air toxics emitted from cars and trucks

account for half of all cancers caused by air pollution. Due to engine exhaust, illnesses are

becoming worse. People who suffer from serious illnesses, including asthma, chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and lung cancer suffer more often

and more severely. Tens of millions of Americans suffer from these illnesses. Children, the

elderly, those with compromised immune systems, and those with specific genetic traits are at
special risk. Recent health literature indicating that residents near major roads face elevated rates

of several adverse health outcomes has prompted legal dispute over the responsibility of

transportation agencies to use roadway air dispersion models to characterize the impacts of new

and expanded roadways, bus terminals, truck stops, and other sources. In a typical urban area

(i.e., at the "community scale"), toxic air pollutants are particular concern because people and

sources of emissions are concentrated in the same geographic area. (Kalandidi, et. al., 1996)

Air pollution caused by the automobiles has impacts on health and imposes potentially

substantial economic costs to society. Most of the health effects from air pollution come from

respiratory symptoms in the levels of pollution in Metro Manila. The time-series have revealed

the effects of various pollutants (generally PM10= particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in

diameter, ozone, CO=Carbon Monoxide, NO2=Nitrogen dioxide, and SO2=Sulfur dioxide.). The

Harvard school of public health has assessed health risks found in current and anticipated levels

of air pollution in Metropolitan Area implications of air quality focused on pollutants, mainly by

PM10 (particulate matter smaller than 10 µm in diameter) and ozone. The Studies in various

cities around the world, including the Metro Manila, shows that there are daily fluctuations in air

pollution levels in different parts of the world. It is estimated that for each 10 µg/m3 increase in

daily levels 4 of PM10. So, due to increase in particulate matter of air cardiovascular, coronary

heart diseases and even premature deaths among the infants will take place. This can be done by

reducing 10 percent reduction in PM10 may reduce the death of infants. Several studies revealed

that the effect could be several times larger if one considers longer-term responses to particulate

matter exposure PM10 concentrations have also been associated with health outcomes including

increased cases of chronic bronchitis, respiratory or cardiovascular problems, asthma attacks,

symptoms etc.
 Exhaust emissions of ICEs have become the major contributors for global air pollution,

greenhouse effect and eventually, global warming. With a large increase in traffic volumes, it

becomes increasingly important to keep ICE emissions to a minimum. During recent years,

environmental concerns have led to the development of stringent emission standards for

restricting the emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and unburned

hydrocarbons (HC). Presently, a number of emission control strategies are being used to control

the tail pipe emissions. Methods include EGR, SCR, Catalytic Converter (CAT) and Diesel

Particulate Filter (DPF) and all those systems are fitted to the exhaust system of the vehicle.

Limiting values of the exhaust emission standards depends on the weight category of the vehicle.

In Europe, the Euro 5 emission standard is now in place and Euro 6 with more stringent emission

regulations will be implemented in September 2014. Light duty vehicle emission standards in

USA and Japan are much more stringent than in Europe. Currently, US-Tier 2 Bin 5 and JC08

have been implemented in respectively USA and Japan. Even though the 2012 international

carbon dioxide (CO2) emission target is 120g/km, current investigations show that the average

CO2 emission of passenger vehicles in Japan, Europe and US are about 130g/km, 140g/km and

256g/km respectively. A major aspect for current automobile research interest are gradually

diverting to investigate on Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) and Zero Emission

Vehicle (ZEV) technologies such as electric, fuel cell and hybrid vehicles. However, more than

95% of the road transport sector is still dependent on conventional ICEs. Thus, it is essential to

identify methods to improve the power train performance without major changes to the structure

of the engine or vehicle. This can be done by recovering the waste thermal energy of the coolant

and the exhaust system to the greatest extent possible (Chaudari & Kakade, 2015).
 Muffler is an important part of an engine system used in exhaust system to reduce

exhaust gas noise level. The literature review reveals that the exhaust gas noise level depends

upon various factors. Muffler geometry, extension in inlet and outlet valves, number of whole

perforations and its diameter are the factors which affects noise from engines. The objective of

this study is to reduce exhaust gas noise level. Mufflers are components of an automobile's

exhaust system that helps in the drop of noise produced when exhaust gases leave the engine.

Mufflers are usually installed at the end of exhaust pipes which are parts of an exhaust system.

Mufflers are created and designed with resonating chambers that reduce noise created by gases

flowing out of the exhaust system. Mufflers are coated with different anti corrosion solvents or

materials that help prevent rusts and other corrosions Mufflers have variouschambers and holes

created and mounted inside them. These chambers are refrained to reduce and eliminate noise

created by exhaust gases. These muffler chambers are designed toreflect sound waves produced

by engines. Exhaust gases and sound waves enter the muffler and bounce off from the chamber

of the muffler; they pass through different holes created inside the muffler before exiting the

tailpipe and leaving the muffler (Mundhe, et. al.,2011).

A representation of bibliographical review of the muffler used in automobile industry.

Use of sound absorption material in an exhaust system dissipates the energy of the acoustic

waves into heat and also store heat energy from the exhaust stream. Using an absorptive material

can greatly increase the transmission loss of an exhaust system in the mid to high frequency

ranges. (Kalita et. al.,2012)

Eventually, a paper deals with the experimental modal analysis, also known as modal

analysis or modal testing, deals with the determination of natural frequencies, damping ratios,

and mode shapes through vibration testing. The exhaust muffler in an automobile plays an
integral role in reducing the sound of the automobile, as well as the ride itself. In order to

maintain a desired noise and comfortable ride, the modes of a muffler need to be analyzed.

(Suresh, et. al., 2016)

The review on different types of mufflers and design of exhaust system belonging engine

has been studied. The object of this study is deciding muffler design which one reduces a large

amount of noise level and back pressure of engine. In designing, there is different parameter

which has to be taken in to the consideration. These parameters affect the muffler efficiency.

Absorptive muffler design uses only absorption of the sound wave to reduce the noise level

without messing with the exhaust gas pressure. (Chaudhari, et. al., 2013)

Paper explanation to an automotive exhaust system the noise level, transmission loss &

back pressure are the most important parameters for the driver & engine performance. In order to

improve the design efficiency of muffler, resonating of the exhaust muffler should be avoided by

its natural frequency. The design of muffler becomes more and more important for noise

reduction. The solid modeling of exhaust muffler is created by CATIA-V5 and modal analysis is

carried out by ANSYS to study the vibration and natural frequency of muffler. So as to

differentiate between the working frequencies from natural frequency and avoid resonating.

(Nazirkar, et. al.,2015)

The absorptive muffler is the classic dissipative design, deriving its noise control

properties from the basic fact that noise energy is effectively “absorbed” by various types of

fibrous packing materials. That is, as the sound waves pass through the spaces between the

tightly packed, small diameter fibers of the absorptive material, the resulting viscous friction

dissipates the sound energy as small amounts of heat. (Rahman, et. al., 2016)
 The acoustic attenuation of a single-pass, perforated concentric silencer filled with

continuous strand fiber is investigated first theoretically and experimentally. The study is then

extended to a specific type of hybrid silencer that consists of two single-pass perforated filling

chambers combined with a Helmholtz resonator. (Selamet, et al., 2005)

Based on the typical structure, proposed a muffler with an interconnecting hole on the tail

pipe to improve its acoustic performance in the present research. Acoustic performances of the

proposed muffler were studied experimentally and theoretically in frequency and time domain. It

was found that interconnecting hole enabled the proposed muffler to have a noise attenuation

performance of Helmholtz Resonator. So, the proposed muffler can attenuate the noise of low

frequency and middle frequency at the same time. (Yasuda, et. al., 2013)

Under investigation, different types of general intake configuration used in such

competitive events. The Conical-Spline Intake system was found to give less variation of

volumetric efficiency when compared to every cylinder and engine performance out of all the

three types of intake concepts that were evaluated. (Claywell, et. al., 2006) Suggested different

ways of optimization technique used for air intake and exhaust system. Orthogonal Array Testing

was implemented which is common these days for designing air intake of such competitions. It

was assumed that the air in the system due to its inertia is sloshing back and forth and bouncing

in the resonant cavities as a result expansion and compression waves are passing through the

pipeline, which gets reflected due to collision with open and closed ends and also due to

variation in cross sectional area of the pipeline (Han-chi and Hong-wu, 2008).

The proper use of plane wave models for muffler design was introduced. In many

industries, muffler and silencer design is primarily accomplished via trial and error. Prototypes
were developed and tested, or numerical simulation (finite or boundary element analysis) was

used to assess the performance. While these approaches reliably determined the transmission

loss, designers often do not understand why their changes improve or degrade the muffler

performance. Analyses 12 are time consuming and models cannot be changed without some

effort. It was first demonstrated that plane wave models can reliably determine the transmission

loss for complicated mufflers below the cutoff frequency. Moreover, it is shown that plane wave

models used correctly help designers develop intuition and a better understanding of the effect of

their design changes (Herrin, et. al., 2007).

Meanwhile, as a filter, there is a high content of calcium carbonate in mussel and oyster

shells, which can be used in the formulation of medicine, in construction or as filler in polymer

materials. This work has as its main objective to obtain calcium carbonate from mussel and

oyster shells and used as filler in polypropylene compared their properties with polypropylene

and commercial calcium carbonate composites. The shellfish was milling and heated at 500 ºC

for 2 hours. The powder obtained from shellfish were characterized by scanning electron

microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence, particle size distribution and abrasiveness and compared

with commercial CaCO3 and mixed with polypropylene. The thermal and mechanical properties

of polypropylene with CaCO3 obtained from oyster and mussel shells and with commercial

CaCO3 were analyzed. The results showed that CaCO 3 can be obtained from oyster and mussel

shell and is technically possible to replace the commercial CaCO3 for that obtained from the

shells of shellfish in polypropylene composites. Mussels belong to the family of clams and

molluscs from salt water and freshwater habitats. There are mostly two types of mussels – blue

mussels and green lipped mussels. Unlike other edible clams, mussels have an elongated and
asymmetrical shape. Most of them have shells that are generally rounded or oval. Their shells

have subdued colors ranging in hues of blue, brown, gray and black while the interior is silvery.

CoVan has cited further that safety has always been something of a balancing act. The

balance is between the accomplishment of something versus losing the capability to do

something in the process. In this respect, safety is a necessary trade-off that excludes some of the

available methods of doing things. The biggest misconception about this field is that the term

safety is synonymous with perfection. Keep in mind that some people think of safety in absolute

terms, such as the absence of accidents/losses. Rather, safety is a compromise that optimizes

acceptable actions with a small amount of risk. Absolute perfection is very expensive to

accomplish although high levels of quality may be strived for. The increments of movement

toward absolute goals, such as absolute zero (temp) or the speed of light (velocity), tend to get

smaller while the costs of approaching that absolute goal grow exponentially larger. It is the

same with safety- zero risk is extremely expensive compared with some smaller finite value of

risk considered acceptable. ( CoVan, 1995)

Cox with the same thinking of CoVan stressed that the concept of absolute safety is a

myth. There is no such thing as a “totally” safe work environment, system of work or work

activity: all are unsafe to some degree and are characterized by risk profiles that are organization

and job specific. Individuals always face risk (however small) of being harmed wherever they

are and whatever they are doing: at work, at home while engaged in leisure (Cox, et. al., 1996).

Particulate matter, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the United

Nations Environment Program, is the most serious air pollution problem globally. Air pollutants,

and in particular particulate matter, have been strongly associated with adverse aVects on
respiratory health. Airway symptoms, exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD), emergency department visits, and hospital admissions have been

associated with increases in particulate air pollution. This has also been shown for cardiac and

respiratory deaths rates. Air pollution and, in particular, particulate pollutants have been strongly

associated with adverse health eVects. Diesel exhaust is an example of combined particulate and

gaseous pollutants known to elicit mucosal symptoms and headache and also to provoke airway

inflammation locally in the bronchial mucosa.17–21 Among the many strategies to intervene and

reduce unwanted eVects of diesel exhaust, it is possibile to use more eYcient automotive cabin

air filters to reduce or prevent exhaust components from entering the driver cabin, and thereby

reduce the exposure in those people travelling or working within the vehicle. In this study it was

shown that the use of particle filters 1 and 2, decreased diesel exhaust particle mass by about

half, but did not reduce the symptoms induced by the exhaust. Interestingly the addition of active

charcoal filters to a particle filter significantly reduced the discomfort caused by the exhaust

exposure. This was associated with filter reduction of gaseous components, especially HCs.

Awareness of the health implication of air pollution is an increasingly important public health

matter. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that globally air pollution is

responsible for approximately 3 million premature deaths annually. Future projections by the

WHO indicate that an increasing proportion of the global population is predicted to dwell in

urban centers. As air pollution is known to be more severe in cities than rural areas, this directly

translates into a greater percentage of the population being exposed to a known health hazard.

Prospectively then, understanding the dynamic relationship between human health and air

pollution will be an increasingly valid issue (Seaton, et. al., 1995).

 Pollutant emission levels from in-service vehicles vary depending on vehicle

characteristics, operating conditions, level of maintenance, fuel characteristics, and ambient

conditions such as temperature, humidity, and altitude. The emission factor is defined as the

estimated average emission rate for a given pollutant for a given class of vehicles. Estimates of

vehicle emissions are obtained by multiplying an estimate of the distance traveled by a given

class of vehicles by an appropriate emission factor.

The review of these related literatures and studies provided the author the construction

and feasibility of a muffler. It has given me ideas about the capability of a muffler to absorb fine

particles and unwanted emission released by vehicles.

Chapter 3-Methodology

This chapter presents the methods on how the data from experiment are gathered and

analyzed. It also explains how the Exhaust Gas Mussel Filter Muffler was customized and

fabricated. Finally, the system design is briefly discussed with the use of diagrams.

3.1 Research Methodology

 This study uses an experimental methodology. Experimental research is known to be a

true research where researchers manipulate some variables to produce data. It examines specific

set of circumstances and its ultimate goal is to relate the results to a particular situation. It uses

data directly to the actual application and seeks immediate solution to the problems. This

research aims to provide solution that can utilize and eliminate some polluted air emitted by

vehicles that has been a problem in the urbanized cities within Metro Manila.

3.2 Data Processing and Analysis

3.3 Fabrication and Design of Exhaust Gas Mussel Filter Muffler

Figure 1. Exhaust Gas Mussel Filter Muffler (Isometric view)
Figure 2. Exhaust Gas Mussel Filter Muffler (Back side)
Figure 3. Exploded view of the muffler chamber
Figure 4. Exploded or Cutaway view of the muffler chamber
Figure 5. Perforated inside baffle pipe 1
Figure 6. Perforated inside baffle pipe 2
Figure 7. Dimension in millimeter (Front view)
Figure 8. Dimension or length of components in millimeter
Estimated Cost

Material Quantity Dimensions/Capacity Estimated Cost

4 mm Aluminum
1 1200 mm x 2000 mm PHP 2500.00
Metal Sheet
Perforated Metal

Sheets 1 900 mm x 1300 mm PHP 1700.00

Steel Wire Wool 1 700 mm long PHP 317.00
Fabric Filter (roll) 1 ****** PHP 350.00
Mussel shells ****** ****** *****
Miscellaneous

(Welding rods, bolt and ****** ****** PHP 482.00

nuts, etc.)

TOTAL ESTIMATED COST: PHP 5,349.00

Project Components

1. Aluminum Chamber: This is the exterior component that will serve as the base or housing

composed of different parts. It will undergo on bending and welding process upon its

construction. Aluminum is also known as a light-weight material that is also essential for

higher performance of the engine.

2. Perforated Baffles: These are the pipes or cylinders that will serve as the pathway when

combusted gases go through out, entering and leaving the chamber system and so will serve

as the passage-way into the mussel filters.

3. Mussel shells: These would serve as the main filtering materials that is either crushed or

even pulverized. It is attached on the interior surrounding of body and will be wrapped by
steel wire wools together with a fabric filter for a further filtering system in order to reduce

the noise and harmful exhaust emitted by the engine system.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

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