Professional Documents
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HW
HW
Bobby Hanson
i
ii
1
Introduction
The following collection of problems is the entirety of the homework for the semester. I will periodically
(weekly) collect portions of this homework to be graded. I will not accept late homework under any circum-
stances. However, I will grade the homework as if there were 10% fewer points possible. Essentially, this
means that you could miss one assignment, and still possibly score 100% on the homework. Equivalently,
you can score more than 100% if you miss no assignments. I will not be grading on a curve. This way, when
your classmates score high on the homework, you can congratulate them and feel good for them because
it does not lower your grade. I strongly encourage you to not simply “keep up” with the homework, but
rather, try to stay ahead.
You may work with others (including fellow students, tutors, friends, family, pets, etc.) on any and all
homework problems, but each student should submit their own work. Futhermore, I recommend (but don’t
require) that you draw a star next to any problems that you did without outside help. This is intended to
show you how much you are relying on others. You may use a table of integrals where appropriate, and I
encourage you to use a computer on several of the problems (see below). In fact, you may use a computer
and/or calculator on any problem with the following guideline: you should treat your computer as if it were
your Calculus I/II lackey; that is, you may ask it to perform any task that you might expect a typical
Calculus I/II student to perform. For example, if you are computing a multiple integral, you may ask the
computer to perform any of the single iterations, but not the entire integral itself. The only exception to
this guideline is visualization: you may ask your computer to draw anything you want. Note that you will
not be allowed any type of electronic device for the exams, so you should not become too heavily dependent
on technology in your homework.
That said, I do recommend that you use technology to aid your Calculus education. I have indicated with
a those problems which I feel are deserving of computer use, especially for visualization (the maple leaf
symbol was chosen because I recommend the Maple software; it is available on the department computers
and is easy to learn quickly). I have also used the symbol ´ to indicate that a particular problem should
be done on graph paper if the graphs are drawn by hand. While computer-drawn graphs are quite accurate,
and usually very clean, hand-drawn graphs still have their place.
2
(a) Give a range of daily high temperatures for Arizona, New York, California, and Utah.
(b) Sketch the graphs of the predicted high temperature across the U.S. on a north-south line and an
east-west line through Salt Lake City.
2. Consider the acceleration due to gravity, g, at a height h above the surface of a planet of mass m.
(a) If m is held constant, is g an increasing or decreasing function of h? Why?
(b) If h is held constant, is g an increasing or decreasing function of m? Why?
3. You are planning a road trip and your principal cost will be gasoline.
(a) Make a table showing how the daily fuel cost varies as a function of the price of gasoline (in dollars
per gallon) and the number of gallons you buy each day.
(b) If your car goes 30 miles on each gallon of gasoline, make a table showing how your daily fuel cost
varies as a function of your travel distance and the price of gasoline.
4. The table below shows the heat index as a function of temperature and humidity (with temperature
along the top in ◦ F and % humidity down the left side). The heat index is a temperature which tells
you how hot it feels as a result of the combination of the two. Heat exhaustion is likely to occur when
the heat index reaches 105.
(a) If the temperature is 80◦ F and the humidity is 50%, how hot does it feel?
(b) At what humidity does 90◦ F feel like 90◦ F?
(c) Make a table showing the approximate temperature at which heat exhaustion becomes a danger,
as a function of humidity.
(d) Explain why the heat index is sometimes above the actual temperature and sometimes below it.
3
5. This problem concerns a vibrating guitar string. Suppose you pluck a guitar string and watch it vibrate.
If you take snapshots of the guitar string at millisecond intervals, you might get something that looks
like the figure below.
x
0 π
We can analyze the motion of the guitar string using a function of two variables. Think of the guitar
string stretched tight along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = π. Each point on the string has an x value
0 ≤ x ≤ π. As the string vibrates, each point on the string moves back and forth on either side of the
x-axis. The ends of the string at x = 0 and x = π remain stationary, while the point at the middle of
the string moves the most. Let f (x, t) be the displacement at time t of the point on the string located
x units from the left end. Then a possible formula for f (x, t) is
f (x, t) = cos t sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π, t in milliseconds.
(a) ´ Sketch graphs of f versus x for fixed t values t = 0, π/4, π/2, 3π/4, π. Use your graphs to
explain why f represents a vibrating guitar string.
(b) Explain what the functions f (x, 0) and f (x, 1) represent in terms of the vibrating string.
(c) Explain what the functions f (0, t) and f (1, t) represent in terms of the vibrating string.
(d) Compare with the motion of f (x, t) the motions of the guitar strings whose displacements are
given by the following:
(C)
(A) (B)
(E)
(D)
5
13. You like pizza and you like coke. Which of the graphs below represents your happiness as a function
of how many pizzas and how much coke you have if
(a) There is no such thing as too many pizzas and too much coke?
(b) There is such a thing as too many pizzas or too much coke?
(c) There is such a thing as too many pizzas, but no such thing as too much coke?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
14. ´ Imagine a single wave traveling along a canal. Suppose x is the distance from the middle of the
canal, t is the time, and z is the height of the water above equilibrium level. The graph of z as a
function of x and t is shown below.
(a) Draw the profile of the wave for t = −1, 0, 1, 2. (Show the x-axis to the right and the z-axis
vertically.)
(b) Is the wave traveling the the direction of increasing or decreasing x?
(c) Sketch a surface representing a wave traveling in the opposite direction.
15. Describe the cross-sections with t fixed and the cross-sections with x fixed of the vibrating guitar string
function
f (x, t) = cos t sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π,
from Homework 1. Explain the relation of these cross-sections to the graph of f .
6
300
200
100
B
(a) On which path, A or B, will you have to climb more steeply?
(b) On which path, A or B, will you probably have a better view of the surrounding countryside?
(Assuming trees do not block your view.)
(c) Near which path is there more likely to be a river?
18. For each of the surfaces below, draw a possible contour diagram, marked with reasonable z values.
(Note: there are many possible answers.)
(a) (b) (c)
7
19. Identify the contour diagrams and the surfaces below corresponding to the following equations. Assume
that each contour diagram is drawn in a square window.
(a) z = sin x
(b) z = xy
2
+y 2 )
(c) z = e−(x
(d) z = 1 − 2x − y
(e) z = x2 + 4y 2
(IV) (V)
(G) (H)
(F)
(J) (K)
8
(I) (II)
26. The figure below shows contour diagrams of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit in a room at three
different times. Describe in as much detail as you can the heat flow in the room. What could be
causing this?
60 65 70
65 70 75
70 75 80
t =1 t =2 t =3
9
27. Use the catalog of surfaces on pp. 620-621 to identify the surfaces below.
(a) −x2 − y 2 + z 2 = 1
(b) x2 − y 2 − z 2 = 1
(c) −x2 + y 2 − z 2 = 0
(d) x2 + z 2 = 1
(e) x + y = 1
(f) (x − 1)2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
28. Describe the surface x2 + y 2 = (2 + sin z)2 . In general, if f (z) > 0 for all z, describe the surface
x2 + y 2 = (f (z))2 . [Hint: Think “Pottery”.]
~u = 2bi + 4bj − 2k
b ~v = bi − bj + 3k
b ~ = −bi − 2bj + k
w b
p~ = bi + bj + k
b ~q = 4bi − 4bj + 12k
b ~r = bi − bj + k
b
~v = 2bj + k
b ~ = bi + 6bj
w ~x = −2bi + 9bj
(a) k~zk
(b) ~v + ~z
(c) 2w
~ + ~x
(d) k~yk
(e) k~y − ~xk
36. ´ Use the geometric definition of addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication to explain each of
the properties below:
(a) ~u + ~v = ~v + ~u
(b) (α + β)~u = α~u + β~u
(c) α(~u + ~v ) = α~u + α~v
(d) (~u + ~v ) + w
~ = ~u + (~v + w)
~
(e) α(β~u) = (αβ)~u
(f) ~v + ~0 = ~v
(g) 1 · ~v = ~v
42. Does there exist any vector ~u such that ~u × ~u = ~u · ~u? Explain.
43. Find ~a × ~b.
(a) ~a = bi + kb and ~b = bi + bj.
b and ~b = bi + bj − k.
(b) ~a = bi + bj + k b
(c) ~a = −bi and ~b = bj + k.
b
b and ~b = bi + 2bj − k.
(d) ~a = 2bi − 3bj + k b
44. ´ Suppose ~a and ~b are vectors in the xy-plane such that ~a = a1bi+a2bj and ~b = b1bi+b2bj with 0 < a1 < a2
and 0 < b1 < b2 .
(a) Sketch ~a and ~b and the vector ~c = −a2bi + a1bj. Shade the parallelogram formed by ~a and ~b.
(b) What is the relation between ~a and ~c? [Hint: Find ~c · ~a and ~c · ~c.]
(c) Find ~c · ~b.
(d) Explain why ~c · ~b gives the area of the parallelogram formed by ~a and ~b.
(e) Verify that in this case ~a × ~b = (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k.
b
45. ´ If ~v and w
~ are nonzero vectors, use the geometric definition of the cross product to explain why
(λ~v ) × w
~ = λ(~v × w)
~ = ~v × (λw).
~
P = f (A, r, N )
where A is the amount borrowed in dollars, r is the interest rate, and N is the number of years before
the mortgage is paid off.
(a) Suppose f (92000, 14, 30) = 1090.08. What does this tell you in financial terms?
∂P
(b) Suppose (92000, 14, 30) = 72.82. What is the financial significance of the number 72.82?
∂r
∂P
(c) Would you expect to be positive or negative? Why?
∂A
∂P
(d) Would you expect to be positive or negative? Why?
∂N
47. A drug is injected into a patient’s blood vessel. The function c = f (x, t) represents the concentration
of the drug at a distance x in the direction of the blood flow measured from the point of injection and
at time t since the injection. What are the units of the following partial derivatives? What are their
practical interpretations? What do you expect their signs to be?
∂c
(a)
∂x
∂c
(b)
∂t
12
48. Estimate zx (1, 0), zx (0, 1), zy (0, 1) from the figure below:
y
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4 z =3
z =1 z =2
0.2
x
0.5 1 1.5 2
49. Below is the table from Problem 4, showing the heat index, I, as a function f (h, T ) of the humidity, h,
and the temperature, T . (Temperature is along the top in ◦ F and % humidity is down the left side).
50. ´ Suppose that c represents the cardiac output, which is the volume of blood flowing through a person’s
heart, and that s represents the systemic vascular resistance (SVR), which is the resistance to blood
flowing through veins and arteries. Let p be a person’s blood pressure. Then p = f (c, s) is a function
of c and s.
∂p
(a) What does represent?
∂c
(b) Suppose p = kcs, where k is a positive constant. Sketch the level curves of p. What do they
represent? Label your axes.
(c) For a person with a weak heart, it is desirable to have the heart pumping against less resistance,
while maintaining the same blood pressure. Such a person is given the drug Nitroglycerine to
decrease the SVR and the drug Dopamine to increase the cardiac output. Represent this on
a graph showing level curves (use the same function p = kcs). Put a point A on the graph
representing the person’s state before the drugs are given and a point B for after.
(d) Right after a heart attack, a patient’s cardiac output drops, thereby causing the blood pressure
to drop. A common mistake made by medical residents is to get the patient’s blood pressure back
to normal by using drugs to increase the SVR, rather than by increasing the cardiac output. On
a graph of the level curves of p, put a point D representing the patient before the heart attack,
a point E representing the patient right after the heart attack, and a third point F representing
the patient after the resident has given the drugs to increase the SVR.
13
fx (x, y) = 4x3 y 2 − 3y 4 ,
fy (x, y) = 2x4 y − 12xy 3 .
Can you find a function f which has these partial derivatives? If so, are there any others?
14
(a) How does the energy change if the volume is held constant and the temperature is increased
slightly?
(b) How does the energy change if the temperature is held constant and the volume is increased
slightly?
(c) Find the approximate change in energy if the gas is compressed by 100cm3 and heated by 2 K.
59. The coefficient of thermal expansion of a liquid, β, relates the change in its volume V (in m3 ) to an
increase in its temperature T (in ◦ C):
dV = βV dT
(a) Let ρ be the density (in kg/m3 ) of 1 kg of water as a function of temperature. Write an expression
for dρ in terms of ρ and dT .
(b) The graph below shows the density of water as a function of temperature. Use it to estimate β
when T = 20◦ C and when T = 80◦ C.
ρ
1000
990
980
970
960
T
20 40 60 80 100
15
(a) ~u = −bj + k.
b
68. The temperature at any point in the plane is given by the function
100
T (x, y) = .
x2 + y 2 + 1
(a) Where on the plane is it hottest? What is the temperature at that point?
(b) Find the direction of the greatest increase in the temperature at the point (3, 2). What is the
magnitude of that greatest increase?
(c) Find the direction of the greatest decrease in temperature at the point (3, 2).
(d) Is the direction of the vector you found in part (b) towards the point you found in part (a)?
(e) Find a direction at the point (3,2) in which the temperature does not increase or decrease (See
Problem 64).
(f) What shape are the level curves of T ?
√
69. ´ Sketch the level curves of the function z = f (x, y) = xy on the window 0 ≤ x ≤ 5 and 0 ≤ y ≤ 5.
You should have the contours z = 1, z = 2, z = 3, and z = 4. At the points (1, 1) and (1, 4) on
your sketch, draw a vector representing ∇f (no computations required). Explain how you decided the
approximate length and direction of each vector.
F (x, y, z) = x2 z 2 − y.
(a) Find all points on S where a normal vector is parallel to the xy-plane.
(b) Find the tangent plane to S at the points (0, 0, 1) and (1, 1, 1).
(c) Find the unit vectors ~u1 and ~u2 pointing in the direction of maximum increase of F at the points
(0, 0, 1) and (1, 1, 1) respectively.
73. This problem is an exercise in changing between Cartesian and polar coordinates (this change of
coordinates is routine in the sciences). Suppose the quantity z can be expressed either as a function of
Cartesian coordinates (x, y) or as a function of polar coordinates (r, θ), so that z = f (x, y) = g(r, θ).
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
(a) use the chain rule to find ∂r and ∂θ in terms of ∂x and ∂y .
∂z ∂z
(b) Solve the equations you have just written down for ∂x and ∂y .
(c) Show that the expressions you get in part (b) are the same as you would get by using the chain
∂z
rule to find ∂x and ∂z ∂z ∂z
∂y in terms of ∂r and ∂θ .
I = eax+by+ct .
80. For what values of the constants a and b will the function u = (x + y)eax+by satisfy the partial
differential equation
∂2u ∂u ∂u
− − + u = 0?
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y
81. Show that the functions below satisfy Laplace’s equation, Fxx + Fyy = 0.
(a) F (x, y) = ex sin y + ey sin x.
(b) F (x, y) = eax+by , if a2 + b2 = 0 (note that in this case a and b are complex numbers).
82. Suppose that f is any differentiable function of one variable. Define V , a function of two variables by
V (x, t) = f (x + ct).
84. The gravitational potential, V , at any point (x, y, z) outside a spherically symmetric mass m located
at the point (0, 0, 0), is defined as V = − Gm
r , where r is the distance from (x, y, z) to the mass (origin)
and G is a constant. Show that V satisfies Laplace’s equation:
∂ 2V ∂2V ∂2V
+ + = 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
85. (a) Find the relationship between a and b that must hold for u(x, t) = eat sin(bx) to satisfy the heat
equation ut = uxx .
(b) Suppose you wish to study heat conduction in a 1 meter metal rod, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, wrapped in
insulation, whose ends are maintained at 0◦ C at all times (for instance because they are stuck
into ice baths). The conditions at the ends of the rod represent a boundary condition on the
possible functions u(x, t) that could describe the temperature in the rod. The boundary condition
must hold in addition to the PDE ut = uxx . State the boundary condition as a pair of equations.
(c) Determine all possible values of a and b such that u(x, t) = eat sin(bx) satisfies both the PDE and
the boundary condition of part (b).
86. The temperature T of a metal plate can be described by a function T = u(x, y, t) of three variables:
the two space variables x and y, and the time variable t. In many situations this function will satisfy
the two-dimensional heat equation:
ut = A(uxx + uyy )
where A is a positive constant. Find conditions on a, b, and c such that
(a) z = x2 + y 2
(b) z = x2 − y 2
(c) z = −x2 − y 2
88. Each of the following functions has a critical point at (0, 0). What sort of critical point is it? See if
you can do this without using the Second Derivative Test.
(a) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4
(b) g(x, y) = x6 + y 5
(c) h(x, y) = cos x cos y
19
89. Find the local maxima, local minima, and saddle points of the function f (x, y) = x2 + y 3 − 3xy.
90. Suppose that for some function f (x, y) at the point (a, b), we have fx = fy = 0, fxx > 0, fyy > 0,
fxy = 0.
(a) What can you conclude about the behavior of the function near the point (a, b)?
(b) Sketch a possible contour diagram.
91. Suppose that for some function f (x, y) at the point (a, b), we have fx = fy = 0, fxx > 0, fyy = 0,
fxy > 0.
(a) What can you conclude about the behavior of the function near the point (a, b)?
(b) Sketch a possible contour diagram.
(a) Verify that (0, 0) is indeed a saddle point for both the hyperbolic paraboloid (human saddle) and
the monkey saddle.
(b) Now we make new functions:
F (x, y) = f (x, y) + 3x = xy + 3x
96. Assume that two products are manufactured in quantities q1 and q2 and sold at prices p1 and p2
respectively, and that the cost of producing them is given by
(a) Find the maximum profit that can be made, assuming the prices are fixed.
(b) Find the rate of change of that maximum profit as p1 increases.
97. A mountain climber reaches the peak of a mountain late in the day. After taking photographs of the
view from the top, the weather deteriorates, and she has to descend the mountain as quickly as possible
to seek shelter at a lower altitude. The altitude of the mountain (in feet) is given approximately by
1
h(x, y) = 14, 000 − 5x2 + 4xy + 2y 2 ,
24000
where x, y are the horizontal coordinates on the earth (in feet), with the mountain summit located
above the origin. In fifteen minutes, the climber can reach any point (x, y) on a circle of radius 2000
feet. In which direction should she travel in order to descend as far as possible?
21
8600
8600
8800
+ 10320
10000 9000
+ 9772
9800 9600
9400
9200
9600
99. Use Lagrange multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) subject to the given
constraints.
(a) f (x, y) = x + y, x2 + y 2 = 1
(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y, x2 − y 2 = 1
(c) f (x, y) = xy, 4x2 + y 2 = 8
100. Design a closed cylindrical container which holds 100cm3 and has the minimal possible surface area.
What should its dimensions be?
101. Find the shortest distance from the origin to the surface x2 y − z 2 + 9 = 0.
22
(a) (b)
y y
2 1
-1 x
1 1 2 3
x (b)
(a) 1 2 3 4 -2
y y
2 3
2
1
1
x x
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 1 2 3
106. ´ For each of the following integrals, sketch the region of integration and evaluate the integral
Z 3Z 4
(a) ex+y dy dx
1 0
Z 2 Z x
2
(b) ex dy dx
0 0
Z 5 Z 2x
(c) sin(x) dy dx
1 x
Z 4Z y
(d) √
x2 y 3 dx dy
1 y
Z 0 Z 4
(e) √ 2xy dy dx
−2 − 9−x2
Z 4 Z −(y−4)/2
107. ´ Consider the integral g(x, y) dx dy.
0 0
(a) Sketch the region over which the integration is being performed.
(b) Write the integral with the order of integration reversed.
108. Evaluate the following integrals by reversing the order of integration.
Z 1Z 1 p
(a) √
2 + x3 dx dy
0 y
Z 1 Z 1
2
(b) ex dx dy
0 y
Z 3 Z 9
(c) y sin(x2 ) dx dy
0 y2
Z 0 Z 2x+8 Z −4 Z 2x+8
(d) f (x, y) dy dx + f (x, y) dy dx
−4 0 0 0
109. ´ Find the average distance to the x-axis for points in the region bounded by the x-axis and the graph
of y = x − x2 .
24
110. Evaluate
Z 1Z 1
(a) sin(x2 ) dx dy
0 y
Z 1 Z e
x
(b) dx dy
0 ey ln x
113. Find the average value of the sum of the squares of three numbers x, y, z where each number is between
0 and 2.
114. ´ Find the volume of the solid formed by the intersections of the cylinders x2 + z 2 = 1 and y 2 + z 2 = 1.
25
y y
2 2
x x
-2 -1 0 1 2 1 2
(a) (b)
y y
3 0.5
-3 3 x -0.5 0.5
x
-0.5
(c) -3 (d)
116. ´ Sketch the regions over which the following integrals are computed.
Z 2π Z 2
(a) f (r, θ)r dr dθ
0 1
Z π Z 1
(b) f (r, θ)r dr dθ
π/2 0
Z π/3 Z 1
(c) f (r, θ)r dr dθ
π/6 0
Z 4 Z 3π/2
(d) f (r, θ)r dθ dr
3 3π/4
Z π/4 Z 1/ cos θ
(e) f (r, θ)r dr dθ
0 0
Z π/2 Z 2/ sin θ
(f) f (r, θ)r dr dθ
π/4 0
Z 4 Z π/2
(g) f (r, θ)r dθ dr
0 −π/2
26
2
119. ´ A disk of radius 5 cm has density 10 g/cm at its center, has density 0 at its edge, and its density
is a linear function of the distance from the center. Find the mass of the disk.
122. ´ Sketch the region over which the integration is being performed:
Z π/2 Z π Z 1
f (ρ, φ, θ)ρ2 sin φ dρ dφ dθ.
0 π/2 0
Z 1 Z 1 Z √1−x2
1
(b) √
p dy dx dz.
0 −1 − 1−x2 x + y2
2
124. ´ Find the volume that remains after a cylindrical hole of radius a is bored through a sphere of radius
R, where 0 < a < R, passing through the center of the sphere along the pole.
27
1 t
1 2 3 4
t -1
(b) 1 2 3 4
126. For the following parameterizations of the motion of a particle, the curve being traced out is a circle.
Describe in words how the circle is traced out, including when and where the particle is moving
clockwise and when and where the particle is moving counterclockwise.
(a) x = cos(t3 − t), y = sin(t3 − t)
(b) x = cos(cos t), y = sin(cos t)
(c) x = cos(ln t), y = sin(ln t)
127. ´ Describe the similarities and differences among the motions in the plane given by the three following
pairs of parametric equations:
(a) x = t, y = t2
(b) x = t2 , y = t4
(c) x = t3 , y = t6
128. ´ In class we saw the curve known as a helix, given by x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t. Imagine a light
shining on the helix from far down each of the axes. Sketch the shadow cast by the helix on each of
the coordinate planes: xy, xz, and yz.
x = 2 + 3t, y = 4 + 7t
What can you say about the values of a, b and k for each of these circles?
y
10
B
C
x
A 10
-10
133. ´ What curves do the following sets of parametric equations trace out? Find an implicit or explicit
equation for each curve.
135. Each of the following parameterized curves represents the motion of a particle. For each motion, find
the velocity vector ~v (t) for the particle, and the acceleration ~a(t) for the particle. Also, find the speed
of the particle k~v (t)k and any times when the particle comes to a stop.
(a) x = t2 , y = t3
(b) x = cos(t2 ), y = sin(t2 )
(c) x = cos(2t), y = sin(t)
(d) x = t, , y = t2 , z = t3 .
136. For each of the curves in Problem 135, find the parametric equations for the tangent line at t = 2.
137. Find the length of the following curves and explain why your answer is reasonable.
138. Consider the motion of a particle given by the parametric equations x = t3 − 3t, y = t2 − 2t.
(a) Does the particle ever come to a stop? If so, when and where?
(b) Is the particle ever moving straight up and down (parallel to the y-axis)? If so, when and where?
(c) Is the particle ever moving straight horizontally left or right? If so, when and where?
(a) Is the particle ever moving downwards? If so, when and where?
(b) When does the particle reach a point 10 units above the ground?
(c) What is the velocity of the particle at that time?
(d) Suppose the particle leaves the helix and moves along the tangent line the the spiral at this point.
What is the equation of the tangent line?
b the principal normal N,
140. For each of the curves below, find the curvature κ, the unit tangent vector T, b
and the binormal B b at the time t = t1 given.
b
144. Show that the unit binormal vector B b =T b ×Nb has the property that dB is perpendicular to B, b and
ds
b Hint: for the first part, consider Problem 143; for the second part, use the product
perpendicular to T.
rule for derivatives (it applies to cross-product as well as dot-product!).
30
b
dB
145. Using the results of Problem 144, show that b and, consequently, there must
must be parallel to N
ds
b
dB
be a number τ depending on s such that b The function τ (s) is call the torsion of the
= −τ (s)N.
ds
b and N.
curve and measures the twist of the curve from the plane determined by T b
146. Compute the torsion of the helix given in Problem 139, above.
147. Chewbacca is flying the Millenium Falcon along the curve given by
If the wookie turns off his ion engines, the Falcon will fly off along a tangent line to ~r(t). He is
almost out of power when he notices that a station on Yavin V is open at the point with coordinates
(1.5, 5, 3.5). Quickly calculating his position, he turns off the thrusters at t = 0. Does he make it to
the Yavin V station? Explain.
148. A bee was flying along a helical path so that its position vector at time t was ~r(t) = cos tbi+sin tbj+16tk.
b
At time t = 12, it had a heart attack and died instantly. Where did it land (i.e. hit the xy-plane)?
Assume that distance is in feet, time is in seconds, and g = 32 feet per second per second.
149. An object moves along the curve y = sin x. Without doing any calculations, decide where aN = 0.
~
150. The angular momentum L(t) and torque ~τ (t) of a moving particle of mass m and position vector ~r(t)
are
~
L(t) = m~r(t) × ~v (t), ~τ (t) = m~r(t) × ~a(t).
~ ′ (t) = ~τ (t).
Show that L
100
151. Suppose T (x, y) = gives the temperature at the point (x, y) in the plane. Suppose that
1 + x2 + y 2
a ladybug moves along a parabola according to the parametric equations x = t, y = t2 . Find the
instantaneous rate of change in the temperature of the ladybug at time t. See Problem 68
152. This problem generalizes the result of Problem 151. Suppose that T (x, y) gives the temperature at any
point (x, y) in the plane and that a ladybug moves in the plane with position vector at time t given by
~r(t) = x(t)bi + y(t)bj and velocity vector ~v (t) = dt
d
~r(t). Use the chain rule to show that
Rate of change in the temperature of the bug at time t = ∇T (x(t), y(t)) · ~v (t).
31
153. A lighthouse L is located on an island in the middle of a lake as shown below. Consider the motion of
the point where the light beam from L hits the shore of the lake.
C A
B
L
D
E
(a) Suppose the beam rotates counterclockwise about L at constant angular velocity. At which of
A, B, C, D or E is the speed of the point greatest, and at which point smallest?
(b) Repeat part (a), supposing the beam rotates counterclockwise so that it sweeps out equal areas
of the lake in equal times.
(c) What happens if you place the lighthouse at different points in the lake? Can the speed of the
point ever be infinite if the beam rotates at constant angular velocity?
(d) Suppose now that the lake is rectangular instead. What happens to the velocity vector at the
corners? For part (b) show that the speed is constant along each side (possibly a different constant
for each side).
Parameterized Surfaces
154. Describe in words each of the following curves on the surface of the globe:
(a) φ = π/4
(b) θ = π/4
156. Adapt the parameterization for the sphere (see Problem 155c) to find a parameterization for the
ellipsoid
x2 y2 z2
2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
157. There is a famous way to parameterize a sphere called stereographic projection. We will work with
the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Draw a line from a point (a, b) in the xy-plane to the north pole
(0, 0, 1). This line intersects the sphere in a point (x, y, z). This gives a parameterization of the sphere
by points in the plane.
(Hint: it may be useful to try these first for a circle and the real line instead of a sphere and the plane).
32
158. Obtain a parameterization of the surface obtained by rotating the curve x2 z = 1 for x > 0 about the
x-axis.
159. Give a parameterization of the circle of radius a centered at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) and in the plane
parallel to two given unit vectors ~u and ~v such that ~u · ~v = 0.
160. A torus (doughnut) is constructed by rotating a small circle of radius a in a large circle of radius b
about the origin. The small circle is in a (rotating) vertical plane through the origin and the large
circle is in the xy-plane. See the figure below. Parameterize the torus by the following method.
r s
θ φ
x
(a) Parameterize the large circle.
(b) For a typical point on the large circle, find two unit vectors which are perpendicular to one another
and in the plane of the small circle at that point. Use these vectors to parameterize the small
circle relative to its center.
(c) Combine your answers to parts (a) and (b) to parameterize the torus.
(d) Use Maple to plot this.
001010
11
00
11 1010
00
11
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000 1010
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
1111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 1010 C1
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000
111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 1010
000000000000000
111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111 00
11
000000000000000
111111111111111 C2
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000
111111111111111 001010
11
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000
111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
000000000000000
111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
00
11 11
00 11
00
00111111111111111
000000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000
1111111111111111111111111111
11 00
11 00
11
C3
167. ´ For each of the following figures, say whether the line integral of the pictured vector field over the
given curve is positive, negative, or zero.
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
(a) (b)
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
(c) (d)
34
168. ´ For each of the given vector fields below, say whether F~ has positive, negative, or zero circulation
around the curve C shown in the figure below. (The two curved segments are circular arcs centered at
the origin). You might find it helpful to first sketch the vector field.
y
2
x
1 2
-1
-2
169. ´ Draw anR oriented curve C and a vector field F~ along C that is not always perpendicular to C, but
for which C F~ · d~r = 0.
171. ´ Consider the vector field F~ = −ybi + xbj. Let C be the unit circle oriented counterclockwise.
(a) Show that F~ has constant magnitude of 1 on the circle C.
(b) Show that F~ is always tangent to the circle C.
R
(c) Show that C F~ · d~r = Length of C.
(d) Explain why this is.
35
176. Suppose a particle subject to a force F~ (x, y) = ybi − xbj moves along the arc of the unit circle, centered
at the origin, that begins at (−1, 0) and ends at (0, 1) (i.e. clockwise).
(a) Find the work done by F~ . Explain the sign of your answer.
(b) Is F~ conservative? Explain.
177. The line integral of F~ = (x + y)bi + xbj along each of the following paths is 3/2.
(i) The path (t, t2 ), with 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
(ii) The path (t2 , t), with 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
(iii) The path (t, tn ), with n > 0 and 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Verify this in two ways:
(a) Using a parameterization to compute the line integral.
(b) Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus for Line Integrals.
36
180. Decide whether the given vector field is the gradient of a function f . If so, find such an f . If not,
explain why not.
(a) F~ (x, y) = ybi + ybj.
(b) F~ (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 )bi + 2xybj.
(c) F~ (x, y) = (2xy 3 + y)bi + (3x2 y 2 + x)bj.
b b b
(d) F~ (x, y, z) = i
x + j
y + kz .
181. Suppose F~ (x, y) = xbj. Show that the line integral of F~ around a closed curve in the xy-plane measures
the area of the region enclosed by the curve.
182. Calculate the area of the asteroid x2/3 +y 2/3 = a2/3 . Hint: Parameterize by x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, 0 ≤
t ≤ 2π, and use Problem 181, above.
8
–8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8
–2
–4
–6
–8
• S1 is a horizontal square of side length 1, oriented upward with one corner at (0, 0, 2) and above
the first quadrant of the xy-plane.
• S2 is a horizontal square of side length 1, oriented upward with one corner at (0, 0, 3) and above
the third quadrant of the xy-plane.
√
• S3 is a square of side length 2 in the xz-plane with one corner at the origin, one edge along the
positive x-axis, one along the negative z-axis,and oriented in the negative y-direction.
√
• S4 is a square of side length 2 with one corner at the origin, one edge along the positive y-axis,
one corner at the point (1, 0, 1), and oriented upwards.
184. Let S be the cube with side 2, faces parallel to the coordinate planes, and centered at the origin.
(a) Calculate the total flux of the constant vector field ~v = −bi + 2bj + kb out of S by computing the
flux through each face separately.
(b) Calculate the flux out of S for any constant vector field ~v = abi + bbj + ck.
b
(c) Do your answers above make sense?
185. Explain why if F~ has constant magnitude of 1 on S and is everywhere normal to S and in the direction
of orientation, then Z
F~ · dA
~ = Area of S.
S
186. A fluid is flowing along in a cylindrical pipe of radius a running in the bi direction. The velocity of the
fluid at a distance r from the center of the pipe is ~v = u(1 − r2 /a2 )bi.
(f) F~ = xbi + ybj; S is the part of the surface z = 25 − (x2 + y 2 ) above R where R is the disc of radius
5 centered at the origin.
(g) F~ = cos(x2 + y 2 )k;b S is as in part (f).
p
(h) F~ = −xzbi − yzbj + z 2 k;
b S is the cone z = x2 + y 2 for 0 ≤ z ≤ 6.
38
189. For each of the vector fields below, calculate div F~ and sketch F~ .
~r
(a) F~ (~r) = 3 (in 3-space), ~r 6= ~0.
r
(b) F~ (x, y, z) = z k.
b
191. For each of the following vector fields, F~ , find the flux of F~ through the box of side length c in the
first octant (positive x, positive y, positive z) with side length c. Then use that answer to find div F~
at the origin.
(a) F~ = xbi
(b) F~ = 2bi + ybj + 3k
b
(c) F~ = xbi + ybj + 0k
b
192. Show that if ~a is a constant vector and f (x, y, z) is a scalar-valued function, and if F~ (x, y, z) = f (x, y, z)~a,
then div F~ = (∇f ) · ~a.
39
∂ 2 φ ∂ 2 φ ∂ 2φ
∇2 φ(x, y, z) = + 2 + 2.
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
for every closed surface S in W such that the volume enclosed by S lies completely within W .
40
205. For ~c a constant vector field and F~ any vector field, show that curl (F~ + ~c) = curl F~ .
206. For φ a scalar function and F~ a vector field, show that curl (φF~ ) = φ curl F~ + (∇φ) × F~ .
207. Show that if φ is a harmonic function, then ∇φ is both curl free and divergence free.
211. Determine whether vector potentials for F~ exist, and if so, find one.
(a) F~ = 2xbi + (3y − z 2 )bj + (x − 5z)k
b
(b) F~ = x2bi + y 2bj + z 2 k
b
41
.
42
43
8600
8600
8800
+ 10320
10000 9000
+ 9772
9800 9600
9400
9200
9600