Intonation:

Intonation is the use of changing vocal pitch (rising and falling) to

convey grammatical information or personal attitude.

Intonation Marks:
The International Phonetic Alphabet offers the two intonation
marks for general purpose. Global rising and falling intonation are
marked with a diagonal arrows rising left to right (↗) and falling right to
left (↘).

e.g.

He found it on the street.

Yes, he found it on the street.

Intonation Contours:
Intonation contours can be used to highlighted elements in an
utterance, to bundle words to get into information and to convey
speaker's attitude what he/she is saying.

e.g.

Nanny bought a new house on Thursday.

Rising and Falling Intonation:

Rising Intonation means the pitch of the voice rises over time. e.g.

 When does the meeting start? ‘…start?’ rises up, it comes up in the
voice.
 Would you like a cup of tea? ‘…tea?’ rises up.
 Falling Intonation means that the pitch falls with time. Dipping or Fall-
rise Intonation falls and then rises. e.g.

‘put that down!’

‘go over there’

‘stand against the wall’

All of which would have falling intonation. Statements, commands and

exclamations, those are the three instances in which we use this falling
intonation.

----------------------------------------------------------------
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES
ISLAMABAD

POETRY

Submitted by:

Iqra Siddique

M.A English semester II

Section-A
Afternoon

Dated: 18-12-17
 John Keats Poet
(1795–1821)
John Keats was born October 31,1795, in London, England. He was the
oldest of Thomas and Frances Keats’ four children.Keats lost his parents at
an early age. He was eight years old when his father, a livery stable-keeper,
was killed after being trampled by a horse.
His father's death had a profound effect on the young boy's life. In a more
abstract sense, it shaped Keats' understanding for the human condition, both
its suffering and its loss. This tragedy and others helped ground Keats' later
poetry, one that found its beauty and grandeur from the human experience.
His mother, Frances, seemed to have launched a series of missteps
and mistakes after her husband’s death; she quickly remarried and just as
quickly lost a good portion of the family's wealth. After her second marriage
fell apart, Frances left the family, leaving her children in the care of her
mother. She eventually returned to her children's life, but her life was in
tatters. In early 1810, she died of tuberculosis. During this period, Keats found
solace and comfort in art and literature. At Enfield Academy, where he started
shortly before his father's passing, Keats proved to be a voracious reader. He
also became close to the school's headmaster, John Clarke, who served as a
sort of a father figure to the orphaned student and encouraged Keats' interest
in literature. Keats' maternal grandmother turned over control of the family's
finances, which was considerable at the time, to a London merchant named
Richard Abbey. Overzealous in protecting the family's money, Abbey showed
himself to be reluctant to let the Keats children spend much of it. He refused
to be forthcoming about how much money the family actually had and in some
cases was downright deceitful.
Keats' career in medicine never truly took off. Even as he studied medicine,
Keats’ devotion to literature and the arts never ceased. Through his friend,
Cowden Clarke, whose father was the headmaster at Enfield, Keats met
publisher, Leigh Hunt of The Examiner. Hunt's radicalism and biting pen had
landed him in prison in 1813 for libeling Prince Regent. Hunt, though, had an
eye for talent and was an early supporter of Keats poetry and became his first
publisher. Through Hunt, Keats was introduced to a world of politics that was
new to him and had greatly influenced what he put on the page. In honor of
Hunt, Keats wrote the sonnet, "Written on the Day that Mr. Leigh Hunt Left
Prison." In addition to affirming Keats' standing as a poet, Hunt also
introduced the young poet to a group of other English poets, including Percy
Bysshe Shelley and Williams Wordsworth.
In 1817 Keats leveraged his new friendships to publish his first volume
of poetry, Poems by John Keats. The following year, Keats' published
"Endymion," a mammoth four-thousand line poem based on the Greek myth
of the same name. Keats had written the poem in the summer and fall of
1817, committing himself to at least 40 lines a day. He completed the work in
November of that year and it was published in April 1818.
In 1819 Keats contracted tuberculosis. His health deteriorated quickly.
Soon after his last volume of poetry was published, he ventured off to Italy
with his close friend, the painter Joseph Severn, on the advice of his doctor,
who had told him he needed to be in a warmer climate for the winter. The trip
marked the end of his romance with Fanny Brawne. His health issues and his
own dreams of becoming a successful writer had stifled their chances of ever
getting married. Keats arrived in Rome in November of that year and for a
brief time started to feel better. But within a month, he was back in bed,
suffering from a high temperature. The last few months of his life proved
particularly painful for the poet.
His doctor in Rome placed Keats on a strict diet that consisted of a single
anchovy and a piece of bread per day in order to limit the flow of blood to the
stomach. He also induced heavy bleeding, resulting in Keats suffering from
both a lack of oxygen and a lack of food. Keats' death came on February 23,
1821. It's believed he was clutching the hand of his friend, Joseph Severn, at
the time of his passing.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES
ISLAMABAD

PHONETICS & PHONOLOGY

Submitted by:

Iqra Siddique

M.A English SEMESTER-II

Section-A Afternoon

Dated: 20-12-17
Book-III Chapter:VII

How A Hen Takes To Stratagem

Mr. Tulliver slowly recovers, but he is unaware of the lapse of time and still
imagines himself to be in the "first stage of his misfortunes," able to find a
plan to save the mill. His wife and children hope that uncle Deane's
company may buy the mill and carry on business, but "business caution"
forbids bidding too high. Uncle Deane is clearly interested in the family, for
he has brought Lucy to visit them and he has found Tom a place in the
warehouse.

Mrs. Tulliver, to help matters along, decides that by speaking to Wakem

she can make certain that Mr. Deane's company will be able to buy the mill.
She believes he must be kindly disposed toward herself, "whom he knew to
have been a Miss Dodson." Therefore she goes secretly to Wakem's office
and informs him that she is not responsible for her husband's actions, that
she herself has never abused Mr. Wakem, and that it would be kind of him
not to buy the mill. She tells him that Guest and Company are thinking of
buying it and keeping Mr. Tulliver as manager. Wakem suggests that he
could buy the mill himself and employ Mr. Tulliver, but Mrs. Tulliver says
her husband "could niver be got to do it." She reminds Wakem that their
sons were at school together; but at that point she is shown out of the
office.

Wakem has never intended to buy the mill, but now he begins to see
advantages in it. Tulliver's railing has never bothered Wakem and he does
not feel vindictive; but he thinks it would be pleasant to "see an enemy
humiliated" by his benevolence. And there are other good reasons for
purchasing the mill, "quite apart from any benevolent vengeance on the
miller." It is a good business investment, and Mr. Tulliver would be an
honest manager. In addition, Wakem has other sons besides Philip, and
the mill might in the future "furnish a highly suitable position for a certain
favorite lad whom he meant to bring on in the world."
Book-III Chapter:VIII

Daylight On The Wreck

The land and mill are sold to Wakem, who proposes that Tulliver be
retained as manager. This is regarded as a reasonable proposition by the
aunts and uncles, although Tom protests against it. But when the time
comes that Tulliver is able to move out of his room, he still knows nothing
of this. Tom and Maggie and Luke go to his room to prepare him for the
shock of finding that he is bankrupt. Mr. Tulliver is still planning a way out,
but Tom tells him that everything is settled "for the present." Luke tries to
show sympathy by saying that Tulliver would have paid everybody if he
could. Tulliver then realizes he is ruined. When he calms down, he wishes
to know what has happened, and Tom tells him that everything is sold.
When Mr. Tulliver comes downstairs, the bareness of the rooms brings the
fact home to him. He receives Tom's assurance that Moss's note was burnt
and leafs through the family Bible thinking of the old times. When his wife
comes in lamenting her condition, he promises to make amends any way
he can. Tom tries to silence his mother, but she tells Mr. Tulliver that
Wakem owns the mill and that she wants him to give in and be Wakem's
manager. Tulliver says the world has been "too many" for him and wearily
agrees.
Book-III Chapter:VII

How A Hen Takes To Stratagem

Mr. Tulliver seems to slowly be improving, while the sale of the mill is also
moving forward. Mr. Deane finds Tom a temporary position in the warehouse and
sets him up with lessons in bookkeeping. Mrs. Tulliver secretly plots to go to Mr.
Wakem and reason with him in order to keep him from bidding on the mill so that
Mr. Deane’s company can get it at a reasonable price and keep Mr. Tulliver on
as manager.

Telling Tom she is going to sell some pickles, Mrs. Tulliver goes to Mr. Wakem’s
office instead. She pleads with him not to buy the mill. Before their meeting, Mr.
Wakem had no intention of buying Dorlcote, but Mrs. Tulliver’s pleading
convinces him that not only would it be a great investment, it would also be the
perfect humiliation to inflict on Mr. Tulliver.

Book-III Chapter:VIII

Daylight On The Wreck

Mr. Wakem does indeed buy the mill, and tells all the aunts and uncles that he
would be glad to have Mr. Tulliver as his manager once he is well. Mr. Tulliver,
still ignorant of this, decides he is ready to leave his bedroom for the first time
since his illness, but his family can’t get him to understand that several weeks
have gone by.

He goes downstairs and sees the absence of furniture, and the children explain
everything to him - except they keep from him that it is Wakem who has bought
the mill for fear of upsetting him further. Mrs. Tulliver comes in and tells him this
last piece of information, pleading with him to take the job of manager, and he is
beyond putting up a fight.
 Ode On a Grecian urn

A man is whispering sweet nothings to a Grecian urn, an ancient Greek pot that is
covered in illustrations. He thinks the pot is married to a guy named "Quietness,"
but they haven’t had sex yet, so the marriage isn’t official. He also thinks that the
urn is the adopted child of "Silence" and "Slow Time."

Then the speaker gives us the urn’s profession: it’s a "historian," and it does a
much better job of telling stories than the speaker possibly could. The speaker
looks closer at the urn and tries to figure out what’s going on in the pictures that
are painted on it. Illustrated on the urn is some kind of story that might involve
gods, men, or both. It looks like a bunch of guys are chasing beautiful women
through the forest. People are playing pipes and beating on drums. Everyone
looks happy. The scene is chaotic and the speaker doesn’t know quite what’s
happening.

Not only is the urn a better storyteller than the poet, but the musicians in the
illustration have sweeter melodies than the poet. The poet then tries to listen to
the music played by the people in the image. That’s right: even though he can’t
hear the music with his ears, he’s trying to listen to it with his "spirit." He looks at
the illustration of a young guy who is playing a song under a tree. Because
pictures don’t change, the man will be playing his song as long as the urn survives,
and the tree will always be full and green.

Then the speaker addresses one of the guys who is chasing a maiden, and he
offers some advice: "You’re never going to make out with that girl, because you’re
in a picture, and pictures don’t change, but don’t worry – at least you’ll always be
in love with her, because you’re in a picture, and pictures don’t change."

The speaker thinks about how happy the trees must be to keep all their leaves
forever. It’s always springtime in the world of the urn, and every song sounds
fresh and new. Then he starts talking about love and repeats the word "happy" a
bunch of times. He is jealous of the lovers on the urn, because they will always be
lusting after each other. Seriously. He thinks the best part of being in love is trying
to get your lover to hook up with you, and not the part that follows. We’re
starting to think that the speaker needs a cold shower. The word "panting"
threatens to send the poem careening into X-rated territory.

Things were getting a bit steamy, but now the speaker has moved to a different
section of the urn. He’s looking at an illustration of an animal sacrifice. This is
pretty much the cold shower he needed. A priest is leading a cow to be sacrificed.
People have come from a nearby town to watch. The speaker imagines that it’s a
holy day, so the town has been emptied out for the sacrifice. The town will always
be empty, because it’s a picture, and pictures don’t change.

The speaker starts freaking out a bit. He’s basically yelling at the urn now.
Whereas before he was really excited about the idea of living in the eternal world
of the illustrations, now he’s not so sure. Something about it seems "cold" to him.
He thinks about how, when everyone he knows is dead, the urn will still be
around, telling its story to future generations. The urn is a teacher and friend to
mankind. It repeats the same lesson to every generation: that truth and beauty
are the same thing, and this knowledge is all we need to make it through life.
 A Doll's House

At the beginning of the play, all seems hunky-dory. Nora and Torvald Helmer
appear pretty happy together. Torvald speaks to his wife in a pretty dang demeaning
way, but she doesn't really seem to mind.
The Helmers are both quite excited because Torvald has gotten a new job as the
manager of a bank. The couple won't have to worry about money anymore. Nora's old
school friend, Mrs. Christine Linde, arrives. She's been recently widowed and is looking
for work. Christine is hoping that Torvald might be able to hook her up with a job. Nora
tells her friend that she'll ask him. Over the course of their conversation, Nora confesses
to Christine that she has a secret debt. Hmm—do we smell a conflict?
Nora refuses to tell Christine whom she borrowed money from, but does explain why
she had to borrow it. Early in the Helmers' marriage, Torvald got sick from overwork.
Doctors prescribed a trip south to warmer climates as the only way to save him. (So
much better than taking medicine, jeez.) At the time, the Helmers didn't have the money
for such a snazzy trip.To save Torvald's pride, Nora borrowed money without his
knowledge and funded a year in Italy. In order to pay off the debt, she's been skimming
from the allowance Torvald gives her and secretly working odd jobs. Nora is especially
happy about Torvald's new job, because now money won't be a concern.
A creepy man named Krogstad shows up. He works at the bank that Torvald is
about to manage. It seems like Nora knows him, but we aren't told why. He goes in to
see Torvald. Christine tells Nora that she once knew Krogstad. We get the idea that
they once had a thing for each other.
Dr. Rank enters. He's a Helmer family friend and is dying of tuberculosis of the spine.
He talks about how corrupt and morally diseased Krogstad is, to which Christine says
they should try to help the diseased. Torvald comes out of his office and Nora asks him
about a job for Christine Linde. Torvald agrees, and everybody is happy. Torvald, Dr.
Rank, and Christine all skip away down the street together.

Nora's children rush in. She frolics with them a bit and plays hide-and-go-seek. Then
creepy old Krogstad shows up again. Nora sends the kids away. Krogstad is furious
because Torvald is going to fire him—Christine Linde is getting his job. It turns out that
he is the person Nora borrowed money from. He's got a lot of power over Nora,
because apparently she forged her father's signature after he was dead in order to get
the loan. Krogstad threatens to expose Nora's crime if he loses his job. After he
leaves, Nora freaks out.

When Torvald returns, Nora tries to talk him into letting Krogstad keep his job. Torvald
says he can't stand Krogstad because he does dishonest things like forgery. Nora's
husband goes on to say that he can't stand being around such awful people. He talks
about how such people's presence corrupts their children. Torvald goes back to work.
The maid tries to bring the children back in to play. Nora, fearing she will corrupt them,
refuses to see them.
Act Two opens with Nora in a state of extreme agitation. She's hanging out with one of
the maids, Anne, who was Nora's wet-nurse when she was a child. Nora asks Anne to
take care of the kids if she ever disappears.

Christine stops by. Nora shows her a costume that Torvald picked out for her. They're
planning to go to a holiday party in a couple nights at the Stenborgs', their upstairs
neighbors. Christine goes off to another room to mend the costume. Torvald shows up.
Nora begs him to not fire Krogstad. Her begging only angers off Torvald, and he sends
Krogstad his notice. Torvald goes to his office.

Dr. Rank arrives. Nora does a little subtle flirting with him. She's planning to ask him for
the money to pay off the loan. Her plans are foiled, though, when he tells her that he'll
soon be dying. He tells her that he'll put a card in the mailbox with a black cross when it
begins. He admits that he is love with her, but Nora tells him that he's being very morbid
and inappropriate. She feels too guilty to ask him for the money. Dr. Rank goes in to
see Torvald.

Krogstad busts in, super-mad about getting fired. He tells Nora that he's going
to blackmail Torvald into giving him a better job than the one he had before. Eventually,
he'll be running the bank instead of Torvald. Krogstad warns Nora to not do anything
stupid like run away or commit suicide, because he'll still have power over Torvald
anyway. He leaves, dropping a blackmail letter to Torvald in the mailbox on his way
out.

Nora, at this point, completely flips out. Christine returns, and Nora tells her everything.
She's afraid that when Torvald finds out, a wonderful/terrible thing will happen: Torvald
will take all the blame for her. Christine says that she used to have a relationship with
Krogstad and that maybe she can change his mind. She runs off to talk to him for Nora.

Torvald and Dr. Rank enter. In order to stop Torvald from opening the mail, Nora
pretends she needs help with her dance for the Stenborgs' party. She dances the
tarantella badly. Torvald is amazed that she forgot all he taught her. He promises to do
nothing but help her practice until the party happens. That means for a little while,
Krogstad's letter will stay where it is. Rank and Torvald leave. Christine returns and
reports that Krogstad wasn't home. She left a note for him. After Christine leaves, Nora
counts down the hours she has to live.

Act Three finds Christine alone in the Helmers' living room. The Stenborgs' party is
going on upstairs. Krogstad enters. Apparently, they used to go out, but Christine
eventually ditched him for a richer man. She had to because her mother was sick and
she had two younger brothers to care for. Christine says that she wants to be with
Krogstad again and help him raise his children. Krogstad is overjoyed. He says he'll
demand his blackmail letter back unopened. Christine tells him not to. She thinks all the
lies in the Helmer household need to be revealed. Krogstad takes off.

The Helmers come down from the party. Christine tells them she was waiting to see
Nora in her costume. Nora whispers, asking what happened with Krogstad. Her friend
tells her that she has nothing to fear anymore from Krogstad, but that she needs to tell
Torvald the truth anyway. Christine exits. Torvald is kind of drunk and tries to get Nora
to sleep with him, but she's not in the mood. Dr. Rank drops by. He's super-drunk. He
makes allusions that he is going to die soon and then exits into the night.

Torvald opens the mailbox. He finds cards that Rank left. They have black crosses on
them. Nora tells him the cards are Rank's way of announcing his death. Torvald laments
his friend's sickness. He tells Nora that sometimes he wishes she was in terrible danger
so that he could save her. Nora tells him to open his mail.

When Torvald reads Krogstad's letter he totally flips out, telling her that she is a terrible
person. He laments that they'll have to do whatever Krogstad says. He insists that Nora
is not to be allowed near the children anymore, because she may corrupt them. Just
then, a letter arrives from Krogstad. In the letter, Krogstad says that he's had a change
of heart and will no longer be blackmailing them. Torvald is really happy and forgives
Nora.

Nora, however, doesn't forgive Torvald. She tells him that she was expecting a
wonderful thing to happen. She thought he would try to sacrifice himself for her, taking
all the blame on himself. Nora, of course, wouldn't allow him to do that, and would've
committed suicide to stop him. Torvald's actions made him seem cowardly in Nora's
eyes.
She tells him that she is leaving him, because they've never had a real marriage. She's
never been more than a doll in his eyes. He begs her to stay, but she refuses, leaving
both him and the kids, with the slamming of a door.
Arms and the Man Summary
The play is set in Bulgaria and set during the brief Bulgarian-Serbian war in the
1880s. It opens with the young romantic Raina Petkoff and her
mother Catherine talking excitedly about a successful cavalry charge led by the
handsome and heroic Sergius, to whom Raina is betrothed. They are thrilled at his
success. Their defiant young servant Louka comes in and tells them that there will
be fighting in the streets soon, and that they should lock all of their windows.
Raina’s shutters do not lock, and shortly after the gunshots start that night, she
hears a man climb onto her balcony and into her room. He is a Swiss professional
soldier fighting for Servia. Though he fights for the enemy and is not in the least
heroic (he fears for his life, threatens to cry, and carries chocolates instead of
ammo) Raina is touched by his plight. He angers her when he tells her that the man
who led the cavalry charge against them only succeeded because he got extremely
lucky—the Servians were not equipped with the right ammo. Raina indignantly says
that that commander is her betrothed, and the man apologizes, holding back
laughter. Raina nevertheless agrees to keep the man safe, saying that her family is
one of the most powerful and wealthy in Bulgaria, and that his safety will be
ensured as their guest. She goes to get her mother and when they return he has
fallen asleep on Raina’s bed.
"My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through
the roof." -Graham S.
Download it!

In the next act the war has ended, and Major Petkoff (Raina’s father) arrives home,
and Sergius and Raina are reunited. They speak lovingly to one another about how
perfect their romance is. But when Raina goes inside, Sergius holds Louka in his
arms, clearly lusting after her. Louka believes he is taking advantage of her
because she is a servant, and tells him she does not believe she and he are any
different simply because he is rich and she is poor. They part just as Raina returns.
Then, to make things more complicated, the man from Raina’s balcony, announcing
himself as Captain Bluntschli, arrives, to return a coat he was loaned the morning
after he rested at the house. Catherine tries to keep him from being seen, but
Major Petkoff recognizes him, and invites him inside to help with some of the last
remaining military orders.
In the final act, in the library, it comes out that Louka, though she had been
assumed to be engaged to the head servant Nicola, is in love with Sergius, and he
is in love with her. Raina eventually admits she has fallen for Bluntschli, who is at
first hesitant, believing her to be much younger than she is. When he finds out her
real age (23 rather than the 17 he had thought she was), he declares his affection
for her. The play ends happily, with two new couples.
Subject: REQUEST FOR 18 DAYS LFP.

Sir,
With great reverence it is submitted that my exam is being starting
from 01-01-2018 to 11-01-2018. I want to prepare before it well.

2. Therefore, it is requested that may kindly allow me 18 days leave with

full pay from 26.12.2017 and obliged.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Iqra Siddique
Constable FIA
Hqrs Islamabad

Addl.Director/EGOA
To,

The Head of Department,

National University Of Modern Language
Islamabad.

Subject: Request For Rescheduling of missed papers.

Respected Sir,

It is stated that I, Iqra Siddique student of M.A English (2nd

semester) Section-A. I did not give three papers namely Drama, Prose, and
French of midterm due to Labaik's dharna and my father's illness. My home
is near to Rawat and I come from there daily. Because of these issues I
won't be able to given my papers. I have a humble request to you kindly
allow me to give those papers now.

I'll be very thankful to you.

Yours Sincerely,

Iqra Siddique
M.A English
(sem II) Eve Section-A
Roll No. 217525
Dated: 18.12.2017
To,

The Head of Department,

National University Of Modern Language
Islamabad.

Subject: Request For Rescheduling of missed papers.

Venerable Sir,

With due reverence, It is stated that my name is Iqra

Siddique student of M.A English (2nd semester) Section-A Evening.
Certainly, It was a tough time for me being alone at home for looking after
my father illness and all the medical procedures and Labaik's dharna.
Because of the above stated matter I was completely unable in order to
deal with my following missed papers; namely Drama, Prose and French.
Although my preparation for the papers was satisfactory but I could not
manage it. Now I am certainly looking forward to reattempt my remaining
papers of first midterm as you better now it is the matter of my carrier.
Furthermore, to be seated in the examination your permission is very
imperative. I would be surely obliged for this act of greatness of yours if I
am allowed to be seated in the examination again.

I'll be very thankful to you.

Yours Submissively,

Iqra Siddique
M.A English
(sem II) Eve Section-A
Roll No. 217525
Dated: 18.12.2017
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES
ISLAMABAD
Final Exam
M.A English 2nd Semester
DATE SHEET

DATE DAY CODE SUBJECTS

01-01-2018 Monday ENG-511 Phonetics & Phonology
03-01-2018 Wednesday ENG-512 Poetry-B
05-01-2018 Friday ENG-513 Drama-B
08-01-2018 Monday ENG-514 Novel-A
10-01-2018 Wednesday ENG-515 Prose
12-01-2018 Friday ENG-516 French
To,

The Office Superintendent,

Admn-II FIA HQrs
Islamabad.

Subject: REQUEST FOR ISSUANCE OF JOING REPORT:

Venerable Sir,

With profound regards and sheer reverence it is submitted that I

submit a Service book in AGPR for stamp/signatory but, required a joining
report for this purpose.

2. It is, therefore, meekly supplicated that issue me a joining

report that I have been requested for stamp/signatory on service book.

(Nouman Ahmed)
FC EGOA Unit FIA HQrs
Islamabad.