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ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺃﺫ : ﻟﺨﺮﻳﺴﻲ ﺳﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ
ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﻴ ﻦ ﻧﺪﺭﺱ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺮﻗﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ1
B = 2011 ´ (1 + 2 + ... + 2010 ) ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ A = 2010 ´ (1 + 2 + ... + 2011 ) :ﻭ
ﻟﻠﻮﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ٬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ٬ﻭ ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻻ
ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻟﻐﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ ٬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ؟
ﺳﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻠﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻧﺠﺪ:
A - B = ( 2011 - 1 ) + (2011 - 2 ) + (2011 - 3 ) + ... + (2011 - 2010 )
A - B = 2010 + 2009 + 2008 + ... + 1 > 0
ﺇﺫﻥ A > B :
ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺍ ٬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟ ﻔﺮﻕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ2
ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ 8 - 7 : ﻭ 6 - 5
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻔ ﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﻴﻦ ٬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺎﻥ
ﻣﻌﺎ ) ﺇﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺟﺪ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ.(
ﻭ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻲء ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ. ﻣﻨﻪ 8 - 7 ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ 8 > 7 ﺇﺫﻥ 8 > 7 :
ﺣﺴﻦ ﻟﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻴﻬﻤﺎ:
( ( )
2
8 - 7 - )
2
( )
6 - 5 = 15 - 2 56 - 11 - 2 30 = 4 - 2 56 + 2 30 = 2 2 + 30 - 56 ( )
٬ 2 +ﻭ ﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ٬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﻀﻄﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻲ 56 ﻭ 30
ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻞ.
ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺇﺫﻥ؟
w ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃ ﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻨﺒﺴﻂ ﻓﺮﻗﻬﻤﺎ.
( ( )
8 - 7 - )
= 6 - 5 = 8 - 7 - 6 + 5 = 8 + 5 - 7 - 6 ( 8 + 5 - ( ) 7 + 6 )
٬ 8 +ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺓ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ: ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﺮﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﺭﻥ 7 + 6 ﻭ 5
( ( )
8 + 5 -
2
)
2
( )
7 + 6 = 13 + 2 40 - 13 + 2 42 = 2 40 - 2 42 = 2 40 - 42 < 0 ( )
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ8 - 7 < 6 - 5 : ( < 8 + 5 ( ) 7 + ﺇﺫﻥ6 ) :
1/7
w ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ:
= 8 - 7
1
ﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ: = 6 - 5
6 - 5
=
( 6 - 5 () 6 + 5 =) 1
8 + 7 1 6 + 5 6 + 5
ﺍﻵﻥ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍ ﻥ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ:
1 1
< ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: ﻭ 7 > 5 ﻣﻨﻪ 8 + 7 > 6 + 5 : ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ8 > 6 :
8 + 7 6 + 5
ﺃﻱ 8 - 7 < 6 - 5
ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
æ 1 1 öæ 1 1 ö
a ﻭ b ﻭ c ﻭ d ﺃﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ . ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥç a + b + + ÷ç + + c + d ÷ ³ 16 :
è c d øè a b ø
w ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ:
1 1 1 æ 1 ö 1 1 1
a + b + + ³ 2 a b + 2 ³ 2 ç ab + ÷ ﻣﻨﻪ : + ³ 2 ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ a + b ³ 2 a b : ﻭ
c d cd çè cd ÷ø c d cd
1 1 ab æ ö ab
a + b + + ³ 4 ﻣﻨﻪ:
ç ab + 1 ÷ ³ 2 ﻭ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ :
c d cd ç cd ÷ø cd
è
1 1 cd
+ + c + d ³ 4 ﻭ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺒﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ:
a b ab
æ 1 1 öæ 1 1 ö ab c d
ç a + b + + ÷ç + + c + d ÷ ³ 4 ´ 4 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ= 16 :
è c d øè a b ø cd a b
2/7
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
æ 1 1 öæ 1 1 ö
a ﻭ b ﻭ c ﻭ d ﺃﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ . ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥç a + b + + ÷ç + + c + d ÷ ³ 16 :
è c d øè a b ø
w ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ:
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ:
æ 1 1 öæ 1 1 ö a b 1 1 d 1 1 c
ç a + b + + ÷ç + + c + d ÷ = 1 + + ac + ad + + 1 + bc + bd + + + 1 + + + + + 1
è c d øè a b ø b a ac bc c ad bd d
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ 1 ö æ a b ö æ d c ö
= 4 + ç ac + ÷ + ç ad + ÷ + ç bc + ÷ + ç bd + ÷ ÷+ç + ÷+ç +
è ac ø è ad ø è bc ø è bd ø è b a ø è c d ø
æ 1 1 öæ 1 1 ö
ﻭ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻔ ﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮﺓ 6 ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺃﻥç a + b + + ÷ç + + c + d ÷ ³ 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 16 :
è c d øè a b ø
a a b 1 b a
= ( x ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺧﺬﻧﺎ : ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ x + ³ 2 ﺗﺼﺒﺢ + ³ 2 ﻫﻮ ) ﻻ ﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ
b b a x a b
ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ
ﻳﻜﻮ ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ABC ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ A ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ BC 2 = AB 2 + AC 2 :
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ
ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏﻮﺭﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻭ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ٬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺠﺪﺭ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﻛﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺗ ﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ٬ ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺠﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻠﺴﻼﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ.
ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﻴﺲ
AM AN MN
= = ﻭ N Î ( AC ) ﻭ (BC ) // (MN ) ﻓﺈﻥ: w ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ABC ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ M Î ( AB )
AB AC BC
ﻭ N Î ( AC ) ﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻂ A ﻭ M ﻭ B ﻫﻮ w ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ABC ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ M Î ( AB )
AM AN
ﻓﺈﻥ(BC ) // (MN ) : = ﻧﻔﺲ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ A ﻭ M ﻭ C ﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ :
AB AC
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ
ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻀﻢ
ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫ ﺎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﻳﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻃﺎﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ
ﻹﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ٬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ) ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ. (
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـــــــــــﺎﺡ
www.naja7math.com
3/7
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ
w ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻤﻨﺘﺼﻔﻲ ﺿﻠﻌﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
w ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻤﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻭ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ
ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
w ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻔﻲ ﺿﻠﻌﻲ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ.
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ
w ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﻴﻦ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ
ﻣﺘ ﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ.
w ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻗﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻤﺎ
ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺎﻥ.
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ
ﻗﺪ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ٬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ ﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ
w ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ.
w ﻛﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺼﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺱ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ.
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ
ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ٬ﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ.
ﻓﻜﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﺣﺪ
ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻪ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺅﻭﺳﻪ ) ﺃﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻁ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻪ ( ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ
ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ
w ﻛﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻭﻳﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ
w ﻛﻞ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﻴﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺿﻼﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻭﻳﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ
)sin(a
) = tan (a ٬ sin 2 (a ) + cos 2 (a ) = 1
) cos (a
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ
ﻗﺪ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺜﻠﺚ.
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـــــــــــﺎﺡ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ
(a + b )(a - b ) = a 2 - b 2 ٬ (a - b ) 2 = a 2 - 2 a b + b 2 ٬ (a + b ) 2 = a 2 + 2 a b + b 2
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻟﻨﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
1 1
a + ٬ a - ﺃﺣﺴﺐ: a ﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﻄﻌﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ= 3 :
a a
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
æ 1 ö 1
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ a - = 3 : ﻣﻨﻪ ç a - ÷ = 9 : ﻣﻨﻪ a - 2 + 2 = 9 : ﻣﻨﻪ a + 2 = 11 : ﻣﻨﻪ a + 2 + 2 = 13 :
a a a è a ø a
2
1 1 1 æ 1 ö
ﻣﻨﻪ ç a + ÷ = 13 : ﻭ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ a > 0ﻓﺈﻥ > 0 : ﻣﻨﻪ a + > 0 ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ a + = 13 :
a a a è a ø
ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ
a ﻭ b ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺎﻥ
a a
( ) 2
a 2 = a = a ٬
b
=
b
(b > 0) ٬ a ´ b = a b ٬ ( () )
a + b a - b = a - b
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
a ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻭ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ ٬ 1 ﺑﻴﻦ ﺃﻥ1 + 1 - a + 1 - 1 - a = 2 + 2 a :
ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ.
ﻟﻨﺤﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺴﺮ:
2 2 2
÷æç 1 + 1 - a + 1 - 1 - a ö÷ = æç 1 + 1 - a ö÷ + 2 1 + 1 - a 1 - 1 - a + æç 1 - 1 - a ö
è ø è ø è ø
( ()
= 1 + 1 - a + 2 1 + 1 - a 1 - 1 - a + 1 - 1 - a )
= 2 + 2 1 - )( 1 - a 2
= 2 + 2 1 - (1 - a )
= 2 + 2 1 - 1 + a
= 2 + 2 a
ﻫﻮ 2 + 2 a ﻓﺈﻥ 1 + 1 - a + 1 - 1 - a = 2 + 2 a ﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ 1 + 1 - a + 1 - 1 - a
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـــــــــــﺎﺡ
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ﺍﻟﻘـــــــــــﻮﻯ
a ﻭ b ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ n ﻭ m ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﻥ
n n
æ a ö a a n
ç ÷ = n (b ¹ 0) ٬ (a b ) = a ´ b ٬ m = a
n n n n - m
٬ a n ´ a m = a n +m
è b ø b a
1 m
a -m = m ٬ a n = a n ´m
a
( )
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ﺃﺣﺴﺐK = (10 - 1 )(10 + 1 )(100 + 1 )(10000 + 1 )(100000000 + 1 )(1000000000 0000000 + 1 ) + 1 :
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ.
ﻻ ﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ.
K = (10 - 1 )(10 + 1 ) (10 2 + 1 )(10 4 + 1 )(10 8 + 1 )(10 16 + 1 ) + 1
= K (10 - 1 ) (10 + 1 )(10 + 1 )(10 + 1 )(10
2 2 4 8 16
)
+ 1 + 1
= K (10 - 1 ) (10 + 1 )(10 + 1 )(10
4 4 8 16
+ 1 ) + 1
= K )(10 - 1
8
(10 + 1 )(10 8 16
+ 1 ) + 1
= K )(10 - 1 (10
16 16
+ 1 ) + 1
= K (10 - 1 ) + 1 32
K = 10 32
K = 1000000000 0000000000 0000000000 000
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ (a ) = a
n m n ´m
ﻻ ﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﺓ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ
a ﻭ b ﻭ c ﻭ d ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪﻣﺔ
d c a b a c
= ﺗﻌﻨﻲ = : ﺗﻌﻨﻲ = : ﺗﻌﻨﻲ a d = b c :
b a c d b d
a c a + c a - c a c
= = = ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ = : ﻓﺈﻥ:
b d b + d b - d b d
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ
ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ٬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ
ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺬﺍء ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺟﺬﺍء ﺍﻟﻮ ﺳﻄﻴﻦ.
ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
a b a - b 3
٬ ﺃﺣﺴﺐ + : = a ﻭ b ﻋﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺚ :
b a a + b 10
a - b 5
ﻣﻨﻪ 10 (a - b ) = 3 (a + b ) :ﻣﻨﻪ 10 a - 10 b = 3 a + 3 b ﻣﻨﻪ 10 a - 3 a = 3 b + 10 b : ﻣﻨﻪ : ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ= :
a + b 6
a b 13 7 169 + 49 218 b 7 a 13
= + + = = ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ: = ﻭ 7 a = 13 b ﻣﻨﻪ= :
b a 7 13 91 91 a 13 b 7
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ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ
ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ) ﻭ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺍﻟ ﻤﺌﺎﺕ ٬ ( ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺎ
ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭ
ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ٬ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺣﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ
ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺗﺪﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻚ ﻣﻨﺪﻫﺸﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﺏ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﻚ
ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩﻩ ٬ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻘﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻫﺒﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ
ﻟﺘﻮﻇﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ.
ﺃﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﺍﻋﻠﻢ ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻤﻴﺬ ﺃﻧ ﻚ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺘﻚ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻫﻠﻴﻦ
ﻟﻠﻔﺮ ﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺤﺜﻚ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺎﺅﻟﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺬﻝ ﻛﻞ
ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻚ ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺼﻔﺘﻲ ﺗﻠﻤﻴﺬﺍ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺪ ﻳ ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻤﺒﻴﺎﺩ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺎﻟﻮﺭﻳﺎ.
ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـــــــــــﺎﺡ
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