Trends of Dalit Writing Nepali PDF

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cg';Gwfgstf{ / k|f1x¿n] ljleGg b:tfj]h / k|sfzg pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿n] k|sfzgk"j{
o; ;dLIff–kq cWoog u/]/ ;'emfj lbPsf 5g\ . o; ;dLIff–kqsf] cg';Gwfg, n]vg / k|sfzgsf nflu /fO6\; 8]df]qm];L P08
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(NED) / cf]k]g ;f];fO6L OlG:6Ro'zg (OSI) sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u /x]sf] 5 . o; ;dLIff–kqdf JoQm ljrf/, ljZn]if0f /
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g]kfndf ;a}eGbf pTkLl8tdWo] klg pTkLl8t ;d'bfo xf] blnt . g]kfndf ljBdfg /x]sf] k'/fgf] c;dfj]zL /fHoaf6 cTolws?kdf
kLl8t ePs} sf/0f blnt ;d'bfoaf/] sd dfq} af]lnPsf] / n]lvPsf] 5 . x'g t g]kfndf blnt ;d'bfo;DaGwL n]vg z'? ePsf] klg
^ bzs x'g nfUof], t/ klg blnt;DaGwL n]vg eg] slnn} 5 .
blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] s] n]lvPsf] 5, s] n]lvPsf] 5}g, ;a}sf] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] . o;;DaGwL n]vgdf sf] slt ;lqmo 5g\,
pgLx?sf] ;lqmotf / lgliqmotfsf] sf/0f s] xf], vf]hLsf] ljifo g} xf] . oxL rf;f]sf ;fy ;dtf kmfpG8]zgn] blnt n]vgaf/] vf]h–
cg';Gwfg ug{] k|of; u/]sf] xf] . /, oxL k|of;sf] qmddf blnt n]vgsf d'Vo k|j[lQsf] gS;fª\sg ug{] sf]l;; ul/Psf] 5 . gS;fª\sg
ubf{ blnt ljifosf] 1fg pTkfbgsf ;Defjgf / ;Ldfaf/] a'em\g] df}sf klg k|fKt ePsf] 5 . /, yfxf ePsf] 5, blnt n]vg s'g–s'g
d'2f, cfGbf]ng / ;+:yfaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] /x]5 .
x'g t g]kfnsf k|To]sh;f] cfGbf]ngdf blnt ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 . t/, blntsf d'2f eg] tL cfGbf]ngsf /fli6«o
Ph]G8fd} ljnLg x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . To;}sf] k|ltljDa blnt n]vgdf klg :ki6?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;f] t klxn] bof / s[kfsf] :j/}
a];L ;'lgGYof] blnt cfGbf]ng / n]vgdf . ca eg] lj:tf/} dfgjLo clwsf/sf] cfjfh d'v/ x'g yfn]sf] 5, rfx] Tof] ;fg} :j/df
lsg gxf];\ . oxL :j/af/] cg';Gwfg / n]vg ul/Psf] 5, …blnt n]vgsf] k|j[lQ M g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfo;DaGwL n]vgsf] ;dLIffÚsf]
gfddf . ca k'/fgf] c;dfj]zL /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] qmddf blnt cfGbf]ng ;3g / Jofks x'g' h?/L 5 eg] blnt n]vgnfO{ ;zQm
kfg'{ cTofjZos 5 . blnt n]vgsf] k|j[lQ;DaGwL o; ;dLIff–kqn] o:t} cfzf / cfu|x ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 .
blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ kf6f] xf], blnt;DaGwL 1fg pTkfbgsf] cefj . oxL cefj sd ug{] p2]Zon] :yflkt ;dtf
kmfpG8]zgn] nueu @ jif{sf] cGt/fndf of] ;dLIff–kqsf] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] xf] . To;}n], o; ;dLIff–kqsf] cg';Gwfg / n]vgdf
vl6PsL Ol/zf ;'jfn;lxt ;Dk"0f{ 6f]nLnfO{ wGojfb . g]kfnL blnt n]vgaf/] ljleGg b:tfj]h, k|sfzg ;fdu|L / uxg ;'emfj
pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u ug{] 8f= s[i0f e§rg, /fhs'df/ lqvqL / eQm ljZjsdf{nufot cGo lj1x¿nfO{ klg wGojfb . To:t}, /fO6\;
8]df]qm];L P08 OGSn'hg kmG8sf k':ts cf]emf / e/t g]kfnLnfO{ klg wGojfb .
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y'k|} JolQmTjsf cg'ej / cGtb[{li6sf sf/0f o; ;dLIff;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ;Dej ePsf] xf] . o; cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf d}n]
cGtjf{tf{ ug{] cj;/ kfPsf tL ;a} k|f1, ljåfg\, clwsf/sdL{ tyf kqsf/nfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
kbd ;'Gbf; / ch{'g ljZjsdf{k|lt cfef/L 5' d . pxfFx¿ d]/f ;+jfbstf{ t x'g'x'G5 g}, pxfFx¿n] cfjZos kf7Ø;fdu|L
pknAw u/fOlbg'sf ;fy} cGtjf{tf{ ;+of]hg ul/lbP/ dnfO{ 7"nf] u'g nufpg'ePsf] 5 .
ef]nf kf;jfgnfO{ wGojfb . pxfFn] wg'iff / ;Kt/Lsf k/fdz{ e]nfx¿df ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf v]Ng'eof] . tL e]nfdf
d}n] blntdfly s'g ljifodf zf]w ul/g'k5{ eGg]af/] o'jfx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f yfxf kfPF . kf;jfgn] y'k|} cGtjf{tf{df d]/f] ;fy
lbg'eof], gd'gf tYofª\ssf] g]kfnL v08 tof/ ug{ ;xof]u ug{'eof] / dnfO{ dw]zL blntsf d'2f lg/Gt/ x]Ssf u/fO/xg'eof] .
h]aL ljZjsdf{nfO{ cfef/ k|s6 u5{' . pxfFn] tYofª\s juL{s/0f ug{ ;3fpg'sf ;fy} blnt / ldl8ofaf/] cd"No ;"Idb[li6
k|bfg ug{'eof] . To:t}, Pkms] km]nf] ch{'g ljZjsdf{ / /fdflzif rf}w/LnfO{ klg wGojfb .
zf]w ;xof]uL 6]G;'af du/ftL;Fu} OG6g{x¿ dlgif ltvqL, zfGtf xdfn, dGh' kl/of/ / ;l/tf kl/of/n] tYofª\s ;ª\sng /
To;nfO{ r':tb'?:t ug{ tyf vf; kf7Ø–efusf] ;f/;ª\If]k n]Vg dnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;xof]u ug{'eof] .
lg/Gt/ dfu{lgb{]z / k|ltlqmofsf nflu 8f= g/]Gb|dª\un hf]zL / 8f= /jLGb| /fok|lt cfef/L 5' . dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjsf nflu
;dtf kmfpG8]zgsf sd{rf/L wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .
o; ;dLIff–kqsf] ;Dkfbg / l6Kk0fL ul/lbg ;do lbg'x'g] j]n]:nL sn]hsf k|f]km];/ lqm:6f]km/ SofG8NofG8 / sf7df08'
kf]i6 b}lgssf 1fg' clwsf/LnfO{ xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ug{ rfxG5' .
g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfbsf nflu ljgf]bljqmd s];L / cg'jfb;Fu} ;Dkfbgsf nflu /fh]Gb| dxh{gnfO{ klg d cfef/ JoQm ug{
rfxG5' . o; ;dLIff–kqsf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ dxh{gn] ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf lg/Gt/ ;/;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg'eof] .
cGTodf, ;l/tf kl/of/nfO{ wGojfb . of] ;dLIff–kqsf nflu zf]w ug{] / n]Vg] qmddf pxfFn] dnfO{ lg/Gt/ xf};nf lbg'eof],
k|Zg / cGtb[{li6 klg k|bfg ug{'eof] . d pxfFsf] ;/fxgf u5{' .
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blnt cfjfhsf] ;'g'jfO u/fO5f8\g] h;sf] k|lta4tfn] of] ;dLIff;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / k|sfzg ;Dej eof] .
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!=# ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts n]vg / blnt clwsf/sdL{ !%
!=$ k|fl1s ;d'bfo / blnt ljifo !&
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g]kfnsf blnt ;d'bfodflysf] n]vg kftnf] 5 / ;fk]lIfs¿kdf slnn} 5 . oBlk, s]xL jif{otf g]kfnL blntdflysf] 1fg
pTkfbg psfnf] nflu/x]sf] 5 . t/, hghflt / ljz]ifflwsf/k|fKt afx'g, If]qL / g]jf/sf t'ngfdf of] j[l4 ;':t 5 . oxfF 1fg
pTkfbg eGgfn] 1fg l;h{gfsf w]/} :j¿knfO{ a'lemG5, rfx] tL sljtf, pkGof;h:tf ;flxTo n]vg, k|fl1s cg';Gwfg,
Pglhcf]÷cfOPglhcf] k|ltj]bg, ;/sf/ tyf /fhgLlts bnsf b:tfj]h x'g\ of >Jo–b[Zo pTkfbg x'g\ . 1fg pTkfbgsf]
k|lqmof blnt cfGbf]ng;Fu} cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 / of] cfGbf]ngsf] kl/k"/s ePsf] 5 . lsgeg], ;dfh kl/jt{gsf nlfu
/fhgLlts k|oTg dfq} kof{Kt x'Fb}g .
o; ;dLIff–kqn] ;g\ !($) jl/kl/b]lv cfh;Dd blntdfly h]hlt n]lvPsf 5g\, tL ;fdu|LdWo] s]xL /rgfsf] k|j[lQaf/]
;dLIff ug{]5 . blnt n]vgnfO{ Oltxf;a4 ug{, o;sf k|d'v k|j[lQdfly hf]8 lbg of] ;dLIff–kq sfg'gL ;+lxtf, ;flxTo,
;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cfGbf]ng, k|fl1s ;d'bfo, ljsf; If]q / k|];df k|fKt lnlvt ;fdu|Ldf s]lGb|t x'g]5 . ljutdf
blnt n]vgsf] ;ª\u|x ug{] / l6Kk0fL;lxtsf ;Gbe{;"rL k|sflzt ug{] k|oTg ePsf lyP . tyflk, blnt n]vgsf] k|fb'ef{j
/ ljsf;qmdsf] ;dLIff ePsf] lyPg . o; ;dLIff–kqn] ToxL l/QmtfnfO{ klg k"/f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . of] ;dLIff–kq !#
hgf blnt / u}/blnt ljåfg\, cg';Gwfgstf{, kqsf/ / clwsf/sdL{sf lj:t[t cGtjf{tf{, uxg 8]:s ;dLIff / g]kfnL
blntdflysf n]vgx¿sf] gd'gf tYofª\s–;ª\u|xdf cfwfl/t 5 . gd'gf tYofª\s–;ª\u|x g]kfnL blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf]
;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f xf] .
blnt n]vg;DaGwL o; ;dLIff–kqn] b]vfPsf] 5, lxhf] zf;s ju{;Fu ;xfg'e"lt / s[kfb[li6 vf]Hg] k|j[lQ cfh cfP/
clwsf/ / zlQm bfaL ug{] alnof] k|j[lQdf ablnPsf] 5 . of] km]/abn blntsf] cj:yfnfO{ x]g{] blnt / u}/blntsf
b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]uL ePsf] 5 . b[li6sf]0fdf cfPsf] of] kl/jt{g vf;u/L ;flxTodf kf]lvPsf] b]lvG5,
hxfF cfh blntnfO{ zlQmzfnL gfossf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] kfOG5 . n]vgsf] j[l4 / ltgn] k|s6 ug{] ljrf/af6 s]
klg k|:6 x'G5 eg] blntx¿n] ;dsfnLg k|ultzLn zlQm;Fu ldn]/ nuftf/ cfˆgf Ph]G8f cufl8 a9fO/x]sf 5g\ .
/f0ffzf;g / k~rfotL zf;gsfndf g]kfnL sfª\u|];;Fu, ax'bnLo k|hftGqdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ ;Fu / cGTodf, hgo'4sf]
;dodf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ ;Fu ldn]/ blntx¿n] cfˆgf Ph]G8fnfO{ cufl8 a9fO/x] . blnt cfGbf]ngsf k|To]s r/0f /
ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{;Fusf] ;xsfo{n] blntx¿nfO{ s]jn qmlds j[l4k/s nfe dfq} lbPsf 5g\ . To;}n] cfh ;ª\3Lo
g]kfndf blnt cfGbf]ng ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2fdf s]lGb|t x'g' / blnt ;jfn ;Daf]lwt x'g] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;zQm
9ª\un] nflukg{' cfZro{sf] ljifo xf]Og .
o; ;dLIff–kqn] cg';Gwfgstf{, n]vs, kqsf/ / cGon] 5gf]6 u/]sf ljifosf cfwf/df blnt n]vg k|j[lQdf /fhgLlts
k|j[lQ k|ltljlDat ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . k|fl1s ;d'bfodf, clxn]sf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] ;+:s[ltnfO{ eGbf klxrfg,
gful/stf / k|lt/f]wsf k|ZgnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . o;}sf] ljsf;sf] qmddf /fhgLlts ;dfj]zLs/0f gofF ljifo xf] .
To;}u/L, 5fkf dfWoddf ;ª\3Lotfsf ;d;fdlos d'2f / ;sf/fTds sf/afxLsf ljifo xfaL 5g\ . blnt n]vg nfdf] ofqf
to u/]/ cfPsf] xf], t/ kl/jt{g / k|ultsf] clen]vLs/0fsf nflu cem w]/} s'/f ug{ afFsL 5g\ . lsgeg], ;g\ !($) b]lv
kl/kSj x'g yfn]sf] blnt n]vg cem} klg slnn} 5 .
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;dfhdf s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] :yfg dfkg ug{ k|ydtM p;sf] Oltxf; n]vgsf] dfkg ug{'k5{ . g]kfndf /fhf–
dxf/fhf / zlQmzfnL JolQmsf Oltxf; dfq} n]lvPsf] 5, k7gkf7g u/fOPsf] 5 . cfh xfdLn] eGg] cfw'lgs
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf blntx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf lyP . tyflk, Oltxf;sf clen]vdf pgLx¿af/] s]xL
klg pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . blntsf j]bgf / ;d:ofk|lt c;r]t u}/blntx¿n] blntsf jf:tljstfaf/] v;f]vf;
9ª\un] k|ltljlDat ug{] n]vgL l;h{gf ug{ ;s]gg\ . ltgsf n]vgn] blnt d'lQmsf nlfu g dfu{ agfpg ;S5g\, g
o;nfO{ lgb{]z ug{ g} ;S5g\ . cfx'ltn] eg]sf 5g\, …kl;gfsf] uGwsf] af:gf cf/gdf 3g / vnfFtL rnfpg] nf]xf/
bDklQnfO{ dfq dx;'; x'G5 .Ú cfˆgf] Oltxf; vf]Hg / n]Vg blnt cfkm}+ cu|;/ x'g'k5{ .!
kbd ;'Gbf; blnt clwsf/sdL{ / blnt n]vgsf] k|f/lDes sfnsf blnt sljx¿dWo] Ps x'g\ . ;dtf kmfpG8]zg af]8{sf
cWoIf x'g'sf ;fy} pgL blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fgsf klg cWoIf x'g\ . blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg blnt
;d'bfosf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts ;ª\3if{dfly dxŒjk"0f{ /rgf k|sfzg ug{] sfd cgf}krfl/s?kdf z'?cft ug{] ;+:yf xf] .
g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ rf/ txdf ljefhg ug{] lxGb" j0f{Joj:yfsf] tNnf] txdf 5 blnt ;d'bfo . o; ljefhgdf a|fXd0f jf
k'/f]lxt ;a}eGbf dfly 5g\, To;kl5 5g\ IfqLo, hf] /fhf / of]4f x'g\ . t];|f] txdf j}Zo 5g\, hf] Jofkf/L x'g\ . /, ;a}eGbf
tn 5g\ z'b|, hf] ls;fg / dhb'/ x'g\ . oL rf/dWo] …c5"tÚnfO{ pgLx¿sf sfdsf] k|s[ltsf sf/0f …cz'4Ú dflgG5 . klxn] …
c5"tÚ elgg] ;d'bfox¿ clxn] cfkm"nfO{ blnt eG5g\ . blntsf] cy{ x'G5– ;f]l;Psf] of lklN;Psf] . blnt zAbn] clxn]
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] !# b]lv @! k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\g] ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs klxrfgnfO{ ;ª\s]t u5{ -nfn @)!@_ .
o; zAbnfO{ g]kfnL blnt cfGbf]ngsdL{x¿ cfGbf]ngaf6 :yflkt u/]sf] klxrfgsf] gfd eGb5g\ .
blntn] cfˆgf] Oltxf; cfkm}+ n]v'g\ eGg] ;'Gbf;sf] cfsfª\Iff To:tf] blnt cfVofg a'Gg] cfsfª\Iff xf], hf] u}/blntx¿af6
tf]8d/f]8 ul/Psf] gxf];\ .@ …blntn] cfˆgf] Oltxf; vf]Hg'k5{ / n]Vg'k5{ . lsgeg], blnt Oltxf;sf] cfVofg cl:tTjdf
5, t/ pTkL8gåf/f n'sfOPsf] 5Ú eGb} ;'Gbf; k"0f{tM blnt Oltxf;sf] cl:tTj :jLsf5{g\ . t;y{, of] vf]hL klxNo}
cl:tTjdf ePsf] lrhnfO{ cGj]if0f u/]/ z'? x'G5 .
of] ;dLIff–kqsf] p2]Zo blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] j:t'ut ;dLIff k|:t't ug{' xf] . o;sf nflu tn lbOPsf oL k|Zgsf] hjfkm
vf]lhg]5 M blntaf/] s] n]lvPsf] 5 < n]vg k|j[lQ / uf]/]6fx¿ slxn]sf x'g\ < s;n] n]v] < blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf ax;
s] s] x'g\ < n]vgnfO{ s]n] k|]l/t u¥of] < cfVofg eg]sf] lnlvt kf7 dfq} xf]Og . o;n] uLt, g[To, lrqsnf, k/Dk/fut
df}lvs syfh:tf cleJolQmsf dfWodnfO{ klg ;d]6\5 . oL cleJolQmdfkm{t s;/L blnt cfVofg lgld{t x'G5g\, oL
eljiosf cg';Gwfgsf nflu ljifoj:t' x'g ;S5g\ . of] ;dLIff lnlvt kf7df dfq} s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] k|j[lQ klxNofpg' b'O{ sf/0fn] cTofjZos cEof; xf] . klxnf] sf/0f xf]– blnt 1fg
pTkfbgdf s] ul/Psf 5g\ / s] ul/Psf 5}gg\ eGg]af/] P]ltxfl;s af]w /fVg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . oxfF 1fg pTkfbg eg]sf] Tof]
k|lqmof xf], h;sf] dfWodn] tL JolQmn] 1fg pTkfbg u5{g\, h;sf] k/Dk/fut / ck/Dk/fut tl/sfn] 1fg pTkfbg ug{]
sfddf kx'Fr 5 . 1fg pTkfbgsf] lglxtfy{ xf]– 1fg cfkm}+ cl:tTjdf cfpFb}g . o;sf] /rgf ;fdflhs tj/n] x'G5 . of]
ljBdfg zlQm ;+/rgf / zlQmxLgdfly s;/L zf;g ug{ rfxG5 eGg] o;sf clek|fox¿sf] ;"rs xf] .# of] ;dLIff–kqdf
1fg pTkfbgsf k|fl1s l;4fGt / ax;af/] 5nkmn ul/g]5}g . lsgeg], o;sf] nIo n]vgsf] lj:t[t ;dLIff ug{' / To;sf
k|d'v k|j[lQdfly hf]8 lbg' dfq} xf] . o; ;dLIff–kqn] g]kfnL blntdfly n]lvPsf ;a} s[ltsf] ;dLIff klg ug{]5}g . o;n]
! kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgL . k"0f{ cGtjf{tf{sf nflu x]g{'xf];\ aS; ! .

@ ufoqL l:kefsn] Oltxf;nfO{ cfVofg;Fu hf]8]sL l5g\ . pgn] eg]sL l5g\, of] …P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fsf pTkfbg 36gfx¿sf] c;Da4 syf–j0f{g xf] .Ú
ufoqL l:kefs, c ln6]//L l/lk|h]G6];g ckm b ;afN6g{, ;afN6g{ :6l8h, efu–%, /0flht u'xf -gofF lbNnL, !(*&_, k[i7 (@ .
# ;}4flGts ax;sf nflu x]g{'xf];\, ;g\ !(^( df k|sflzt ldz]n km"sf]sf] …b cfls{of]nf]hL ckm gn]hÚ -1fgsf] k'/ftŒj_ .
cl3Nnf k|j[lQeGbf lans'n leGg k|j[lQ :yflkt ug{] vf;vf; s[ltsf] dfq} ;dLIff ug{]5 . t;y{, of] ;dLIff–kq s'rLsf]
rf}8f cf3ft xf], h;n] blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] ;dli6ut lrq sf]b{5 . o; ;dLIffn] c¿nfO{ x/]s kIfsf] ;"Idtd cWoog
/ ;DejtM g]kfnL blntdfly n]lvPsf ;a} k|d'v s[ltsf ;dLIff ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{]5 . ;ª\If]kdf, o;n] oL ljifodf vf]hL
ug{]5 M !_ …c5"tÚx¿lj?4 ul/Psf lje]bsf/L cEof;nfO{ ljlwjt\ ug{] kf7Ø k|df0f @_ blnt;DaGwL n]vg #_ n]vgn]
cg';/0f u/]sf k|j[lQx¿ $_ tL k|j[lQnfO{ uxg?kdf k|efj kfg{] /fhgLlts / j}rfl/s zlQmx¿ . ;du|df, o; ;dLIff–kqn]
g]kfndf hf/L blnt ljdz{nfO{ ljlgdf{0f ug{] k|of; ug{]5 .
blnt;DaGwL n]vg klxNofpg'sf] bf];|f] sf/0f xf]– s:tf] 1fg pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 / s:tf] ul/Psf] 5}g < blnt;DaGwL
l;lh{t 1fgn] s;/L blnt;DaGwL ax;nfO{, cGttM blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ g} cfsf/ lbPsf] lyof] / lbg]5 eGg] ljZn]if0fsf
nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug{]5 . zlQmsf] uTofTdstf -kfj/ 8fOgfldS;_ l;h{gf ug{df 1fg pTkfbg, /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng,
;ª\qmd0fsfn / o;sf k|efjsf cGt;{DaGwx¿ k|:6 5g\ . ;dfhzf:qsf] ljsf; /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fdfly s;/L lge{/
x'G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 8f= r}tGo ld>n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\M
;dfhzf:qsf] k|fb'ef{j / o;sf] ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf] ljsf; ;ª\qmd0fsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df lgb]{lzt x'G5 . cyf{t\, s]
/ s'g /fhgLlts / cfly{s ;+/rgf, If]q, ljrf/, ;+:yf, ju{ / ;d"xn] ;ª\qmd0f xfFls/x]sf 5g\Ù k|an ;+/rgfx¿n]
sd k|an ;+/rgf, sd zlQmzfnL, t/ k|lt:kwL{ ;+/rgfsf] ;fk]lIfs zlQm;Fu s;/L ;ª\qmd0f sf/f]af/ u5{g\ <
k|foM clws zlQmzfnLn] sd zlQmzfnLsf] rl/qlrq0f ug{] / pgLx¿sf nflu …af]Ng]Ú clwsf/ xTofpF5g\ -ld>
;g\ @))%M (*_ .
;dfhzf:q;DaGwL ld>sf] wf/0ff blnt;DaGwL n]vgdf klg nfu" x'G5 . lsgeg], 5'jf5"tlj/f]wL ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts
cfGbf]ngx¿sf] k|s[ltnfO{ o;n] cfsf/ lbPsf] 5 . x'g t g]kfnL ;dfhdf 5'jf5"t w]/} k|sf/n] ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . blntsf]
xftaf6 kfgL gvfg', blnt / u}/blntaLr lax]jf/L x'g glbg', blntnfO{ ufOj:t'sf l;gf] kmfNg afWo kfg{', pgLx¿nfO{
dlGb/ k|j]zdf lgif]w ug{' 5'jf5"tsf cg]s ?k x'g\ . cem, ljBdfg zlQm ;+/rgfx¿n] blntsf s'g–s'g d'2f p7fOP, s;n]
/ s'g b[li6sf]0fn] n]lv/x]sf lyP cflb lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;dLIffn] zlQmzfnLn] s'g xb;Dd blnt ;d'bfoaf/] …
af]n]sfÚ 5g\, To;sf] hfFr ug{]5 . o;sf ;fy}, ;dLIffn] sd zlQmzfnLsf nflu af]Ng] of] k|j[lQ blnt ;d'bfoleq 5 ls
5}g, To;sf] klg n]vfhf]vf ug{]5 . blnt n]vgleqsf ljljw k|j[lQsf] cjnf]sgn] blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljrf/n] k|efljt
kfl//x]sf k|df0fsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{]5 .
o; ;dLIff–kqsf b'O{ efu 5g\ . klxnf] efu kl/df0ffTds 5 eg] bf];|f] u'0ffTds . gd'gf tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf nflu
k|of]u ul/Psf dfgssf sf/0f oL b'O{ efunfO{ cfk;df ldnfpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof] . klxnf] efun] blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf]
P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQnfO{ phfu/ u5{ . n]vg ;|f]tsf cfwf/df o; efunfO{ klg ljleGg v08df afFl8Psf] 5 . o:tf
v08x¿nfO{ d"ntM 1fg pTkfbgsf] If]qsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . tL v08 x'g\– sfg'gL ;+lxtf, ;flxTo, ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts
cfGbf]ng, k|fl1s ;d'bfo, ljsf; If]q / k|]; . o:tf v08x¿sf] z[ª\vnfn] /]vLo P]ltxfl;s l;nl;nfnfO{ Oª\lut ub{}g .
ljleGg v08 cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ / Ps v08 csf]{ v08df vlK6Psf 5g\ . Ps If]qsf] n]vgn] k|foMh;f] csf{] If]qsf]
n]vgnfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 5 / b'O{ cnu–cnu v08sf n]vg w]/} k6s Ps;fy ePsf lyP . x/]s v08n] 1fg pTkfbgsf
;a} If]qdf blnt ;jfn / d'2f s;/L p7] clg ltgsf] ljsf; s;/L eof] eGg] P]ltxfl;s ljj/0fdfly l;+xfjnf]sg ug{]5
/ k|efjzfnL s[ltnfO{ dxŒj lbg]5 .
o; ;dLIff–kqsf] bf];|f] efu kl/df0ffTds 5 / blntaf/] n]lvPsf /rgf ;ª\slnt tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; efun]
blntdfly s;n] n]lv/x]5, nf]slk|o ljifo s] s] x'g\ eGg]h:tf zf]wk|Zgsf hjfkm vf]Hg b'O{ ;o ^& gd'gf /rgfnfO{
ljZn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . /, zf]wk|Zgaf/] sfo{ljlw v08df a9L rrf{ ul/g]5 .
of] ;dLIff–kqsf] tof/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36gcufl8sf] jftfj/0fdf ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;dLIff–kqsf] d'Vo ;Ldf xf],
blntdfly g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL efiffdf n]lvPsf ;a} /rgfdf kx'Fr gk'Ug' / cª\u|]hL efiffsf /rgfdf a9L lge{/ x'g' . blnt
cfGbf]ngsf k|f/lDes r/0fsf /fhgLlt krf{ of blntdflysf] klxnf] cvaf/L n]vh:tf k|fylds ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t o:t}
;dLIff ug{ kfP lgSs} klg rfvnfUbf] x'GYof] . kSs} klg blnt;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lnlvt kf7 ;ª\ux| ug{ / clen]vLs/0f ug{
w]/} ;do / ;|f]t nfU5 . ;DejtM of] ;dLIff–kq To:tf] k|of;sf nflu k|:tfjgf x'g ;S5 .
efu !M blnt n]vgsf] k|fb'ef{j / ljsf;
s'g} ;d"xdfly pTkflbt 1fg To; ;d"xn] ljsf; ug{] cfVofg / cfsf/ lbg] ljdz{sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . pTkflbt 1fgn]
dxŒjk"0f{ d'2fx¿dfly hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] ax;x¿sf] u7g u5{ . /, /fHo / ;dfhaf6 aflx/ kfl/Psf blnth:tf ;d'bfosf
dfu / bfaLsf] gS;fª\sg u5{ . ;fy;fy}, pTkflbt 1fgn] hftdf cfwfl/t lje]b / 5'jf5"t;Fu ;DalGwt blnt / u}/blnt
b'j}sf :jfy{ / Ph]G8fnfO{ klg ;ª\s]t u5{ .
wfld{s cfwf/df zf;sx¿åf/f l;lh{t klxrfgnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ blnt cfVofg cl:tTjdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . hftk|yflj/f]wL
c;xdlt / cfqmf]zsf k|f/lDes cleJolQmb]lv g} o;sf] ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . blntx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf k|hftflGqs,
jfdkGyL, dfcf]jfbLh:tf ljleGg /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngaf6 blnt cfGbf]ng k|efljt /x]sf] 5 . ljsf;n] pTkGg u/]sf
kl/jt{gsf afXo zlQmx¿n] klg ;d:of klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfg vf]Hg gjLg bz{g, ljrf/ / k4lt k|:tfljt u/]/ blnt
cfVofgdf cfˆgf] 5fk 5f8]sf 5g\ . blnt cfVofgnfO{ cfsf/ lbg] n]vgsf] ;dLIff ug{ o; ;dLIff–kqn] kf7Øut 1fg
pTkfbgsf ^ k|d'v If]qsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . tL x'g\– sfg'gL ;+lxtf, ;flxTo, ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cfGbf]ng, k|fl1s
If]q, ljsf; / k|]; .
;dLIff–kqsf] klxnf] efunfO{ s]xL lgwf{l/t If]qdf pkljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . of] v08 d"ntM 8]:s ;dLIff, dfgjzf:q /
;dfhzf:qsf ljåfg\x¿;Fusf] lj:t[t cGtjf{tf{, blnt cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf ;fy}, of] v08 dw]z / blnt;Fu
;DalGwt s'g If]qsf] cg';Gwfgdf a9L sfd ug{'k5{ eGg] lgSof}{n ug{ wg'iff, ;Kt/L / sf7df8f}+df ul/Psf # j6f k/fdz{
e]nfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
!=! g]kfndf hftk|yf M sfg'gL ;+lxtf / blnt klxrfg

klxn] /fhfdxf/fhfx¿ / kl5 k|wfgdGqLx¿sf cfb]zdf hf/L ePsf ljleGg sfg'gL ;+lxtfn] g]kfndf hftk|yf :yflkt
u/fP . Ps ;d"xsf nflu sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] Joj:yf / csf{] ;d"xsf nflu lgif]w u/]/ ;Qf;Lg clehft ju{n] …c5"tÚsf]
klxrfg l;h{gf u¥of] .$ t;y{, of] klxrfg sfg'gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] …z'4Ú / …cz'4Úsf] låefhg dfq} xf]Og . Pp6f ;d"xnfO{
jf:tf gug'{ / csf{] ;d"xsf] kIf lng'n] blntsf] /fhgLlts klxrfg l;lh{t eof] . oxL klxrfgsf] l;h{gf;Fu} z'? x'G5,
blnt cfVofg . blnt klxrfgnfO{ /fHoaf6 k"jf{u|xL?kdf k|of]usf sf/0f pTkGg lje]b / ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] cGTosf nflu
cljlR5Gg ;ª\3if{sf ¿kdf blnt cfVofg lg/Gt/?kdf rln/x]sf] 5 .
sfg'gL ;+lxtfx¿cl3 CUj]bh:tf wfld{s u|Gyn] >d ljefhgdf cfwfl/t hftsf] lxGb" cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df NofP /
;fdflhs ;+:yfnfO{ k|efljt u/] . ljleGg zf;sn] wfld{s cf}lrTonfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{sf nflu k|of]u u/] . o;df pgLx¿n]
slxn]sfxLF a|fXd0f k'/f]lxtx¿sf] d2t lnP . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hol:ylt dNnn] ;dfhnfO{ ljleGg hftdf ljefhg ug{
/ o;nfO{ ;ª\ul7t ug{ pgLx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP . oxL k|lqmofdf sfd x'Fb} hfFbf hftsf] ljefhg sfg'gL¿kd} ;+:yfut eof] .
kl/0ffdtM lje]b / 5'jf5"tsf] cEof; z'? eof] . lsgeg], /fHon] …x/]s hft / pkhftnfO{ lje]bs ljz]ifflwsf/ / afWotf
k|bfg u¥of] -a]g]6 ;g\ @))%M ^_ .Ú t;y{, hftk|yfsf] ljlwjt\ ;ª\utLs/0f / 5'jf5"t;DaGwL cEof;sf] kf7Ø k|df0fn]
blnt cfVofgsf nflu k|:yfgljGb' pknAw u/fP .
slj tyf n]vs cfx'ltsf] lstfa …g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{Ún] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ hftsf cfwf/df >]0fLa4
;dfhsf ?kdf s;/L Jojl:yt ul/of] eGg]af/] ;lj:tf/ JofVof u/]sf] 5 .% ;g\ @)) df cfhsf] afUdtL pkTosfdf
rn]sf] lnR5lj zf;gdf j0f{Joj:yfcGtu{t rf/ j0f{ / !* hft lyP -cfx'lt ;g\ @)!)M !%_ . o; Joj:yfaf/] Ps
$ ;fd"lxs /fhgLlts klxrfg lgdf{0fdf /fHosf] lje]bsf/L sfg'gL ;+lxtfsf e"ldsfaf/] yk a'‰g dxd'b dfDbfgLsf] …l;l6hG; PG8 ;Ah]S6Ú -gful/s /
sd{_ pkof]uL 5 .
% o; lstfasf] /fhgLlts k|efjaf/] k|fl1s ;d'bfo / blnt ljifo v08df rrf{ ul/g]5 .
lnR5lj lznfn]vdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ ;dfhdf j0f{ ljefhgaf/] g]kfnsf] klxnf] lnlvt ;fdu|L dflgG5
-jh|frfo{ ;g\ !(&$_ . o;df 5'jf5"t pNn]v geP klg ljleGg hftdfly yf]kl/Psf lgif]w / ;hfosf ljleGg kl/df0fn]
hftdf cfwfl/t e]befjsf] k'li6 u5{g\ . ;g\ ^)) b]lv oxfF 5'jf5"t cEof;df cfof] . o;sf] k|df0f lnR5lj /fhf
c+z'jdf{sf zLnfn]vdf kfOG5 -cfx'lt ;g\ @)!)M !^_ . dNn j+zn] lnR5ljx¿sf] cg's/0f u¥of] / afUdtL pkTosfsf]
;dfhsf] lxGb"s/0f ug{] lnR5lj k|of;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbof] . ;g\ !#^) df hol:ylt dNnn] ;dfhnfO{ rf/ j0f{ / ^$
hfltdf ljefhg u/] / 5'jf5"tnfO{ j}wflgs ¿kdf nfu" u/] -k"j{jt\_ . ;qf}+ ztfAbLsf] z'?lt/ uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxn]
;dfhnfO{ rf/ j0f{ / #^ hftdf ljefhg u/]/ j0f{Joj:yfdf km]/abn u/] -k"j{jt\_ .
j0f{ ljefhgx¿ hftdf cfwfl/t km/skm/s :j¿ksf ljz]ifflwsf/ / ;hfo;Fu} lg/Gt/ rln/x] . oL ljefhgnfO{
hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ;g\ !*%$ df d'n'sL P]g hf/L u/]/ alnof] agfOlbP . d'n'sL P]g klxnf] sfg'gL ;+lxtf lyof], h;n]
…c5"tÚnfO{ …kfgL grNg] 5f]Ol56f] xfNg'kg{]Ú hftsf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] lyof] / c5"tnfO{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf
tNnf] efudf /fv]sf] lyof] -e§rg / cGo ;g\ @))#M !#_ .
dfly pNn]lvt ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/ / sfg'gL ;+lxtfn] ;dfh ljefhg / /fhgLlts j[Qdf blnt klxrfg l;h{gf ul//xFbf c¿
sfg'gL ;+lxtfsf nIo k"j{ cEof;x¿nfO{ cg'df]bg ug{' lyof] . /fhf dx]Gb|n] ;g\ !(^# df 5'jf5"tsf] cGTo u/] . To;kl5
;g\ !(() sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, ;g\ @))* sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"t cGTosf] 3f]if0ff u/] . ;g\
@)!! df …hftLo e]befj tyf 5'jf5"t -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]gÚ kfl/t x'g' hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"t cEof;nfO{ ck/fw dfGg]
lbzfdf sf];]9'ª\uf lyof] .
hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"tlj/f]wL ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL P]g tyf Joj:yf g} blnt cfVofgsf] s]Gb|df 5g\ . oL P]g s]xL xb;Dd
blnt cfGbf]ngsf pknlAw x'g\ . ltgn] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] dfu ug{ blntsf] df]ndf]nfOsf] zlQm a9fPsf 5g\ . t/,
o:tf P]g / sfg'gsf sdhf]/ sfof{Gjog / k|jt{gn] ubf{ blntn] e]befj ef]lu/xg'k/]sf] 5 . blntsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ag]sf
sfg'gL ;+lxtfsf sdhf]/Ldfly w]/} n]lvPsf 5g\, vf;u/L k|];n] o; ljifonfO{ w]/} p7fPsf] 5 . tyflk, o:tf n]vgn]
ljleGg ;/sf/L gLltsf d"Nofª\sg ug{] sfd eg] 5'6fPsf] 5 .^
!=@ ;flxTodf blnt M kLl8t / d'vl/t

sfg'gL ;+lxtfdf afx]s ;flxTodf blnt;DaGwL k|f/lDes n]vg kfOPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof k|ultzLn ;dLIfsx¿n] blnt
n]vgnfO{ tLg r/0fdf ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ -kf08]o ;g\ @))^ / e§/fO{ ;g\ @))^_ . ;g\ !(%) b]lv !(%( ;Ddsf] n]vg
klxnf] r/0f xf] . o; bzssf] n]vg ju{sf b[li6n] blntn] ef]u]sf r/d zf]if0f / cGofodf s]lGb|t lyof] . of] blntsf
;d:ofdf :ki6tM s]lGb|t 5}g, hftLo e]befjdf dfq} s]lGb|t 5 . bf];|f] r/0f ;g\ !(^) b]lv ;g\ !(&* ;Ddsf] n]vg
xf] . o; r/0fsf] n]vgn] klxnf] r/0fs} k|j[lQnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] 5 . t/, o;n] hftLo e]befjlj?4sf P]gsfg'g;Fu
hf]l8Psf] c;Gt'li6nfO{ cleJoQm u/]/ s]xL gofF ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . blnt n]vgsf] t];|f] r/0f slxn] z'? eof], k|:6 5}g .
sf]xL ;g\ !(&* kl5 o; r/0fsf] z'?cft ePsf] ts{ u5{g\ eg] sf]xL ;g\ !(() df k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgf ePkl5 dfq} t];|f]
r/0f z'? ePsf] dfG5g\ -kf08]o ;g\ @))(_ . ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] zf;gsfndf ;flxTo ;d[4 eof] . oBlk, ;dfhsf]
bnut /fhgLlts/0faf6 ;flxTo klg d'Qm x'g ;s]g . blnt ;+r]tgf j[l4 eO/xFbf blntsf ;d:of klg Pglhcf]s/0f eP .
/, pgLx¿sf ;d:ofnfO{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf ld;g, ;kgf, nIo / of]hgfsf lx;fan] tof/ ul/of] .
;g\ !(%! df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo geP;Dd blntx¿n] cfˆgf cg'ej n]Vg z'? u/]gg\ . To:tf] z'/cft x'gcl3
u}/blntn] c5"tkgflj?4 cfjfh p7fPsf lyP . hxflgofF /f0ffzf;g -;g\ !*$^–!(%!_ n] ;fdflhs cj:yfdflysf]
;flxlTos cleJolQmnfO{ s'l07t kf/]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, hgtfn] ljb|f]x ug]{ 8/n] ;fdflhs si6sf] cleJolQmnfO{ bafpg
/f0ffzf;gn] ;De|fGt ju{sf] ;fgf] j[Qdf z}lIfs cj;/nfO{ ;Lldt u/]sf] lyof] . t/, r/d bdgsf/L cj:yf / s8f ;]G;/
l;kn] klg n]vsx¿nfO{ hftLo e]befjdfly snd rnfpg /f]Sg ;s]gg\ . ;+;f/el/ pklgj]z cGTosf] nx/ rln/x]sf]
Tof] ;dodf /f0ffzf;glj/f]wL /fhgLlts cleofg z'? eof] . /fhgLlts cleofgn] ;flxTodf lgsf; e]l6/x]sf] lyof] .
^ s~rgk'/, ;Kt/Ldf gf]e]Da/ $, @)!! df ul/Psf] dw]zL blnt / u}/blnt o'jf e]nf .
g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfo;DaGwL n]vgsf] ;dLIff . 11
o;af/] k"j{;ef;b\, blnt clwsf/sdL{ tyf ;flxTosf/ cfx'ltn] ;xL 9ª\un] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] 7DofO 5, …;+:s[lt
/ ;dfh clek|fodf cnu–cnu /xg ;Sb}gg\ . /, o;df ;flxTosf] e"ldsfnfO{ a]jf:tf ug{ ;lsGg -9'ª\u]n ;g\ @)!!_ .
c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf ;Gtx¿n] n]v]sf sljtfn] hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"tlj?4 k|f/lDes
;flxlTos ljb|f]x z'? u/] -kf08]o ;g\ @))^M %#_ . ;g\ !*%) lt/ rn]sf] wfld{s ;f+:s[lts cleofg lyof] of] . hf];dgL
;Dk|bfon] …nf]slk|o lxGb"jfbsf] lj/f]wdf ;fdflhs lx;fan] ;r]t, :jefjn] ljb|f]xL gofF sljtfÚ -bf; ;g\ !((!M !%@_
l;h{gf u¥of] . /, hf];dgL ;Dk|bfosf ;Gtx¿n] gofF sljtfsf sf/0f h]ng]n ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyof] -kf08]o ;g\ @))^M %#_ .
of]udfof Gof}kfg]n] hf];dgL ;Gtx¿n] z'? u/]sf] k|j[lQnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/g\ / hftk|yfsf] lj/f]wdf n]lvg\ -rfkfufO+{ ;g\
@))(M @_ . t/, blntsf ;d:of jf c5"tkgfnfO{ p7fpg] sfd g ;Gtx¿n] u/], g of]udfofn] ul/g\ . pgLx¿n] hftk|yfsf
7"n7"nf ;d:ofnfO{ Wofg lbP .
hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"t;DaGwL hf];dgL sljtfkl5 df}gtfsf] nfdf] sfnv08 /Xof] . ;g\ !(#^ df k|sflzt nIdLk|;fb
b]jsf]6fsf] …d'gfdbgÚn] of] df}gtf eª\u u¥of] . o; v08sfJosf] Ps kª\lQm g]kfnL hglha|f]d} ´'lG8Psf] 5 M …dflg;
7"nf] lbnn] x'G5, hftn] x'Fb}g .Ú a|fXd0f eP klg b]jsf]6f j0f{Joj:yfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] >]0fLa4tfnfO{ / >]0fLa4 ;dfhn]
:jLs[lt lbPsf] cGofonfO{ 3[0ff uy{] . b]jsf]6fn] hftk|yflj/f]wL y'k|} sljtf n]v] . …Ps ;'Gb/ RofldgLÚ sljtfdf pgn]
klxnf] k6s Ps blnt dlxnfnfO{ gflosf agfP . Ps blnt dlxnfsf] ;f}Gbo{nfO{ k|]dk"0f{ 9ª\un] sb/ ub{} pgn] ;f+:s[lts
dfGotf eTsfOlbP/ Ps gjLgtfsf] ;"qkft u/] -kf08]o ;g\ @))^M %^_ . To;kl5 afns[i0f ;dsf] dxfsfJo …lr;f]
r'Nxf]Ú / df]bgfy k|l>tsf] dxfsfJo …dfgjÚ cfP . k|ultzLn ;dfnf]rs 8f= tf/fsfGt kf08]osf] bfaL 5– …lr;f] r'Nxf]Ú
pRr hftsf n]vssf] JolQmut cg'ejdf ;Lldt eP klg blnt gfos ePsf] klxnf] dxfsfJo ePsfn] of] dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .
Tof] klg Tolt a]nf, hlt a]nf hftLo e]befjsf] lj/f]w uf}0f k|j[lQsf ¿kdf b]vf kb{}lyof] / o;n] ;flxTosf] d"nk|jfxdf
k|j]z ul/;s]s} lyPg -k"j{jt\_ .
/f0ffzf;gsf] ktgn] n]vsx¿sf nflu hftk|yf / 5'jf5"tdfly n]Vg gofF If]q v'nf u¥of] . ;g\ !($) sf] bzssf] cGTo
/ ;g\ !(%) sf] bzssf] z'?lt/ g]kfndf sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng z'? eof] / o;n] prfO lnof] . kl/0ffdtM blnt ;flxTosf]
;+;f/df ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ ljBdfg cTofrf/af6 d'Qm ug{ ju{–;ª\3if{ cfjZos 5 eGg] ljrf/ JofKt eof] . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\
!(%$ df k|sflzt d'lQmgfy ltldlN;gfsf] pkGof; …sf] c5"t <Ú dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o;n] hftLo lje]bsf] cEof;leq juL{o
;d:ofsf] klxrfg u¥of] / To;nfO{ ju{–;ª\3if{sf] lx:;fsf ¿kdf gx]/L juL{o e]befj pGd"ng x'Fb}g eGg] ljrf/ k|:t't u¥of]
-e§/fO{ ;g\ @))^M ((_ .
/f0ffzf;gkl5sf] 5f]6f] k|hftflGqs ofqfnfO{ /fhf dx]Gb|sf] k~rfotL Joj:yfn] lj:yflkt u¥of] . pgn] ;g\ !(^# df
hftLo e]befj cGTosf nflu ;+zf]lwt d'n'sL P]gsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . gofF P]gn] ;Gtf]ifhgs ;fdflhs kl/jt{g NofPg /
lgif]wsf/L zf;gn] sDo'lg:6 / blnt cfGbf]ngdf pmhf{ ylklbof] . k~rfotL zf;gdf n]vsx¿n] P]g k"0f{tM pknlAwljxLg
ePsf] eGb} Joª\Uo s;] . ;'dg >flktsf] …aGb 9f]sf v'n]sf]Ú To;}sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] .
;g\ !(() df ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] ax'bnLo k|hftGq :yfkgf u¥of] . /fhgLlts :jtGqtfn] blnt;DaGwL n]vgdf gofF
t/ª\usf] ;ª\s]t lbof] . o;cl3 blnt ;jfn;DaGwL n]vgx¿ clgjfo{tM blnt jf:tljstfdf s]lGb|t lyPgg\ . logdf
blntsf ;d:ofnfO{ ;fdGtL zf]if0fsf] 7"nf] ;d:ofsf] c+zsf ¿kdf dfq} x]l/GYof] -kf08]o ;g\ @))^_ . blntnfO{ ul/a,
zlQmxLg / cfjfhxLgx¿sf] 7"nf] ;d'bfoleq /flvPsf] lyof] . k|ultzLn sf]0faf6 blntnfO{ s]jn ;j{xf/fsf] lx:;fsf]
¿kdf x]l/GYof] . To;}n] pgLx¿sf] ;fd'bflos hftLo klxrfgnfO{ juL{o klxrfgn] 5fofFdf kf/]sf] lyof] . o:tf vfnsf
n]vgx¿ k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngkl5 lg/Gt/ cfO/x] klg ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] cjlwdf blnt ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t n]vg
z'? eof] . vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nfsf] pkGof; …h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLtÚ klZrd g]kfnsf blntx¿sf] jf:tljs hLjgsf] lrq ptfg{
;Ifd 5 . To;f] t pkGof; ljjfbf:kb klg 5 . k|ultzLn ;dfnf]rsåo lgg' rfkfufO{+ / /d]zk|;fb e§/fO{sf ljrf/df
pkGof;sf ;sf/fTdseGbf gsf/fTds kIf w]/} 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ts{ 5, gfos blnt eP klg p;nfO{ g]t[Tj lbOPsf] 5}g /
pkGof;n] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] Pglhcf]s/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;+u|f}nfsf klxn]sf syfeGbf ljk/Lt pkGof;
ju{–;ª\3if{sf] ljrf/af6 ljd'v 5 -rfkfufO{+ ;g\ @))(M &_ .
z/b\ kf}8]nsf] …lnv]Ú / To;kl5 …l;dfgf jfl/kfl/Ú klg …h"gsL/Lsf] ;ª\uLtÚ k|sflzt ePs} ;dolt/ 5flkPsf lyP .
blntsf d'2fnfO{ ;fjwfgLk"j{s / ;+j]bgzLn 9ª\un] p7fOPsfn] kf}8]nsf b'O{ pkGof;nfO{ ;dfnf]rsn] ;/fxgf u/]sf
lyP -e§/fO{ ;g\ @))^M !)#_ .
…g}sfk] ;ls{gLÚh:tf] ;zQm syf n]v]sL kfl/hftsf …h'7L bldgLsf] cleJolQmÚ / …Pp6L :jf:gLdfG5]Ú sljtf ljz]if
pNn]Vo 5g\ . pgn] blnt dlxnfnfO{ gflosf agfPsL l5g\ / hftLo zf]if0fnfO{ juL{o sf]0fn] x]/]/ l;h{gfTds cGtb[{li6
k|:t't u/]sL l5g\ . ;g\ @)!) df k|sflzt >j0f d'sf?ªsf] …la;] gurL{sf] aofgÚ g]kfnL ;dfhdf xnrn Nofpg ;Ifd
sljtf xf] . la;] gurL{ P]ltxfl;s JolQm x'g\ . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fstf{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;'hLsf/ /x]sf gurL{ /fhfsf
lgs6 ;Nnfxsf/ klg lyP -kf]v/]n ;g\ @))%_ . ;g\ @))% df ;/sf/n] gurL{sf j+zhsf] j:tL p7fPsf] lyof] . blnt
ePsf sf/0f gurL{x¿n] a]xf]g{'k/]sf] cTofrf/sf lj/f]wdf d'sf?ªn] …la;] gurL{sf] aofgÚ n]v] . sljtf slt nf]slk|o
eof] eg] dflg;x¿n] l6s6 sf6]/} sljtf ;'g] . xªsªdf klg o;sf] jfrg eof] . blnt ;+j]bgfsf s'/f ubf{ clxn] klg
la;] gurL{nfO{ pNn]v ul/G5 .& To;}n] d'sf?ªsf] sljtfdf xfdL gofF k|j[lQ b]V5f}+, h;sf sf/0f 7"nf] ;d'bfo blntx¿n]
ztfAbLof}+;Dd ef]u]sf cTofrf/;Fu cfkm"nfO{ hf]8]/ x]g{ ;Ifd ePsf] 5 .
blnt ;flxTodf clwsf+z k|f/lDes n]vg u}/blnt ;d'bfosf n]vsn] u/]sfn] ltgn] k|:t't u/]sf b[li6sf]0fdf kf7s
;hu x'g'k5{ . cfkm}+ u}/blnt n]vs vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf blntsf ljifodf u}/blntn] n]Vg] k|j[lQk|lt Tolt ;sf/fTds 5}gg\ .
Ps cGtjf{tf{df pgnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf blnt hLjg s;/L lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 egL ;f]lwPsf] lyof] . pgn] eg]sf lyP M
blnt hLjgnfO{ g]kfnL ;flxTodf d'Vo b'O{ sf]0faf6 lrq0f ul/Psf 5g\ . klxnf] sf]0faf6 blntx¿nfO{ g]kfnL
;dfhsf bogLo kfqsf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . ;flxTosf] of] zfvfdf blntx¿sf] …a/flar/fÚ 5lj 5 M
blntx¿ ul/a 5g\, bogLo 5g\, sdhf]/ 5g\, cfjfhljxLg 5g\, pgLx¿df cfTd;Ddfgsf] cefj 5, To;}n] pgLx¿
bofsf of]Uo 5g\, cflb . bf];|f] sf]0faf6 lrlqt blntx¿sf] v/fa lgolt klg klxnf] sf]0faf6 lrlqt pgLx¿sf]
5ljeGbf leGg 5}g . oBlk, o; sf]0faf6 lrlqt blntx¿nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ jt{dfg gf/sLo hLjgdf k'¥ofpg] kL8s
/ zf]ifs ;fdflhs / cfly{s ;+/rgfx¿lj?4 d'¶L p7fpg cfu|x ul/Psf] x'G5 . of] sf]0fn] blntsf] jt{dfg
cj:yfsf] leqL tx;Dd k'Ug] of ;fdflhs / P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df blnt hLjgsf y'k|} cfofd b]vfpg] of aofg
ug{] si6 p7fpFb}g . o;n] s]jn ;fdfGoLs/0fsf] ;xf/f lnG5 / ;a} ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ tTsfn
cfqmd0f ug{ ;'emfpF5 -;+u|f}nf ;g\ @))%M !%^_ .
;+u|f}nf blnt hLjgk|lt u}/blnt b[li6sf]0fsf] ;ª\If]kLs/0f u5{g\ / k|f/lDes blnt ;flxTosf ;Ldfaf/] xfdLnfO{ ;r]t
u/fpF5g\ . To;sf] ;Ldf xf], blnt ljifonfO{ Gofo ug{ g;Sg' . kbd ;'Gbf;sf] ljrf/ klg o:t} 5 -aS; ! x]g{'xf]nf_ .
;flxTon] ;d'bfodf …cfkm"Ú / …c¿Úsf] ;fd"lxs b[li6sf]0f agfpg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 / kl/0ffdtM ltg} klxrfgsf
cfwf/df zlQm ;DaGw aG5g\ . To;}n] blnt ljdz{df klg kLl8t blntk|lt u}/blntsf] b[li6sf]0f g} xfaL ePsf] 5 . lzIff
/ k|sfzgdf blntx¿sf] guGo kx'Frsf] cy{ lyof], blntsf cfjfh ;'Gg g;lsg]u/L dw'/f x'g' . ;+u|f}nfsf cg';f/ lzIff
kfPsf yf]/} blntn] …hLjgnfO{ ulx/f], lj:t[t / ;"Id 9ª\un] k/LIf0f ug{Ú ;dfhzf:qLo k|f/lDes 1fgsf] cj;/ kfPgg\ /
cGttM pgLx¿ u}/blnts} b[li6sf]0faf6} n]Vg yfn] -;g\ @))%M !%^_ .
blnt n]vssf] gfd lnFbf hjfx/ /f]sfsf] ;a}eGbf klxn] cfpF5 . blnt afa' / a|fXd0f cfdfsf ;Gtfg /f]sfn] cfdf;Fu
n]vk9 l;s]sf lyP . pgL ;g\ !(^# df g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/b[Zodf k|j]z u/] . ;g\ !(^# b]lv !(*) sf aLrdf pgn]
tLg sljtf;ª\u|x k|sfzg u/], !@ j6f syf n]v] . tLdWo] !! j6f …jf/]G6Ú syf;ª\u|xdf k|sflzt 5g\ . To;kl5 pgn]
b'O{ pkGof; …km];'jfÚ / …g]luof/Ú -ck|sflzt_ n]v] -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @)))M @(_ . ;g\ !(*! b]lv !((# ;Ddsf] cfˆgf]
n]vg j[lQsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf pgn] lgaGw / syfsf ;fy} n3'pkGof; …;'efifsf] l;Gb'/Ú / bfz{lgs lstfa …cDa]8s/ e;{];
lxGb"jfbÚ n]v] -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @)))M #)_ . pgsf] n]vg JolQmut hLjgaf6 k|]l/t lyof] . pgn] ;fdflhs cy{zf:q /
/fhgLlts tyf n}lª\us c;dfgtfsf ljifodf klg snd rnfP -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @)))M !(_ . /f]sf k~rfotL Joj:yfk|lt
akmfbf/ eP klg pgn] hftk|yf / o;n] l;h{gf u/]sf c;dfgtf / cGofosf] lj/f]w ug{ Joª\Uosf] cf}hf/ k|of]u u/] . pgn]
& kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgL

blnt ;flxTodf dfq} xf]Og, blnt ;flxTo k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug{ klg of]ubfg u/] . /f]sf …hd/fÚ -;g\ !(&!_, …d'lQmÚ -;g\
!(&!_, …d'lQmrqmÚ -;g\ !((!_ sf ;Dkfbs klg lyP -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @)))M @$_ .* …blnt ;flxTosf/ hjfx/ /f]sfÚ
gfds lstfadf pld{nf ljZjsdf{n] /f]sfsf] JolQmTj / s[ltTjnfO{ k|sfz kf/]sL l5g\ .
k~rfotL Joj:yfdf n]Vg z'? u/]sf cGo n]vsdf 6Lcf/ ljZjsdf{ / kbd ;'Gbf; lyP . pgLx¿n] ;flxTo / blnt
cleofgdf sljtfdfkm{t sl/c/ z'? u/]sf lyP . 6Lcf/ ljZjsdf{sf …eSs'nfO{ /fFuf]Ú sljtfdf ul/a / lk5l8Psf
dflg;nfO{ ul/g] cdfgjLo Jojxf/ lrlqt ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk, pgL ;f]em} blntsf ;jfndf n]Vb}gg\ . hftLo e]befjlj/f]wL
kbd ;'Gbf;sf] sljtf …Tof] o'jsÚ ;g\ !(^$ df g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgaf6 k|sflzt …lxdfgLÚ gfds klqsfdf
5flkPsf] lyof] . o;/L k|ltufdL k~rfotL Joj:yfdf tLg blnt sljn] blnt r]tgf cleJolQmdf cu'jfO u/] . ax'bnLo
k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 klg /f]sf / ;'Gbf;n] hftk|yflj?4 lg/Gt/ n]lv/x] . lsgeg], blntsf ;d:of ;dfKt ePsf
lyPgg\ . blntsf ;d:ofn] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ug{ dfq} yfn]sf lyP . ;'Gbf;n] bzsf}+sf] k|lta4tfn] klg k|efjsf/L
blnt cfGbf]ng ug{ g;lsPsf]df b'Mvdgfp ub{} n]v]sf] …d]/f] sljtfÚ pNn]Vo 5 -kf08]o ;g\ @))^M ^(_ . lsgeg], o;
sljtfn] blnt cfGbf]ngdf z'?b]lv nflu/x]sf cflwsf/sdL{x¿sf] dgMl:yltnfO{ emNsfpF5 .
hjfx/ /f]sfkl5 blnt ;d'bfosf] Oltxf; n]vg–k|sfzgaf6 cfkm\gf] ;flxlTos ofqf yfn]sf /0f]Gb| a/fnL syf, sljtf,
pkGof;, gf6sh:tf ;a} ljwfdf n]Vg] / ;a} ljwfdf blnt ;d:ofnfO{ phfu/ ug{] ;flxTosf/df kb5{g\ . …blnt hftLo
;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf;Ú -Oltxf;_, …eut ;j{lht ljZjsdf{Ú -hLjgL_ …Oltxf;sf] Ps k}sfÚ -pkGof;_, …cfkm\g} JoyfÚ -gf6s_,
…blntsf] b}nf]Ú -syf;ª\u|x_ sf ;fy} …;d'b|kfl/sf] pkxf/Ú -;+:d/0f_ h:tf pgsf lstfa k|sflzt 5g\ .
;g\ !(() sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 b]lvOg yfn]sf slj cfx'ltsf dfS;{jfbdf cfwfl/t bfz{lgs c8fg;lxtsf /rgfn]
blnt ;d:of / ;ª\3if{df dxŒjk"0f{ ;flxlTos of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . t/, kf08]osf cg';f/ pgsf] pkGof; …gofF 3/Ún]
k"j{k|j[lQ g} ;dft]sf] 5 / a|fXd0fjfbL b[li6sf]0faf6 n]lvPsf] pkGof;n] blntnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]sf] 5}g . csf{]tkm{, ;g\
!((# df k|sflzt pgsf] sljtf …ux'Fuf]/f] clk|msfÚ eg] blnt ;flxTosf] cu|0fL l;h{gf xf] . sljtfdf pgn] c5"tx¿nfO{
cd]l/sfsf sfnf hflt;Fu t'ngf u/] / blnt cfGbf]ngdf blIf0f Pl;ofeGbf k/af6 k|]/0ff vf]Hg / blnt ;d:ofnfO{
kfy{Sotfsf] n]G;af6 x]g{ cfu|x u/] . ;g\ @))# df cfx'ltn] …:vngÚ pkGof; n]v] . o;n] blntsf /fhgLlts / cfly{s
;ª\3if{nfO{ k'ghLlj{t ul/lbPsf] 5 -e§/fO{ @))^M !)#_ . yf]/} k|sfzg u/]/ klg w]/} Voflt sdfPsf cfx'lt blnt
;flxTosf/df t cu|0fL 5Fb}5g\, u}/blnt ;flxTosf/df klg pgL cAan 5g\ . To;/L g} cGo pbodfg ;flxTosf/x¿df
;/f]h lbn' / 8Da/ kxf8L klg pkGof;, gf6s / sljtf ljwfsf ;dlk{t blnt ;flxTosf/ x'g\ .(
x'g t blnt;DaGwL clwsf+z ;flxTo kxf8L blntdf s]lGb|t 5 . e§/fO{sf cg';f/ sf7df8f}+ / dw]zsf blntaf/] ;fx|}
sd n]lvPsf 5g\ -e§/fO{ ;g\ @))^M !@)_ . ;dsfnLg n]vs gf/fo0f 9sfnsf] syf;ª\u|x …zx/oGqÚleqsf] …cy{tGqÚ
syfnfO{ sf7df8f}+sf blntdfly n]lvPsf] pTs[i6 l;h{gf dfGg ;lsG5 . t/, blnt -Rofd]_ gfos ePsfn] …cy{tGqÚ
syf blntaf/] 5 eGg] k|efj dfq} lbG5 . o;n] blntsf ;d:ofdfly ljrf/ u/]sf] 5}g . s]xL jif{otf ;g\ @))) sf] l;gf]
cfGbf]ng jf rdf/ cfGbf]ng, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 -;g\ !((^–@))^_ / dw]z cfGbf]ng -;g\ @))&_ n] /fHoaf6 pk]lIft
;d"xsf kL8fsf] pTvgg u/] / pgLx¿sf cfjfhnfO{ cu|:yfgdf NofP . Clif/fh a/fn, O:dfnL, 3gZofd 9sfn / ;gt
/]UdLcflb s]xL n]vsn] dfq} dw]zL blntsf b"/j:yfnfO{ ljifo agfP .
blnt cfVofg;Fu} blnt ;flxTo s] xf] t eGg] ax; klg z'? ePsf] 5 .!) o; ax;sf] d"ndf b'O6f k|Zg lglxt 5g\–
s;n] n]Vof] / s] ;Gb]z lyof] < Psflt/, s]xL JolQmsf dtdf blntåf/f n]lvPsf], blntsf ;d:of / r'gf}tL k|ltljlDat
ePsf, blnt d'lQmpGd'v blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ Pstfa4 / ;ª\ul7t ug{ blntx¿nfO{ k|]l/t ug{] ;flxTo g} blnt ;flxTo
xf] . pgLx¿sf] egfO 5, blnt d'lQmsf] ;Gb]z gePsf] ;flxTonfO{ blnt ;flxTo dfGg ;lsGg . csf{]lt/, blnt, u}/blnt
* …hd/fÚ /fgL ldN; dfWolds ljBfnoåf/f k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . …d'lQmÚ / …d'lQmrqmÚ g]kfn /fli6«o blnt tyf hgljsf; kl/ifb\n] k|sflzt u/]sf] lyof] .
( blnt ;flxTosf/x¿sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rL– ! df lbOPsf] 5 .
!) of] k|Zg blnt ;f}Gbo{zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt 5, h'g cd]l/sfdf ANofs cf6{ d'ed]G6n] ;'? u/]sf] sfnf hfltsf] ;f}Gbo{zf:q;Fu ;dfg 5 . o;;DaGwL
yk cWoogsf nflu lgg' rfkfufO{+sf] …g]kfnL ;flxTodf blntÚ -?kfGt/0fM ;dfh cWoogM $, sflQs @)^#_ n]v / pgs} kl5Nnf] k':ts …blnt
;f}Gbo{zf:q / ;flxToÚ -@)^*_ pkof]uL 5g\ .
h;n] n]v]sf] eP klg blntx¿sf] hLjg lrq0f ug{] ;flxTonfO{ blnt ;flxTo eGg ;lsg] ts{ ug{]x¿ klg 5g\ . o;/L
ax; z'? x'g' klg blnt cfVofgnfO{ uxg / Jofks kfg{] k|lqmofsf nflu ;xof]uL g} x'G5 .
g]kfnsf blntdfly n]lvPsf] ;flxTon] ca blnt cfVofg ;xfg'e"lt vf]Hg]af6 clwsf/ / zlQm bfaL ug{] :t/df :yfgfGt/
ePsf] b]vfpF5 . sDo'lg:6 ljrf/n] blnt cfVofgnfO{ ;zQm k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . lsgeg], o;n] blnt lrGtsx¿nfO{ ljZj:t
kf/]sf] lyof], blnt d'lQmsf] Ps dfq dfWod ju{–;ª\3if{ xf] eGb} . sDo'lg:6 k|efjn] blnt /fhgLlts ;r]ttf a9fof] . ;fy},
o;n] blnt klxrfgsf] Pp6f dfq kIf– juL{o / hftLo k|eT' jdf s]lGb|t eP/ blnt cfVofgnfO{ lbUe|ldt klg kf¥of] . jt{dfgdf
blnt d'lQm k|fKt ug{] ljrf/ sDo'lg:6 k|j[lQx¿af6 b"/ eO/x]sf] 5 . blntnfO{ ;j{xf/f dfGg] ls gdfGg] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb
rln/x]sf] 5 . sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngaf6 c;d~h;sf] l:yltdf k/]sf s]xL blnt lrGtsdfem JofKt ljZjf; 5 M ;dfhdf
blntx¿ ;j{xf/feGbf klg tNnf] cj:yfdf 5g\ .!! cu|0fL blnt ;flxTosf/ cfx'ltsf] bfaL 5– hftLo >]0fLaf6 pTkGg
cfwf/e"t ;d:ofnfO{ ju{–;ª\3if{n] ;dfwfg u5{ ls ub{}g, blntx¿n] k'glj{rf/ ug{k' g{] a]nf eO;s]sf] 5 .!@ ljjfbx¿
hf/L /xFbf ;flxTo n]vgsf] qmdljsf;n] :ki6 k|j[lQsf] ;ª\s]t u5{– blnt cfjfh ;zQm eO/x]sf] 5 / blnt kfqx¿n]
cfTd;Ddfg kfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;f] eO/xFbf klg dw]zL blntx¿ eg] Jofks ¿kdf cfjfhljxLg} 5g\ .
aS; ! M blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fgsf] ofqf

kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgL
;dfhdf s'g} klg ;d'bfosf] :yfg /]vfª\sg ug{ k|ydtM p;sf] Oltxf;sf] /]vfª\sg ug{'k5{ . g]kfndf /fhf–dxf/fhf / zlQmzfnL
JolQmsf Oltxf; dfq} n]lvPsf] 5, k7gkf7g u/fOPsf] 5 . cfh xfdLn] eGg] cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf blntx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]n]sf lyP . tyflk, Oltxf;sf clen]vdf pgLx¿af/] s]xL klg pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . /fi6« lgdf{0fdf blntx¿sf] of]ubfg
vf]Hb} hfg] xf] eg] la;] gurL{nfO{ kfOG5 . pgn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf cy{ ;ª\sng ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;Nnfx
lbPsf lyP . eLdlglw ltjf/Ln] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ clen]vLs/0f ug{ kfFr efusf] lstfa n]v]sf 5g\ . To;df la;]
gurL{af/] Pp6f cWofo 5 . of] cWofonfO{ ;g\ !(** df d}n] cnUu} k|sflzt u/]+ .
u}/blntn] blntaf/] h]hlt n]v]sf 5g\, s'g} l;h{gfn] klg blntsf d'6' / cfTdfnfO{ 5'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . u}/blntx¿ blntsf b'Mv
/ ;d:ofaf/] a]va/ ePsfn] pgLx¿n] blntsf] jf:tljstf emlNsg] n]vg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;y{ u}/blntsf] n]vgn] slxNo}
blnt d'lQmsf] dfu{ agfpg of o;nfO{ lgb{]z ug{ ;Sb}g . blnt cfkm}+ cfˆgf] Oltxf; vf]Hg / n]Vg cufl8 a9\g'k5{ .
blnt ;flxTon] kL8f a]xf]/]sf] lyof], lsgeg] n]vs w]/} lyPgg\ / h;n] n]v], pgLx¿;Fu k|sfzgsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t lyPg .
cf;nfUbf blnt n]vsnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] / blnt ;flxlTos ;dfhsf] :yfkgf ug{] cfjZostf b]v]/ ;g\ !((@ df cfx'lt, hjfx/
/f]sf, /fdz/0f bgf{n / d}n] blnt ;flxTo k|lti7fg :yfkgf u/]sf xf}+ . /f]sf cWoIf / d pkfWoIf lyof}+ . k|lti7fg ;+:yfksx¿sf]
k"0f{tM JolQmut nufgLdf rn]sf] lyof] .
k|lti7fgn] blnt ;flxTosf k|ult / ultljlwsf vf]hL ug{ yfNof] . o;n] ax; / 5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ yfNof] . y'k|} blnt
n]vsn] uDeL/ cfly{s cj/f]w ;fdgf ug{ k/]kl5 d}n] d]/L cfdfsf] ;Demgfdf …/Tgdfof blnt ;flxTo ;+/If0f ;ldltÚ :yfkgf u/]+ .
cfdfsf] jflif{s >f4df vr{ ug{] /sd blnt ;flxTodf of]ubfg ug{ rfxGy]+ . ;ldlt blnt ;flxTo k|lti7fgsf] elugL ;+:yf aGof] /
blntdflysf cfVofg / u}/cfVofg k|sflzt ug{ yfNof] .
k|f/Dedf blnt ;flxTo k|lti7fg ;flxTodf s]lGb|t lyof] . t/, Oltxf;sf] vf]hL ug{] qmddf nf]s;+:s[lt / cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df o;sf]
k|lti7fk"0f{ k|:t'ltsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] . Oltxf;;Fu} blnt ;+:s[ltsf] klg cg';Gwfg ug{' h?/L lyof] . oxL b[li6sf]0fn] blnt
;flxTo k|lti7fgnfO{ blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fgdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] .
of] /fi6«JofkL k|lti7fgdf cfx'lt;lxt ( hgf k|ltli7t ;flxTosf/ 5g\ . o;sf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf #$ hgf ;flxTosf/ 5g\ .
cfly{s ;ª\s6 em]Ng' k/] klg of] k|lti7fgsf ¿kdf lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 . k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgfkl5 w]/} n]vs cfPsf 5g\ / blnt
n]vsx¿dfem cem w]/} n]Vg'k5{ eGg] efjgf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 .
!! ch{'g ljZjsdf{;Fu s'/fsfgL

!@ k"j{jt\
!=# ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts n]vg / blnt clwsf/sdL{

blntx¿ cfˆgf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;uj{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng 7fG5g\ . lsgeg], of] g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf]
:yfkgfeGbf klg cl3 z'? ePsf] xf] . ;fdflhs cj:yf / cGofosf ;flxlTos cleJolQmx¿ /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng;Fu
ldl;G5g\ / ;xcl:tTjk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod u5{g\ . ;flxTo / /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngn] Ps–csf{nfO{ pmhf{ lbG5g\ / To;afkt
b'j} x'ls{G5g\ . w]/} blnt /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;lqmo ePkl5 pgLx¿n] hftLo e]befjlj?4 n]Vg yfn] . blntdfly pknAw
n]vgsf] j[l4n] blnt / u}/blntdfem ;r]tgf a9fpg tyf blnt cfGbf]ngsf] prfO a9fpg ;xof]u u¥of] . o; cWofodf
/fhgLlts ;ª\u7gsf ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs cfGbf]ngsf] ;ª\lIfKt ¿k/]vf sf]g{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . lsgeg], /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gx¿
1fg pTkfbg / ljrf/ lgdf{0fsf s]Gb|Lo ynf] lyP . ltgn] k|sfzg u/]sf krf{, k'l:tsf, a'n]l6g, kqklqsf cflbn] blnt
/fhgLltsdL{nfO{ k|hftlGqs ;ª\3if{sf] cjlw / To;kl5 klg blnt Ph]G8f 3';fpg] tyf zlQmdfly ;d'bfosf] kx'Fr ls6fg
ug{] :yfg lbP .
/f0ffzf;glj/f]wL /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngsf a]nf blntx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;ª\ul7t u/]/ cfˆg} cfGbf]ng z'? u/] . ;j{hLt
ljZjsdf{n] ;g\ !($& df ljZj ;j{hg ;ª\3 gfds klxnf] blnt ;ª\u7g :yfkgf u/] . ;ª\u7g / hftLo e]befjaf/]
k|sfzg u/]/ ;j{hLt hftk|yfnfO{ n]vgdf /fhgLlts¿kn] lj/f]w ug{] klxnf] JolQm lyP -ls;fg ;g\ @))%M ()_ .
;j{hLtn] ef/tdf lxGb" u|Gy k9]sf lyP . To;}n] 5'jf5"tsf] lxGb" cEof;sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ pgL;Fu alnof] cfwf/ lyof] .
cfˆgf k|sfzgsf sf/0f pgL kqmfp k/] . ToxL a]nf sf7df8f}+df ;xif{gfy skfnLn] ;'hLsf/ o'lgog vf]n] -ls;fg ;g\
@))%M (!_ . Jofj;flos PstfnfO{ k|jw{g ug{' / hftLo e]befjaf/] ;'hLsf/x¿nfO{ ;r]t ug'{ o'lgogsf] nIo lyof] .
;g\ !($& b]lv !(%& ;Dd yk ^ j6f blnt ;ª\u7gsf :yfkgf eP -ls;fg ;g\ @))%M (!_ . g]kfn /fli6«o kl/ul0ft
kl/ifb\ u7g ePkl5 dfq} blnt ;d'bfosf] klxnf] a'n]l6g …;dfh ;]jfÚ k|sflzt eof] -ls;fg ;g\ @))%M ($_ . o;
a'n]l6gsf ;Dkfbs 6Lcf/ ljZjsdf{ lyP .
;g\ !(%) sf] cGTolt/, blnt cfGbf]ngdf /fhgLlts u'6, g]t[Tj ljjfb / ;fª\u7lgs k'gM;+/rgf b]lvOg yfn] . lsgeg],
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] g]kfnL sfª\u|];nfO{ /fhgLlts?kdf r'gf}tL lbg yfn]sf] lyof] -ls;fg ;g\ @))%M (%_ .
kl/0ffdtM g]kfn /fli6«o kl/ul0ft kl/ifb\ /fli6«o c5"t d'lQm kl/ifb\df ¿kfGtl/t eof] . 6Lcf/ ljZjsdf{sf] ;DkfbsTjdf
d'lQm kl/ifb\n] klxnf] blnt klqsf …d'lQmÚ k|sfzg u¥of] -k"j{jt\_ . of] d'lQm kl/ifb\sf] k|rf/fTds klqsf lyof] . o;sf
n]vx¿n] ;"Id ¿kdf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj/f]w uy{] .
o;}aLr blnt ;ª\u7gx¿ h'6\g] / km'6\g] ub{} ljsl;t eO/x]sf lyP . o;} qmddf g]kfn /fli6«o blnt hgljsf; kl/ifb\sf]
:yfkgf eof] . 6Lcf/ ljZjsdf{ klg o; ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 lyP / ;g\ !(&) df pgn] bf];|f] blnt klqsf …blnt cfjfhÚ
;Dkfbg u/] . …;~hLjgLÚ k~rfotsfndf k|sflzt t];|f] blnts]lGb|t klqsf lyof] . o;n] ;flxlTos /rgf 5fKg] uYof{] eg]
…d'lQmÚ / …blnt cfjfhÚ ;fª\u7lgs ultljlw / blnt r]tgf clej[l4df s]lGb|t lyP .!#
k~rfotsfndf k|sflzt a'n]l6g / klqsfn] ;d;fdlos ljifodfly n]Vy] / a]nfavt ;flxTo klg k|sfzg uy{] . /fHo
;+/rgfsf ;Ldfleq /x]/ k|sfzgx¿n] /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ d~r k|bfg u/] . of] d~rnfO{ clwsf/ dfu ug{ xf]Og,
hftLo e]befjlj?4 sf/afxLsf nflu /fhfsf] cg'u|x vf]Hg k|of]u ul/of] .!$ tL a'n]l6g / klqsfsf n]vafx]s /fhf;dIf
k|:t't ul/Psf 1fkgkq / ljlGtkqh:tf cGo k|sf/sf /fhgLlts n]vgsf] klg cfkm\g} dxŒj 5 . tL ;fdu|Ln] blntsf]
cj:yf, pgLx¿sf] /fhgLlts r]tgfsf] :t/ tyf ljrf/ / blnt d'lQmdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr a'‰g d2t u5{g\ . 1fkgkq /
ljlGtkqx¿ cWoog ug{ kfOPsf] eP blnt cfGbf]ng sxfF plePsf] lyof], k|:6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
o;} qmddf ;g\ !(&) sf] cGTolt/ k~rfotlj/f]wL cfGbf]ngn] ult lng yfNof] . oxL cfGbf]ngaLr blnt cfGbf]ng
klg s] lgisif{df k'Uof] eg] hftLo e]befjsf] cGTosf nflu g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] k|hftGq rflxPsf] 5 .
oxL efjgfcg'¿k ;dfh ;'wf/ d~rn] …k|ltlglwÚ gfds ;"rgfkq -Go'hn]6/_ sf] k|sfzg cf/De u¥of] -ls;fg ;g\
!# kbd ;'Gbf;;Fu s'/fsfgL
!$ k"j{jt\
@))%M ((_ . t/, of] ;"rgfkq b'O{ cª\s dfq lglSng ;Sof] / ;g\ !(*) sf] hgdt;ª\u|xkl5 of] aGb eof] . k~rfotsf]
cGTokl5sf] o'udf gofF blnt ;ª\u7gx¿ :yfkgf eP / gofF klqsfx¿ k|sflzt eP . oL gofF 3fgsf ;ª\u7gx¿n] blnt
clwsf/ / k|ltlglwTjsf] v'ndv'nf dfu u/] .
d"nk|jfxdf af}l4s ;ª\u7gx¿sf] k|fb'ef{j;Fu} blnt ;d'bfon] klg ;g\ !((# df g]kfn pTkLl8t blnt hftLo d'lQm
;dfhsf] :yfkgf u¥of] -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @))%M ##_ . ltns kl/of/, kb\dnfn ljZjsdf{, 5ljnfn ljZjsdf{, cfx'lt, kbd
;'Gbf;h:tf clwsf/sdL{ / g]tfx¿ cfa4 /x]sf] of] k|f/lDes af}l4s ;ª\u7g lyof] . ;dfhn] …;dfgtfÚ k|sfzg uYof{] .
ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf cf/lDes jif{x¿df of] k|d'v klqsf lyof] . kbd ;'Gbf;sf cg';f/ …;dfgtfÚn] k|hftflGqs kl/k|]Iodf
blnt cfGbf]ngsf nflu lgb{]zs l;4fGt k|:t't u/]/ cxd\ e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] . of] ljrf/sf lx;fan] k|ultzLn klqsf
lyof] . o;n] blntsf] cfˆgf] /fhgLlts ljrf/, /fhgLlts ;dfwfg, ;dfj]zLs/0f / sf]6fsf] cfjZostfdfly /rgfx¿
k|sflzt uYof{] .!% o;n] blntsf ;d:ofsf ;|f]t lxGb" wd{ / ;fdGtL Joj:yf ePsf] :ki6 pNn]v u¥of] . /, blntsf
k|fylds Ph]G8f s] x'g'k5{, ax; u¥of] . o;n] ldq / lj/f]wLx¿sf] klxrfg ub{} /0fgLlts df]rf{aGbL u¥of] / efjL lbzfaf/]
ljdz{ u¥of] . /, o;n] ;dy{g u/]sf] lbzf k|ultzLn lyof] .
kbd ;'Gbf; eG5g\, …blntn] hlxn] klg k|ultzLn zlQm;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{]5 . lsgeg], xfd|f ;d:ofnfO{ c¿ pkfoaf6
;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsFb}g . xfd|f] cfGbf]ng ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / cu|ufdL xf] . xfd|f dfu slxn]sfxLF k|ultzLn /fhgLltsdL{sf
nflu klg xb};Ddsf] k|ultzLn x'G5 . h:tf], wd{lg/k]If /fHosf] dfu .Ú!^
xfn …blnt ;Gb]zÚ, …hgpTyfgÚ, …g]kfnL d~rÚ / …;dfgtf ;Gb]zÚ blnt ;jfndf s]lGb|t k|ltli7t klqsf x'g\ .!& g]skf
-dfcf]jfbL_ ;Da4 …blnt ;Gb]zÚn] s§/kGyL b[li6sf]0faf6 af}l4s ax; rnfpF5 .!* blnt klqsfx¿df /fhgLlts
kf6L{sf k|efj 3';]sfn] pgLx¿ kf6L{sf g]tfnfO{ k|Zg ug{ ;Sg] x}l;otdf k'u]sf 5g\ . x'g t blnt ;jfndf s]lGb|t klqsf
c¿ klg 5g\ . t/, tL Pglhcf] / u}//fhgLlts ;+:yfx¿af6 k|sflzt x'G5g\ . oL klqsfaf/] …k|]; / blnt la6Údf tn rrf{
ul/g]5 .
kqklqsfdf k|sflzt /fhgLlts n]vgafx]s k"0f{ a:g]t / ;'efif bgf{nsf] ;Dkfbgdf hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/n] lgsfn]sf]
…ljz]ifflwsf/ / cf/If0fsf] /fhgLltÚ -;g\ @))&_ ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts n]vgsf] pNn]vgLo k':ts xf] . o; k':tsn]
;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] d'v}df blntsf nflu ljz]ifflwsf/, cf/If0f / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj;DaGwL n]vdfkm{t
/fHo k'g;{+{/rgfsf] ax;nfO{ k5\ofPsf] 5 .
To:t}, ;'efif bgf{ns} csf]{ lstfa …;+ljwfgdf blnt M ;ef;b\ ;+jfbÚ -;g\ @))(_ csf{] ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts n]vg
v08df dxŒjk"0f{ lstfadf k5{ . lsgeg], o; lstfan] blnt ;ef;b\x¿n] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ljut / eljionfO{ s;/L
x]/]sf 5g\ eGg]af/] cGtb{[li6 k|bfg u5{ . blnt clwsf/sdL{, g]tf tyf kqsf/ bgf{nn] !* hgf blnt ;ef;b\;Fu cGtjf{tf{
lnPsf 5g\ . lstfan] …gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dflji6 x'g nfu]sf blnt clwsf/;DaGwL ;jfnsf ljj/0f / cfkm"n] p7fPsf
;jfnnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;ef;b\x¿n] u/]sf tof/L / lnPsf /0fgLltaf/] zf]wvf]hÚ u/]sf] 5 -bgf{n ;g\ @))(M !&_ .
;+ljwfg;efdf %) hgf blnt ;ef;b\sf] pkl:ylt l;ª\uf] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw xf] . t;y{, cfGbf]ngsf
;fGble{s k|Zgx¿df blnt g]tfsf b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug{] of] lstfa pNn]Vo 5 .
/f0ffzf;gsf] cGTob]lv, k~rfotsfnel/, ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] z'?cftdf / dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf a]nf blnt ;fdflhs
/ /fhgLlts clwsf/dL{x¿sf] n]vgn] blnt cfjfhdf ljzfn dfqfdf j[l4 u¥of] . k~rfotsfndf s[kfb[li6sf nflu
cg'/f]w ug{] n]vgn] clwsf/ dfu ug{ yfNof] . /, cfh blnt n]vgn] ;Qfdfly bfaL ul//x]sf] 5, /fHodf blntsf] lx:;f
dflu/x]sf] 5 . t/, clwsf/ / zlQmsf] bfaLdf sdhf]/L klg ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . blnt ultljlw / ;ª\u7gx¿ a9] klg
!% k"j{jt\
!^ k"j{jt\
!& /0faxfb'/ /Dt]n;Fu s'/fsfgL . ljZjsdf{sf] k|sfzf]Gd'v lstfadf klg pknAw .
!* /0faxfb'/ /Dt]n;Fu s'/fsfgL .
/fhgLlts dfu k~rfotsfnsf cg'u|xsf nlfu cg'/f]weGbf w]/} leGg 5}gg\ . lsgeg], blnt ;d'bfo cem} klg ;a}yf]s
/fHon] g} lbg] ck]Iff u5{, s]jn efiff km/s ePsf] 5 .!(
;ª\u7g / clwsf/sdL{x¿sf] /fhgLlts ljv08g csf{] k|j[lQ xf] . of] k|j[lQ pgLx¿sf n]vgdf bfz{lgs / /fhgLlts
em'sfjsf ¿kdf emlNsG5 . k|f/lDes /fhgLlts n]vgsf ljifo hftLo e]befjnfO{ v's'nf] agfpg' lyof] . kl5, /fhgLlts
k|0ffnLdf sf]6f, cf/If0f / k|ltlglwTjsf] dfu x'g yfNof] . k|f/lDes /fhgLlts n]vgsf ;|f]t ljleGg /fhgLlts ljrf/n]
k|efljt /fhgLlts ;ª\u7g lyP . t/, tL ;ª\u7g k|ToIftM kf6L{df cfa4 lyPgg\ . kl5 ljleGg kf6L{ of ltgsf elugL
;ª\u7gaf6 cfPsf /fhgLlts n]vg d'vkqsf ¿kdf cfP .
!=$ k|fl1s ;d'bfo / blnt ljifo

blntdfly k|fl1s n]vg sdhf]/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . of] l:ylt l;h{gf ug{] ljleGg sf/stŒj 5g\ . klxnf] xf], ;fdflhs
lj1fgdf k"0f{¿k]0f k|fl1s cg';Gwfg z'? ePsf] w]/} ePsf] 5}g . bf];|f], blntsf] ;jfnnfO{ /fli6«o /fhgLltsf d'2f of
ljleGg sf/0fn] Wofg kfO/x]sf ;d'bfosf d'2fsf t'ngfdf uf}0f dflgG5 . t];|f], blnt ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs :t/ Go"g 5 .
:gfts tx jf To;eGbf dflysf] lzIff k|fKt ug{] blnt Ps k|ltzteGbf sd 5g\ -a]g]6 ;g\ @))^M !$_ . k|fl1s ;d'bfon]
l/Qm 5f]8]sf] :yfg s]xL xb;Dd Pglhcf], cfOPglhcf], /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / ljifolj1 ;d"x -ly+s
6\ofª\s_h:tf ljsf;] ;+;f/n] el//x]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf n]vgaf/] csf{] v08df 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
:6]eg kmf]Ndf/sf cg';f/ k|f/lDes k|fl1s blnt n]vg hftLo cWoogsf] Ps ¿k lyof], hf] ;g\ !(&) lt/ k|fb'ef{j
ePsf] lyof] -;g\ @)!)M &%_ . ;g\ !(&@ df k|sflzt Kofl6«l;of sfKngsf] …lk|:6 PG8 san;{M c :68L ckm ;f]l;on
r]Gh Og P lxGb" len]hÚ -k'/f]lxt / ;fsL{x¿ M Pp6f lxGb" ufpFsf] ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;DaGwL cWoog_ d"n?kdf cWoog
e|d0fdf cfwfl/t blntdflysf] k|f/lDes hftLo ljj/0f -PYgf]u|fkmL_ xf] . sfKngn] blnt / u}/blntaLrsf cfly{s,
;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts cGtlq{mof k|:t't u/]sL l5g\ . pgsf] ljj/0ffTds ljZn]if0fn] …pRr hftÚsf a|fXd0fn] …tNnf
hftÚsf ;fsL{x¿nfO{ u/]sf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf zf]if0f / e]befjnfO{ pbfª\uf] kfl/lbPsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L, a]G6–Pl/s af]u{:6«f]dsf] ;g\ !(*) df k|sflzt …b Kof6«g PG8 b k~r M len]h EofNo'h PG8 k~rfot 8]df]qm];L
Og g]kfnÚ -;+/Ifs / k~r M k~rfotL k|hftGqsfnLg g]kfndf u|fdL0f d"No_ …pRr hflt;Fu cGthf{tLo ;DaGwdf :yfgLo
/fhgLltsf] k|efjÚ cWoog ul/Psf] 5 -kmf]Ndf/ ;g\ @)!)M &%_ . oL b'j} PYgf]u|fkmLn] ;d'bfodf blntsf] c¿;Fusf]
;DaGwaf/] cWoog u/]sf lyP . x'g t PYgf]u|fkmLn] ;g\ !(() df dfq} blntdfly k"0f{tM Wofg s]lGb|t u/]sf] xf] -kmf]Ndf/
;g\ @)!)M &%_ . df:s]l/g]s -;g\ !((%_ n] wfdLemfFqmLaf/], Sof/f]n ltª\u]n] bdfO{ hfltn] ahfpg] k~r}afhfaf/] /
j];]yfpg]t -;g\ !((*_ n] ufOg] hfltsf ufosdfly cWoog u/]sf lyP -kmf]Ndf/ ;g\ @)!)M &%_ . …cg6r]an lxlnª
M c blnt cfo'j{]lbs 8fS6/ k|md g]kfn ;km;{ lxh sG6«Lh OnÚ -c:k[Zo pkrf/ M cfkm\gf] /fi6«sf /f]uaf6 kLl8t Ps
g]kfnL blnt cfo'j{]lbs 8fS6/_ df k/Dk/fut cf}iflwaf/] Dof/L Sofd/g -;g\ @))(_ sf] dfgjzf:qLo cWoogn] klg
g]kfndf blntx?sf] cfo'j{]lbs 1fg / cEof;;Fu} pgLx¿sf] ;ª\3if{nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 .
Sof/f]n ltª\u]sf] …cl:kl;o; Do'lhs Og P r]lGhª ;f];fO6LM b bdfO{ Do'lhl;oG; ckm g]kfnÚ -ablnFbf] ;dfhdf
dª\unsf/L ;ª\uLt M g]kfnsf bdfO{ ;ª\uLtsf/x¿_ gfds k':ts …k"0f{ / lj:t[t ;fª\uLlts PYgf]u|fkmL xf], h;n] bdfO{
/ pgLx¿sf] ;ª\uLtsf] ;Dk"0f{ tl:a/ lvRg oyf;Dej sf]0fnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 -Sn]6g ;g\ !(($M #(%_ .Ú bdfO{
hftsf cWo]tf /fdz/0f bgf{nn] g]kfnsf] ;ª\uLt / afhfx¿af/] lj:t[t n]v]sf 5g\ . pgn] …g]kfnL afhfÚ, …;ª\uLtsf]
lj:t[t cjnf]sgÚnufot ;+:s[lt / afhf;DaGwL bh{gf}+ lstfa n]v]sf 5g\ . pgsf bh{geGbf a9L kf08'lnlk cem} klg
ck|sflzt 5g\ .
;g\ !((* df klxnf] k6s k|sflzt Dof/L Sofd/gsf] lstfa …cg b Ph ckm b cl:kl;o;M h]G8/ PG8 sf:6 Og g]kfnÚ
-kljqtfsf] ;LdfGtaf/] M g]kfndf lnª\u / hft_ ;'b"/klZrdsf …tNnf hftÚsf dlxnfsf n}lª\us / hftLo ;DaGwaf/]
!( k"j{jt\
ul/Psf] PYgf]u|flkms cWoog xf] . o;n] hft / lnª\uh:tf b'O{ ;fdflhs /rgfaf6 s;/L pgLx¿sf] hLjg k|efljt x'G5
eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 . pgsf …?/n blnt j'd]g PG8 js{ M b ODkfS6 ckm ;f]l;on PG8 Osf]gf]lds r]GhÚ -;g\ @))@_ nufot
cGo /rgfaf6 blnt dlxnfx¿sf] l:ylt / pgLx¿sf] >ddf cfPsf] kl/jt{g phfu/ ePsf] 5 . pgsf] …slG;8l/ª blnT;
PG8 kf]lnl6sn cfO8]lG66L Og Odflhlgª c Go' g]kfnÚ blntx¿sf] /fhgLlts klxrfgaf/] a'em\g d2t lbg] vfnsf] 5 .@)
dlxnfsf ;jfn sNof0fsf/L ljsf;] df]8naf6 clwsf/jfbL 9fFrflt/ pGd'v ePsf] a]nf o; lstfan] dlxnf cfjfhnfO{
a'nGb kf/]sf] lyof] -a]g]6 ;g\ @))^M @)_ . cfly{s / /fhgLlts b[li6 lbPsf PYgf]u|flkms cWoogx¿n] blntsf l/jfh,
k/Dk/f / k];faf/] cGj]if0f u/]sf lyP .
PYgf]u|fkmLdf afx]s blntdfly c¿ ;fdflhs lj1fgdf k|fl1s cg';Gwfg lg/fzfhgs 5 . g]kfndf blntsf ;jfndf
;a}h;f] ;dfh lj1fgx¿n] u/]sf] a]jf:tflt/ ;ª\s]t ub{} r}tGo ld> eG5g\ M
ljut s]xL bzsb]lv PYgf]u|fkmL -hftLo ljj/0f_ / hftLo cWoog …k"0f{tM kmNbf]km'Nbf] cj:yfdfÚ eP klg blntk|lt
;dfhzf:qLx¿sf] c;fWo} sd rf;f] x'g' ljlrq / b'MvnfUbf] s'/f xf] . o; pk]IffnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;dfhzf:qsf]
uDeL/ bf]if dfGg'k5{ . ;j{JofkL / zlQmzfnL hftk|yfn] hftLotf / c¿ s]xL ljifon] eGbf c;fWo} yf]/} Wofg
kfPsf] 5 . u]ng/, kfkm–rfg{]sf / Xj]Nk6gsf lstfa klg ckjfb xf]Ogg\ . tyflk, g]jf/x¿sf] hftk|yfdf u]ng/n]
;fk]lIfs?kdf s]xL pkrf/ u/]sf 5g\ . /fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts¿kdf …alxis[tÚx¿nfO{ g]kfnL ljåfg\x¿n] klg
af}l4s ax;df alxisf/ u/]sf 5g\ . cGt/f{li6«o ljåfg\x¿sf ;Gbe{df, hftk|yf / blntdf cle?lr /fVg]x¿nfO{
g]kfneGbf l5d]sL ef/t lrQfsif{s ePsf] xf] ls -ld> ;g\ @))%M !!&_ <
:6]eg kmf]Ndf/ klg ld>;Fu} ;xdt 5g\ . pgL yK5g\, …g]kfnL blntdflysf] cWoog ;Lldt lyof] . lsgeg], blnt ;jfnnfO{
k|fl1s ;d'bfon] ljZjJofkL dxŒj ePsf k|rlnt d'2f / cfw'lgs g]kfnsf tTsfnLg ;fdflhs /fhgLlts 36gfqmdsf
cufl8 uf}0f 7fg] . blnt d'2fnfO{ lr/sflns / ;fob c?lrs/ 7flgof] -kmf]Ndf/ ;g\ @)!)M &&_ .Ú g]kfnL blntdfly
cWoog a9fpg] xf] eg] blntdfly lsg yf]/} n]lvof] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hg' h?/L x'G5 . o;sf lhDd]jf/ ljleGg
;rn sf/stŒjnfO{ kQf nufP/ ;Daf]wg ug{'k5{ . ld> / kmf]Ndf/n] o;sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbPsf 5g\ . x'g t PYgf]u|fkmLkl5
cg';Gwfgd"ns ;fdflhs l;4fGt / k4lt blnt;DaGwL cWoogsf nflu w]/} k|of]u ePsf] 9fFrf xf] . lsgeg], tL
cg';Gwfgstf{x¿ blnt ;dfh / ;+:s[lt;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgdf s]lGb|t lyP .@! t/, blnt / u}/blntdf ;r]tgf / ;lqmotf
a9\b} hfFbf ;dfhzf:q / PYgf]u|fkmLaf6 blnt ljdz{ cy{zf:q / /fhgLltzf:qlt/ lj:tfl/t eof] .@@
blnt;DaGwL 1fg pTkfbgn] cGt/f{li6«o k|j[lQ / /fli6«o ;fdflhs–cfly{s 36gfqmdnfO{ cg';/0f u5{ . ;g\ !(()
sf] bzs ljsf;sf b[li6sf]0faf6 cfPsf] n]vgsf] ;fIfL lyof] eg] ;g\ @))) sf] bzs clwsf/df cfwfl/t kx'Fr,
;dfj]zLs/0f / blnt /fhgLlts ;ª\3if{dflysf] n]vgsf] ;fIfL lyof] . kmf]Ndf/ :jod\n] ljsf; / ko{6gsf qmddf blntsf]
;LdfGtLs/0fdfly n]]v]sf lyP -;g\ @)!)M&%_ . ;g\ @))^ df k|sflzt nfp/L P= Eofl;nLsf] zf]wkq …l/l8ª jGh
nfOkm M c s]; :68L ckm Pg P8N6 Ph's];gn kfl6{l;k]6/L PS;g l/;r{ sl/So'nd 8]enkd]G6 k|f]h]S6 km/ g]kfnL blnt
;f]l;on hl:6;Ú -cfkm\g} hLjg k9\b} M g]kfnL blntsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf lglDt k|f}9 lzIffdfkm{t ;xeflutfd"ns
cg';Gwfgdfkm{t kf7\oqmd ljsf;;DaGwL Ps cWoog_ df g]kfnL blntsf nflu ;fdflhs Gofo k|flKtsf nflu k|f}9
lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f / To;df ;xeflutfd"ns cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] dxŒjaf/] k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . ;g\ !((^ df
lnlvt blnt lzIffaf/] ljBfgfy sf]O/fnfsf] zf]wkq …:s'lnª P08 bL blnT; ckm g]kfnÚ -g]kfnsf blntx¿ / lzIf0f_
df hftLo, eflifs / cfly{s ljljwtfnfO{ ;dfhzf:qLo cWoog ub{} blntnufot ;a}nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] pkfo vf]lhPsf]
5 . oL zf]wkq blnt ljifodf rf;f] /fv]/ ul/Psf ljsf; cEof;sf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .
k|fl1s If]qdf k|f/lDes r/0fdf d'VotM u}/g]kfnL n]vsx¿n] blntaf/] cg';Gwfg u/]sf lyP . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f
@) Sofd/g, Pd= …slG;8l/ª blnT; PG8 kf]lnl6sn cfO8]lG66L Og Odflhlgª c Go' g]kfnÚ / …?/n blnt j'd]g PG8 js{ M b ODkfS6 ckm ;f]l;on PG8
Osf]gf]lds r]GhÚ
@! ofdaxfb'/ ls;fg;Fu s'/fsfgL
@@ k"j{jt\
;fob u}/blnt g]kfnL cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ blntdfly cg';Gwfg ug{] k4lt r'gf}tLk"0f{ nfUg' xf] -kmf]Ndf/ ;g\ @)!)M
&%–&&_ .@# tyflk, ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ g]kfnL zf]wstf{x¿n] blntaf/] cg';Gwfg / vf]h ug{ yfn] .
g]kfnL 1fg pTkfbsx¿df klg u}/blntn] k|fl1s cWoogdf k|ydtM of]ubfg u/] / pgLx¿ ljsf;] ;/f]sf/sf ;jfndf
cg';Gwfgsf] k|of]udf s]lGb|t lyP -kmf]Ndf/ ;g\ @)!)M &%_ . lzIffsf cj;/ km/flsnf eP/ blntnfO{ ;d]6\g yfn]kl5
pgLx¿n] gofF ;x;|fAbLsf] df]8df cfˆgf] ;d'bfoaf/] n]Vg / cg';Gwfg ug{ yfn] .
blnt n]vsn] g} blntsf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;ª\3if{dfly n]v]sf b'O6f lstfa dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . tL lstfa x'g\,
ofdaxfb'/ ls;fgsf] ;g\ @))% df k|sflzt …b g]kfnL blnt ;f]l;on d'ed]G6Ú -g]kfnL blnt ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng_ /
cfx'ltsf] ;g\ @)!) df k|sflzt …g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{Ú . cª\u|]hLdf csf{] Ps dfq k|sfzg lx/f ljZjsdf{
-;g\ @))%_ sf] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;;DaGwL lgaGw xf], h'g …b blnT; ckm g]kfn M 8]o/ d'ed]G6 gfp PG8 8]gÚ
-g]kfnsf blntx¿M pgLx¿sf d'2f lxhf] / cfh_ sf] gfddf k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
/df nf]xgL–r]h cfˆgf] ;dLIffdf elG5g\, …ls;fgsf] lstfa k|sflzt x'g'cl3 g]kfnL blnt cfGbf]ngaf/] lstfa a/fa/
nDafOsf] s'g} cWoog ePsf] lyPg -nf]xgL–r]h ;g\ @))&M &*_ .Ú pgsf] lstfa lxGb" wd{zf:qb]lv dfS;{jfbL
l;4fGt;Ddsf ljljw ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t 5 . pgL blntk|lt dfcf]jfbLsf] c8fg ;a}eGbf qmflGtsf/L dfG5g\ . o; lstfasf]
bfz{lgs b[li6sf]0f cfd?kdf dfS;{jfbL, ljz]if?kdf dfcf]jfbL k|j[lQsf] ;]/f]km]/f]df 5 . pgsf] lstfan] blnt cfGbf]ngsf]
sfnqmlds ljj/0f k|:t't u/]/ blnt ;flxTodf /x]sf] k|d'v l/Qmtf e¥of] . oBlk, blnt cfGbf]ngsf] cem ulx/f] ljZn]if0f
ug{] 7fpF / cfjZostf 5g\ . To:t}, blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ dw]zL / hghfltnufot c¿ ;d'bfo;Fu cGtlqm{of u/fpg' klg
h?/L 5 .@$
cfˆgf] lstfadf cWo]tf ls;fgn] g]kfndf blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] a'n]l6g, ;dfrf/
k'l:tsf, klqsf, 1fkgkq / ljlGtkqsf ¿kdf blnt cfGbf]ngn] pTkfbg u/]sf km/s–km/s n]vgnfO{ /]vfª\sg u/]sf
5g\ . tyflk, pgn] cfGbf]ngnfO{ cfsf/ lbg] / bfz{lgs cfwf/ lbg] ;Gbe{df tL n]vgsf] dxŒj atfPsf 5}gg\ .
cWo]tf cfx'ltsf] lstfa …g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{Ú sf];]9'ª\uf] xf] . o;sf s]xL cWofo lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
;dfhzf:q / dfgjzf:qsf] :gftsf]Q/ txsf] kf7Øqmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . blnt ljdz{df klxn] 5nkmn gul/Psf
cjwf/0ffTds 9fFrfx¿nfO{ lj:tfl/t u/]/ cfx'ltn] blnt ;d:ofsf] tfhf / alnof] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\ . blnt
;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cfGbf]ngnfO{ bfz{lgs cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ pgn] juL{o / hftLo ;+/rgf Pj+ ;ª\3if{nfO{ lg/LIf0f
u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{jfbL l;4fGtaf6 ;f/ lvr]/ pgn] blntsf] ;ª\3if{ wfld{s / ;fdGtL ;+/rgf Pj+ Joj:yflj?4 ePsf]
ljrf/ /fv]sf 5g\ . To;}n], pgL eG5g\, blnt cfGbf]ng wfld{s ;fdGtjfbnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] ;+:yfx¿lj?4 nlIft 5 . o:tf]
ljZn]if0f / k|of]udf cfwfl/t eP/ cfGbf]ng stflt/ cufl8 a9\gk' 5{ t < o;af/] pgn] cu|b[li6 / dfu{lgb{]zg k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .
dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f ;g\ @))) sf] bzsdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ax; / cg';Gwfgsf nf]slk|o ljifo ag] . csf{] sf/0f
lyof], ;dfj]zLs/0f bzf}+ of]hgf of ul/aL Go"gLs/0f /0fgLltkqsf rf/ cfwf/:tDedWo] Ps x'g' -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
;g\ @))#M #&_ . p4a Kofs'/]nsf] zf]wkq …;f]l;on PS:SNo'hg PG8 OGSNo'hgM ;f]l;of]nlhsn :68L ckm g]kfnL
blnT;Ú -;fdflhs alxis/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fM g]kfnL blntx¿af/] ;dfhzf:qLo cWoog_ / ;d[l4 v/]nsf] y]l;; …b
8fon]lS6S; ckm cfO8]lG66L PG8 /]lh:6ØfG; Pdª blnT; Og g]kfnÚ -g]kfndf blntx¿aLr klxrfg / k|lt/f]waLr
åGåfTdstf_ ;dfj]zLs/0f / klxrfgs} ljifodf s]lGb|t 5g\ . oL b'j} n]vg clåtLo z}nLdf blnt cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg
cfofd;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ;g\ @)!) sf] bzsdf ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL ljdz{n] tLj| / ;3g ePsf] 5 . o; ljdz{nfO{
s'g gofF cjwf/0ffn] k|efljt kf5{, eGg ufx|f] 5 .
;g\ !(^) sf] bzssf] cGTolt/ ljleGg hftLo >]0fL / ;+:s[ltaLrsf ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t hftLo cWoogaf6 blnt
ljifodf k|fl1s cle?lr a9]sf] lyof] . blntdflysf] k|fl1s cg';Gwfg hftLo cWoog / ;dfhzf:qsf hut\af6 lj:tf/}
@# kmf]Ndf/ df]kmft -;g\ !(&(_ nfO{ p4[t ub{} . cg';Gwfgsf nflu blnt;Fu a:g' of sfd ug{'sf] d"No r'sfpg'kg{] df]kmftsf] egfO 5 .
@$ 8f= s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg;Fu s'/fsfgL
z}lIfs sfo{qmd / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fh:tf ljsf;sf k|fyldstfsf] d"Nofª\sg;Dd lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 . xfn gful/stf,
/fhgLlts k|lt/f]w / klxrfgh:tf /fhgLltzf:qaf6 n]lvPsf ;d;fdlos /fhgLlts ;jfndf cle?lr a9]sf] 5 .
cg';Gwfgdf blntx¿sf] /fhgLlts k|ltlglwTjn] a9\bf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfO/x]sf] 5 eg] k|fl1s ;d'bfodf blnt k|ltlglwTj
sdhf]/ 5 . lsgeg], blnt cg';Gwfgstf{x¿ ;fx|} yf]/} 5g\ .
!=% ljsf; / blnt ;]jfu|fxL

ljsf;sdL{ / ltgsf Ph]G8fn] blnt cfVofgnfO{ cfsf/ lbg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . blnt cfVofgn]
blnt cj:yfnfO{ ;d:ofsf ¿kdf p7fg u/]/ b]vfof], ;dfhnfO{ cfˆgf b'Jo{jxf/k|lt cfTdlg/LIf0f ug{ afWo kf¥of] /
;dfwfg klg vf]Hof] . k|hftGqsf] cfudg;Fu} cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ljQLo ;xof]udf ;~rflnt u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf;Fu} gful/s ;dfh / låkIfLo–ax'kIfLo ;+:yfx¿ hlGdP / ltgn] sfd klg ug{ yfn] . ljsf;]s/0f / ;zQmLs/0fsf]
x:tIf]k;Fu} afXo ;+:yf / ltgn] ;xof]u u/]sf Pglhcf]x¿n] c;ª\Vo k|ltj]bg, klqsf / zf]wkq k|sflzt u/] . pgLx¿sf
Hofbfh;f] lnlvt pTkfbg pgLx¿sf] sfdsf] rrf{ ug{] k|ult ljj/0f of pgLx¿sf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'kg{] ts{;lxtsf
l:yltut l/kf]6{ -l;Ro'j]zgn l/kf]6{_ x'g\ . ltgsf cGtlg{lxt p2]ZonfO{ 5fl8lbg] xf] eg] o:tf pTkfbgn] blnt ;d'bfox¿
afFlr/x]sf cj:yf tyf cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs j~rgfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ul/Psf k|of;af/] k|sfz kf5{g\ .
ljsf;] If]qleqsf k|j[lQnfO{ rf/ r/0fdf cª\lst ug{ ;lsG5 .@% klxnf], ;g\ !(() sf] bzsk"j{sf ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿n]
ANofª\s]6 k4lt cjnDag u/] .@^ c;dfgtf / lje]bnfO{ ANofª\s]6n] 5f]k5fk ug{] vfnsf tL x:tIf]k ;a} hgtfsf]
cfly{s ljsf; / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf s]lGb|t lyP, h;df cfd hgtfaLr ju{ / hftsf sf/0f a9\bf] ul/aLnfO{ Vofn ul/Psf]
lyPg . bf];|f], ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] z'?df ul/aL lgjf/0fd} hf]8 lbg] k/Dk/fn] lg/Gt/tf kfof], t/ tL k/Dk/f lk5l8Psf
;d"xx¿ nlIft lyP -a]g]6 ;g\ @))^M $*_ . t];|f], ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] dWolt/ g]kfnn] dlxnflj?4 hf/L …;a}
k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug{] ;DaGwL dxf;lGwÚ -l;8f] ;g\ !(&(_ nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4lt
cFuLsf/ ul/of] . rf}yf], ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] cGTo / ;g\ @))) sf] bzs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] o'u aGof] . To;}n], ljsf;]
p2]Zox¿ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;"rsdfly hf]8 lbg] l:yltaf6 clwsf/ /Iff / clxn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf
d'2fdf cfOk'u]sf 5g\ . ul/aL lgjf/0f / dfgj clwsf/sf k'/fgf b'O{ Ph]G8feGbf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2fn] ;du| k4ltnfO{
cFufn]sf] 5 . lsgeg], o;n] JolQmut / ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cj/f]wsf] hfFrk8tfn
u5{ / ;dfgtfsf] jsfnt u5{ .
ljsf;] x:tIf]kn] c;dfgtf / lje]bnfO{ ANofª\s]6n] 5f]k5fk ug{] vfnsf] ANofª\s]6 k4lt cFufNbf blntsf lxtdf
ljz]if x:tIf]k ePg . ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] z'?df yflnPsf cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{qmd / ultljlwn] eg] blntnfO{
nIo agfPsf lyP . lsgeg], pgLx¿ lk5l8Psf ;d'bfodf kg{] 7"nf] ;d'bfo lyP . ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] cf7f}+
of]hgf -;g\ !((@–!((&_ n] klxnf] k6s hftnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] lyof] . a]g]6sf] egfO 5,
of] klxnf] ;fj{hlgs b:tfj]h lyof], h;n] ck|ToIf / ck"0f{ eP klg hft / hghftLo d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf]
lyof] . of]hgfn] …ul/aÚ ju{nfO{ leGg–leGg ;d"xdf ljefhg u¥of] / vf; hftLo ;d"xnfO{ nIo ug{] k|oTg u¥of] .
t/, p;n] c:ki6 / clglb{i6 …lk5l8Psf] ju{Údf oL hftLo ;d"xnfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] lyof] -;g\ @))^M $*, $(_ .
;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] dWolt/ ;]e b lrN8«]gdfkm{t o'P; P8sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ^ lhNnfdf blnt / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
klxnf] ljZn]if0f ul/of] -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @))$M $_ . of] cg';Gwfgn] cNklzlIftsf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIff cleofg
-a]n]_ nfO{ Gofo;ª\ut l;4 u¥of] . t;y{, blnt nlIft k|f/lDes ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ lzIffdf kx'Frsf] cfwf/e"t
dfgjclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt lyP . oxL r/0fdf klxnf] blnt g]t[Tjsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf :yflkt eof] . o'P;P8sf] cfly{s
;xof]udf ;~rflnt ;]e b lrN8«]gn] ;g\ !((@ df g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;ª\3 :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] .@&
@% lx/f ljZjsdf{;Fu s'/fsfgL

@^ k"j{jt\
@& k"j{jt\
;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] dWo / cGTolt/ blntn] g]t[Tj u/]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 eof] . lsgeg],
cg';Gwfgx¿n] blnt ;d'bfolt/ nlIft ljsf;] x:tIf]ksf] cfjZostf b]vfP . Pl;of kmfpG8]zgn] ;g\ !(($ df
blnt dlxnf ;ª\3 -km]8f]_ :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @))$M ^_ . ;g\ !(($ df blnt ;dfh sNof0f
;ª\3 -l88An'cf]_, ;g\ !((% df hgpTyfg k|lti7fg -h]o'kL_ / ;g\ !((^ df blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;ª\3
-l8PgPkm_ :yfkgf eP . dxf;ª\3 ;oeGbf a9L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf 5ftf ;ª\u7g xf] . 8]lg; cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;xof]u
;+:yf -8flg8f_ n] l8PgPkm, l88An'cf], km]8f] / h]o'kLnfO{ d"ntM clwsf/df cfwfl/t jsfnt sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xof]u
/ ;dy{g ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @))$M $_ . oLdWo] h]o'kL, g]kfnn] blnt clwsf/df ljz]if1tf xfl;n
u/]sf] 5 . oL ;+:yfn] k|ltj]bg, klqsf / lstfa k|sfzg ul//x]sf 5g\, h;n] g]kfnsf blntaf/] 1fg / hfgsf/Lsf j[l4
u/fO/x]sf 5g\ .
klxnf] k6s blntnfO{ gfdn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] ;/sf/sf] gjf}+ of]hgfn] klg ;d'bfo nlIft cfufdL sfo{sf nflu k|]/0ff
lbPsf] 5 -a]g]6 ;g\ @))^M $(_ . oxL ;dodf ;/sf/n] blntaf/] gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu cg';Gwfg / of]ubfg ug{ b'O{
;+:yf :yfkgf u¥of] . tL x'g\, blnt ljsf; ;ldlt / /fli6«o blnt cfof]u -Pgl8;L_ . cfof]un] blnt ;d"x / pk;d"xsf
cflwsfl/s ;"rL ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . of] cflwsfl/s ;"rL dxŒjk"0f{ lnlvt b:tfj]h xf] . lsgeg], o;n] ;/sf/sf]
gh/df blnt sf] xf], k|:6 juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm, cfof]un] s]o/ g]kfn, PS;g P8 / ;]e b lrN8]«g o'P;;Fu ldn]/ ;g\ @))@ df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf
nflu /fli6«o blnt /0fgLlt k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/]sf] lyof] . ;a} blnt pk;d"xsf ;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{, ;fdflhs–cfly{s
cj:yfsf tYofª\s, :jf:Yo cj:yf / /fhgLlts ;xeflutfdfly ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f k|:t't ug{ cfof]un] l:yltut ljZn]if0f
u/]sf] lyof] . o; lj:t[t ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df p;n] blnt pTyfgsf nflu /0fgLlt / sfo{of]hgf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . bzf}+
of]hgfsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] o; k|ltj]bgn] blntx¿nfO{ ljsf; k|of;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg /0fgLlt k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .
k|:tfljt /0fgLlt / of]hgfx¿ cjnDag ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ /fhL u/fpg ;fdu|L h'6fpg' o;s} k|ltkmn xf] . o:tf k|ltj]bgn]
blntaf/] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf 5g\ .
;g\ @))) sf] bzsb]lv ;dfj]zLs/0f k|wfg nIo eof] . lsgeg], ;fdflhs alxis/0fn] a9fPsf ulx/f] hftLo / n}lª\us
c;dfgtflj?4 hgo'4n] cfjfh p7fPsf] lyof] . To;sf] k|ltlqmofdf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfon] ;/sf/nfO{ bzf}+ of]hgfdf
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ d"n nIo agfpg bafa lbPsf] lyof] . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;'lglZrt ug{] nIosf] dtna
lyof], blntnfO{ lk5l8Psf] ju{df Ps;fy /fVg'sf] ;§f o; cjlwsf ljsf;] x:tIf]k lglb{i6 tl/sfn] blnt nlIft lyP .
ljsf;] If]qdf cfPsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] xfjfn] ldl8of If]qnfO{ klg 5f]of] . g]kfnL ldl8ofsdL{x¿sf] cflwsfl/s ;+:yf
M g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3df klg ;dfj]zL k|lqmof cjnDag ug{ of]hgfa4 k}/jL z'? eof] . o; d'2fsf d'Vo k}/jLsf/
x'g\ kqsf/ ljgf]b kxf8L . pgs} ;Nnfxdf ;d]t ldl8ofdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;ª\3if{ ug{] qmddf clwsf/sdL{ ;'efif
bgf{n / /]d ljZjsdf{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;g\ @))) df hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ -h]PdP;L_ :yfkgf eof] . of] 7"nf blnt u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfdWo] Ps xf], h;sf] nIo blnt ;"rgf / ;dfrf/sf] s]Gb| x'g' xf] . blnt;DaGwL hfgsf/L k}bf ug{ / blnt ;jfndf
ax; a9fpg ;]G6/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;~rf/u[x ePsfn] o;sf pTkfbgaf/] k|]; / blnt la6 v08df rrf{
ul/g]5 .
g]kfnsf nflu a]nfotL ;xof]u lgof]u -l8PkmcfO8L_ OGPlAnª :6]6 k|f]u|fddfkm{t l9nf] u/L g]kfn cfOk'u]sf] ;+:yf xf] .
xfn of] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;dy{s xf] . o;n] vf;u/L …/fli6«o:t/sf ;dy{g sfo{qmdÚdfkm{t /fhgLlts
;zQmLs/0fsf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @))$M $_ . ;g\ @))# df l8PkmcfO8Ln] blnt ;zQmLs/0f /
;dfj]zLs/0f of]hgf -l8OcfOkL_ nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u u¥of] . of] of]hgfcGtu{t Jofks?kdf cg';Gwfgsf sfd eP .
…blnt ;d'bfosf pk;d"xx¿sf] cfwf/e"t kl/roÚ g]kfn /fli6«o blnt ;dfh sNof0f ;ª\3sf] k|d'v k|sfzg xf] . ljleGg
;d"xsf ;f+:s[lts klxrfg clen]vLs/0f ul/Psf] of] dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf] .@*
@* k"j{jt\
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2fdf s]lGb|t x'g] qmd;Fu} gofF ;x;|fAbLn] blntdfly 1fg l;h{gfsf kxndf ePsf] j[l4sf] b[Zo klg
b]Vof] . o; ztfAbLdf blntsf cj:yf / alxis/0fsf kl/df0ffTds k|df0fdf cle?lr gofF ljifo aGof] . …PlShl:6ª
Ko|flS6;]h ckm sf:6 a]:8 cG6Roflaln6L Og g]kfn PG8 :6«fl6hL km/ P SofDk]g km/ O6\; Plnldg];gÚ -g]kfndf hftdf
cfwfl/t c5"tkgfsf] jt{dfg cEof; tyf o;sf] cGTosf nflu cleofgsf lglDt /0fgLlt_ / …cgOSj]n l;l6hG;,
h]G8/, sf:6 Pg PlYgs PS:Sn'hg Og g]kfnÚ -c;dfg gful/s M g]kfndf n}lª\us, hftLo / hghftLo alxis/0f_ h:tf
l/kf]6{ cg'ejhGo k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ax;sf sf/0f dxŒjk"0f{ k|sfzg x'g\ .
PS;g P8sf nflu 8f= s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg, sdnf x]dr'/L, of]u]Gb| u'?ª / rqmdfg ljZjsdf{n] n]v]sf] l/kf]6{ …PlShl:6ª
Ko|flS6;]h ckm sf:6 a]:8 cG6Roflaln6L Og g]kfn PG8 :6«fl6hL km/ P SofDk]g km/ O6\; Plnldg];gÚ -g]kfndf hftdf
cfwfl/t c5"tkgfsf] jt{dfg cEof; tyf o;sf] cGTosf nflu cleofgsf lglDt /0fgLlt_ ;g\ @))# df k|sflzt
ePsf] lyof] . kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg k4lt k|of]usf] cfwf/df ul/Psf oL cWoogn] 5'jf5"tsf] cEof; /
o;k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fdf vf]h u/]sf 5g\ . blnt ljdz{sf nflu o;sf] k|d'v of]ubfg eg]sf] Jofjxfl/s k|df0f} x'g\ . o;
cWoogn] 5'jf5"tsf] b'O{ ;o kfFr cEof;nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] vf]hnfO{ af/Daf/ p4[t ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'O{ ;o kfFr cEof;
cem} klg cl:tTjdf 5g\ ls 5}gg\, yfxf kfpg ;fob yk cg';Gwfg ug{' cfjZos 5 .
lng a]g]6sf] …cgOSj]n l;l6hG; M h]G8/, sf:6 Pg PlYgs PS:Sn'hg Og g]kfnÚ -c;dfg gful/s M g]kfndf n}lª\us,
hftLo / hghftLo alxis/0f_ jN8{ Aofª\s / l8PkmcfO8Ln] ;g\ @))^ df u/]sf] ;fdflhs alxis/0f cfFsng xf] .
o; lstfaaf/] lx/f ljZjsdf{ eG5g\, …of] n}lª\us / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf ?lr /fVg]x¿n] k9\g}kg{] b:tfj]h xf] . of]
ljifon] ;DejtM sDtLdf cfufdL bzs;Dd g]kfnsf gLltnfO{ dfu{lgb{]z ug{]5 . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ;dy{sx¿n]
;dfj]zL gLltx¿sf] dfu ul//x]sf a]nf a]g]6sf] k|ltj]bgn] zlQmzfnL cg'ejhGo k|fdfl0fstf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . o;n]
;dfj]zLs/0f lsg cfjZos 5 / o;sf cj/f]w s] s] x'g\, JofVof u/]sf] 5 .Ú@( ;fy}, o;n] ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug{ gLlt / of]hgfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
To;f] t ca alnof k|df0f ePsf k|ltj]bgsf] ;ª\Vof a9\bf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] ;g\ @)!! df
k|sfzg u/]sf] …cf]k]lgª 8f];{ 6' OSj]ln6L M PS;]; 6' hl:6; km/ blnT; Og g]kfnÚ -;dfgtfsf] 9f]sf vf]Nb} M g]kfndf
Gofodfly blntsf] kx'Fr_ gjLgtd k|ltj]bg xf] . of] k|ltj]bg ;'b"/klZrd g]kfnsf 36gfx¿df cfwfl/t 5 . k|ltj]bg
hftLo e]befj pGd"ngsf nflu sfg'gL 9fFrf / Gofok|0ffnLsf] e"ldsfdf s]lGb|t 5 . hftLo e]befj ;Daf]wg ug{ sfg'gL
9fFrf yk alnof] agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ bafa lbPsfn] klg of] k|ltj]bg ljz]if dxŒjsf] 5 . of] k|ltj]bgn] hftLo e]befjnfO{
ck/fw l;4 ug]{ / 5'jf5"t pGd"ng ug{] p2]Zon] NofOPsf ljleGg P]gsf] lj:t[t d"Nofª\sg u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts ;dfwfgsf
cltl/Qm sfg'gL ;dfwfg vf]Hg] k|j[lQnfO{ k|ltj]bgn] Oª\lut u/]sf] 5, h'g ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfudf ;lDdlnt 5 .
To;}n], dflysf k|ltj]bgsf k|sfzgn] ljz]if u/L lgb{]zfTds bfaLnfO{ ;dy{g ug{] kl/df0ffTds tYo;lxtsf cg';Gwfgsf]
cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sdL{n] kl/df0ffTds tYoo'Qm 1fg pTkfbgnfO{ lzIff,
cfocfh{g jf :jf:Yodfkm{t ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0fsf] nIo lnPsf of]hgfhlQs} cTofjZos 7fg]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffdtM
ljutsf] bzsdf cg';Gwfgdf s]lGb|t x'g] / o;nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug{] k|rng a9\of] . pbfx/0fsf nflu, hfOsfn] Ps
ljBfyL{nfO{ uGwj{ ;ª\uLtdf ljBfjfl/wLsf] y]l;; ug{ ;xof]u u¥of] -ljZjsdf{ ;g\ @))$M $_ . ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
cg';Gwfg sf]ifn] klg cfˆgf ^ ;d"x–ljz]if ljifodf blnt cg';GwfgnfO{ ;dflji6 u/]sf] 5 .#) clwsf/, nf]stGq
/ ;dfj]zLs/0f sf]ifn] blntnfO{ d"nk|jfxdf Nofpg gLltut k}/jL / ax;sf nflu ljleGg blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf;Fu
;xsfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 .#!
ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ / logn] pTkfbg u/]sf 1fgn] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ cfˆgf clwsf/sf ;fy} ljsf; / /fHodf lx:;f dfu
ug{ ;';"lrt, ;zQm / ;ª\ul7t ul//x]sf 5g\ . s]xL jif{df o; If]qdf pTkflbt n]vg klxnf] x:tIf]kb]lv cfh;Dd ljsf;]
@( k"j{jt\
#) x]g{'xf];\ http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/procedure-guideline-detail-2.html
#! x]g{'xf];\ http://www.rdif.org.np/projects/project.php?projectid=223#approach
If]qdf b]vf k/]sf kl/jt{gsf ;fIfL x'g\ . cle?lrsf b[li6sf]0fn] k|f/lDes n]vg cfly{s ljsf;df s]lGb|t lyof], To;kl5
clwsf/df s]lGb|t eof] . /, clxn] o; If]qsf] n]vgn] ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] a[xQ/ dfu;lxt ;Dk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f cFuLsf/
u/]sf] 5 . cfhef]lnsf] cg';Gwfg ljlw klg klxn]sf] t'ngfdf a];L g} tYofª\s ;ª\snglt/ k|j[Q ePsf] 5 . ljsf;]
If]qsf n]vgn] ;dfg blnt klxrfg / gful/stfsf nflu j:t'l:ylt alnof] agfPsf 5g\, blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;ª\ul7t
x'g xf}:ofPsf 5g\, yk x:tIf]k / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf :yfkgfsf] cf}lrTo k'li6 u/]sf 5g\, blnt dfusf] k|rf/ u/]sf 5g\ /
;dfwfgsf nflu jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . t/, ;g\ @)!@ df gofF ;+ljwfg gn]Vb} ;+ljwfg;efsf] b'Mvb\ lj36g ePkl5 eg]
blnt;DaGwL cg';Gwfg / n]vg;Fu} blnt d'2fdf s] s:tf] cfofd ylkg] xf], cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt 5}g .
!=^ k|]; / blnt la6

ldl8ofdf blnt cfjfh gjf]lbt g} 5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnLdf uf]/vfkq / cª\u|]hLdf bL /fOlhª g]kfn, oL b'O{ klqsf
dfq} lyP . …cfjfhljxLgx¿sf] xf]Og, oL /fhf / ;Qfdf /xg]x¿sf klqsf lyP,Ú hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/sf cWoIf /]daxfb'/
ljZjsdf{ eG5g\ . ;g\ !(() sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 dfq} cfd hgtfn] k|hftGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf
ldl8ofsf] dxŒjnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/] . To;}n], k|hftflGqs jftfj/0fdf ldl8ofsf] t]h ljsf; eof] . oBlk, ;g\ !((# cl3
blnt d'2fn] ljz]if Wofg kfPgg\ .#@
kl5 ljleGg sf/stŒjsf sf/0f d"nk|jfxsf klqsfdf blntsf s'/f 5flkg yfn] . klxnf], clwsf/df cfwfl/t
b[li6sf]0f;lxt cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿n] blnt clwsf/af/] ;r]tgf a9fP . bf];|f], ;g\ !(() sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf]
lj/f;tsf ¿kdf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf clwsf/ / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf dfu;lxt /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng eO/x] .
k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngtfsf ;ª\ul7t ePsf blnt ;d'bfonfO{ /fhgLlts bn, cfOPglhcf] / Pglhcf]n] blnt d'2f
p7fpg yk ;xof]u u/] . t];f| ], ;~rf/u[xx¿n] /fli6«o ;~rf/u[x x'g] xf] eg] cfkm" a9L ;dfj]zL x'gk' g{] cfjZostf af]w u/] .##
s'g} klg cfGbf]ngdf ldl8ofsf] a9\bf] dxŒj, blnt n]vssf] v8]/L / blnt sf/0fnfO{ ;dy{g ug{] ;~rf/ lgsf;sf]
cefjnfO{ dgg u/]/ ;g\ !((( df g]kfn /fli6«o blnt kqsf/ ;ª\3 :yfkgf ul/of] . Ps jif{kl5 5'jf5"tlj?4 ldl8of
ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ -h]Pd;L_ :yfkgf ul/of] . blnt;Fu ;DalGwt blntn] n]v]sf ;dfrf/ /
n]v d"nk|jfxsf ;~rf/u[xdf k|sflzt ug{] h]Pd;Lsf] ;zQm cleofgn] blnt d'2fdf b]zsf] Wofg lvRg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . h]Pd;Lsf] e"ldsf klg cfOPglhcf] / dfcf]jfbL hgo'4h:tf zlQmx¿ ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 al9/x\of] . ltgn] h:t}
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;LdfGts[t cfjfhdfly s]lGb|t h]Pd;Ln] u/]sf kxnn] blnt / u}/blntdfem blnt d'2f a'‰g]
ef]snfO{ tLj| agfOlbP .
;g\ @))) -lj=;+=@)%^_ df ePsf] rdf/ cfGbf]ngn] of] ef]snfO{ c¿ tLj| agfOlbof] . /, blnt ;ª\3if{ tyf cfGbf]ngdf
dw]zL cfjfh ylklbof] . d"ntM blnt ;dfrf/sf] s]Gb| eP klg h]Pd;Lsf] clxn] klg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] x}l;ot 5 .
o;n] ubf{ o;sf] ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng / hgtfn] o;nfO{ x]g{] b[li6sf]0f k|efljt ePsf 5g\ . Jofj;flos¿kdf lbuf] blnt
;~rf/ lgsf; 5}gg\ . oxL k|d'v sdLn] ubf{ k|]; / 7"nf ldl8ofdf blnt cfjfhnfO{ alnof] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .#$
klxn]sf jif{sf t'ngfdf ljut bzsdf blnt ;jfnsf ;dfrf/ …se/]hÚ a9]sf lyP . oBlk, c¿ ;jfn / ;d"xsf
;dfrf/n] kfPsf] …ldl8of se/]hÚsf t'ngfdf blnt ;jfn 5fofFdf kg{] u/]sf 5g\ . h]aL ljZjsdf{sf] k|sfzf]Gd'v lstfa
…g]kfnL ldl8of / blntM ;xeflutf / ljifoj:t'af/] cWoogÚdf pgn] blnt Ph]G8f ldl8ofdf s;/L p7fOG5g\ / k|ltlglwTj
ul/G5g\ eGg]af/] lj:t[t / ulx/f] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . o;df ljz]iftM kqklqsf, 6]lnlehg / /]l8of]h:tf ldl8ofdfly
pgsf] cWoog s]lGb|t 5 . ;dfrf/sf] k|s[lt s] xf], o;n] ;dfhdf s] k|efj kf5{ / blntsf jf:tljstf hgtfdf´ s;/L
k|:t't ug{] eGg] ljifodf ljZjsdf{n] ulx/f] cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . ldl8ofdf blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] cj:yfnfO{ s]lGb|t u/L
pgn] g]kfnL ldl8ofsf] eJo 5ljsf] ljlgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . blntsf] …ldl8of se/]hÚsf] k|j[lQ b]vfpg pgsf s]xL vf]h
tn k|:t't ul/G5g\ .
#@ /]d ljZjsdf{;Fu s'/fsfgL
## k"j{jt\
#$ /0faxfb'/ /Dt]n;Fu s'/fsfgL
blnt;DaGwL …ldl8of se/]hÚ zf]if0f, dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g / cGofosf 36gfdf s]lGb|t 5g\ . t/, cGtlg{lxt
sf/0fx¿sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f / cfnf]rgfTds ljj]rgf, e]befjsf 36gflt/ 8f]¥ofpg] ;+/rgfut lx+;faf/] eg] ;Lldt ;fdu|L
dfq} k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ -x]g{'xf];\ aS; @M blnt cfjfhsf] eljioaf/] /]d ljZjsdf{_ . ;g\ @))* df sf7df8f}+af6 k|sflzt
gf} b}lgsdf cfwfl/t Ps ;j{]If0fcg';f/ x/]s klqsfn] lbgdf %* j6f ;dfrf/ k|sfzg u5{g\ -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM
@(_ . oLdWo] cf};tdf b'O6f ;dfrf/ blnt;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . blnt;Fu ;DalGwt ;dfrf/df $# k|ltzt blntdfly
s'6lk6 / cfqmd0f, @!=% k|ltzt alxis/0f, !& k|ltzt lj:yfkg, & k|ltzt blntn] kfPsf] wDsL, @=% k|ltzt blntsf
c;xdlt / )=% k|ltzt ;'wf/sf 36gf k5{g\ -k"j{jt\_ .
;g\ @))$, @))% / @))* df k|sflzt ;DkfbsLo / ljrf/–n]vsf tYofª\s -x]g{'xf];\ cg';"rL–@_ n] ldl8ofdf blnt
k|ltlglwTjsf] lg/fzfhgs tl:a/ k|:t't u5{ . blnt ;d'bfosf ;dfrf/ d"ntM 36gf / sfo{qmdaf/] 5g\ . cvaf/sf nflu
c¿ nf]slk|o ljifo x'g\– blntsf] lzIff, blnt cfGbf]ng, hftLo k];f, blnt dlxnf, cGthf{tLo ljjfx / pTkL8g .
ljrf/ cfn]vsf Go"g ;ª\Vofn] g]kfnL gful/s / :tDesf/ blnt ;jfnnfO{ Tolt Wofg lbFb}gg\ eGg] ;ª\s]t u5{ .
blnt;DaGwL c´ sd ;DkfbsLosf] ;ª\Vofn] clwsf+z klqsfn] blnt ljifonfO{ w]/} dxŒj glbg] tYolt/} Oª\lut u5{ .
tYofª\sn] g]kfnL b}lgsx¿n] cª\u|]hL b}lgssf t'ngfdf blnt ;jfnnfO{ a9L ;d]6\g] u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . t/, g]kfndf
yf]/} cª\u|]hL b}lgs 5g\ . h]aL ljZjsdf{n] ;g\ @))$ sf] t'ngfdf ;g\ @))* df ;DkfbsLo / ljrf/–n]v sd ePsf]
cf}+NofPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o /fhgLlts 36gfqmdn] blnt ;jfnnfO{ 5fofFdf kf/]sf] pgsf] ts{ 5 .
obfsbf blnt d'2fnfO{ :yfg lbg] d"nwf/sf klqsfsf sdLsdhf]/L x6fpg g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfon] dfl;s, kflIfs /
q}dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg u/]sf 5g\ . …;dfgtfÚ, …g]kfnL d~rÚ, …blnt va/Ú, …hgpTyfgÚ, …gj ;dfgtfÚ, …blnt ;Gb]zÚ,
…blnt lgu/fgLÚ, …;dtf ;Gb]zÚ, …hgaf]wÚ, …d'lQmaf]wÚ, …dfu{bz{gÚ, …dfgj dof{bfÚ, …d'lQm cfGbf]ngÚ, …d'lQmsf] cfjfhÚ,
…kl/>dLÚ, …lhhLljiffÚ, …gj hgpTyfgÚ, …pTkLl8t ljBfyL{ cfjfhÚ, …;dfgtf cleofgÚ, …/fli6«o k|ltaf]wÚ, …n's]sf] cfjfhÚ,
…d'lQmkyÚ -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM @*_ cflbn] blnt cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5g\ .
h]aL ljZjsdf{sf cg';f/ ;g\ @)!@ hgj/L;Dddf blnt Ph]G8fdf s]lGb|t ## j6f klqsf k|sflzt lyP . logdf, …d'lQmÚ,
…blnt cfjfhÚ / …;~hLjgLÚh:tf k~rfotsfndf k|sflzt x'g] tLg klqsf klg k5{g\ . …;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cfGbf]ng
/ blnt clwsf/sdL{Ú v08df blnt cfGbf]ng / k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf a]nf k|sflzt oL P]ltxfl;s klqsfaf/] rrf{
ul/;lsPsf] 5 . oxfF ;g\ !(() kl5 k|sflzt klqsfaf/] rrf{ ul/G5 . ## dWo] #) j6f klqsf sf7df8f}+af6 / # j6f
pkTosfaflx/af6 k|sflzt x'G5g\ -k"j{jt\_ . sf7df8f}+af6 clwsf+z klqsf k|sflzt x'g'n] a9L Wofg kfPsf :yfgLo
;jfndf eGbf blnt ljdz{ s]Gb|Lo txsf] ePsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . ## dWo] !@ j6f klqsf Pglhcf]x¿n] lgsfN5g\ . To;}n]
tL klqsfx¿ Pglhcf]sf …cleofgÚ, …;kgfÚ / …nIoÚlt/ s]lGb|t x'g' cgf}7f] xf]Og . !) j6f klqsf blnt /fhgLlts
;ª\u7gx¿n] k|sfzg u5{g\ eg] * j6f Dofulhg JolQmx¿sf] cu|;/tfdf k|sflzt ePsf lyP eg] b'O6f k|sfzg ;+:yf
/ Pp6f ;/sf/L blnt lgsfon] k|sfzg u5{g\ -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM %!, %@_ . of] ;ª\Vofn] klqsfn] af]Sg] ;fdu|L
s:tf] x'G5 eGg] tYolt/ Oª\lut u5{ .
dfly pNn]lvt klqsfdWo] …hgpTyfgÚ, …blnt ;Gb]zÚ, …blnt va/Ú / …g]kfnL d~rÚ k|d'v 5g\ . …hgpTyfgÚ / …g]kfnL
d~rÚ ;dfrf/ / d'2fdf cfwfl/t klqsf x'g\ eg] …blnt ;Gb]zÚ dfcf]jfbL ljrf/lt/ em'sfj /fVg] ljrf/k|wfg klqsf
xf] .#% oL rf/ klqsfsf ;fdu|Ldfly ul/Psf] ;j{]If0fn] blnt cfGbf]ng ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o ljifo ePsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ .
To;kl5 ;+ljwfg;efdf ;dfj]zLs/0f / /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / blnt ;d'bfosf ;f+:s[lts kIf nf]slk|o ljifo 5g\ -k"j{jt\_ .
…hgpTyfgÚsf ;Dkfbs /0faxfb'/ /Dt]n eG5g\, …clxn] b]zdf ;+ljwfg gePsfn] /fhgLltdf s]lGb|t eOPsf] xf] .Ú
b}lgs klqsfn] gu/]sf sfd Dofulhgx¿n] ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;fKtflxs / dfl;sx¿n] blnt cfGbf]ng, ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf
nflu kf7snfO{ k|]l/t ug{] / blnt ;d:ofdf af}l4s ax; z'? ug{] sfd u/]sf 5g\ -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'v_ . Dofulhgx¿
blnt ;d'bfosf %) hgf k"j{;ef;b\sf nflu ;Gbe{;|f]t ePsf 5g\ . tL Dofulhgx¿ ;/sf/L gLltsf] d"Nofª\sg ug{] /
/fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] Ifdtf /fVg] k|of;df nfluk/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @))* sf] hgcfGbf]ng / g]kfn u0ftGq
#% k"j{jt\
aGg'cl3 To:tf] k|of; ;Dej lyPg .#^ 5fkf dfWodsf] ljZjJofkL k|j[lQ oxL xf] . oBlk, blnt ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0fdf
uxg cg';Gwfg ug{] k|j[lQ eg] ckof{Kt 5 . ljZjsdf{sf ljrf/df Ps k|dv' ;Ldf xf], oL Dofulhgsf nIo blnt kf7s dfq}
x'g' . kf7s ;ª\Vof;Fu} klqsfsf ;fdu|Ldf ljljwtf / ulx/fO klg a9fpg' cTofjZos 5 -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM ^(_ .
h]aL ljZjsdf{sf] ljZn]if0f s'g cy{df ;Lldt 5 eg] o;n] ;a} blnt d'2fnfO{ Pp6} ;d"xdf /flvlbPsf] 5 . ;a} blnt
d'2fnfO{ Pp6} d'2fsf ¿kdf x]bf{ k4ltsf lx;fan] ;lhnf] t x'G5, t/ o;n] ;a} blntnfO{ ;d¿k ;d"x -xf]df]lhlgo; u|'k_
sf ¿kdf x]g{] d"n q'l6 u5{ . dw]zL blnt blnt ;d'bfodf klg kxf8L blnteGbf k5fl8 5g\ . dw]zL blntsf d'2f p7fpg
k|lta4 ;Kt/Lsf kqsf/ ef]nf kf;jfgsf cg';f/ dfly rrf{ ul/Psf Dofulhg d"ntM kxf8L blntsf d'2fdf s]lGb|t eP .
;g\ @)!@ df k|sflzt …ax'hg cfjfhÚ dw]zL blntdf s]lGb|t Ps dfq klqsf lyof] . b'ef{Uojz, of] b'O{–tLg cª\seGbf
a9L lgSn]g .#& kf;jfgsf cg';f/ ;g\ @))) sf] rdf/ cfGbf]ngkl5 dw]zL blntsf d'2fn] ldl8ofsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{
yfn] . ldl8ofsf ;fy} Pglhcf] / cfOPglhcf]n] dw]zL blntsf d'2fnfO{ Wofg lbg yfn] .
7"nf ldl8ofn] blntsf] d'2fdf ug{] …se/]hÚaf/] h]aL ljZjsdf{;Fu kf;jfg klg ;xdt 5g\ . dw]zL blntsf ;dfrf/
blntsf xTof, anfTsf/ / b'Jo{jxf/df s]lGb|t 5g\ . 5'jf5"tsf] k|efjdfly hgr]tgf hufpg] p2]Zo;lxt ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gnfO{ k|]l/t ug{] zlQm ePsf n]vx¿ ;Lldt 5g\ . dw]zL blntsf d'2f kxf8L blntsf t'ngfdf lsg sd 5flkG5g\
eGg] k|Zgdf kf;jfg eG5g\, …kxf8L blnt / ;Qfdf ePsf] ;d"xn] af]Ng] efiff Pp6} eP/ o;f] ePsf] x'g'k5{ .Ú :yfgLo d'2fdf
snd rnfO/x]sf dw]zL kqsf/x¿n] kfl/>ldssf lx;fan] pgLx¿sf] If]qdf e]befj ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . kf;jfg jt{dfg
kl/k|]Iodf ldl8ofn] blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] d'2f gp7fPsf] 7fG5g\ .
ljZjsdf{ / kf;jfg blntx¿af/] ;Lldt …ldl8of se/]hÚsf] d"n sf/0f ldl8ofdf blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] Go"gtf xf] eGg]df
;xdt 5g\ . ljZjsdf{sf cg';f/ !@$) kqsf/dWo] s]jn !=%# k|ltzt blnt 5g\\ -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM $#_ . pgsf]
7DofO 5, …;dfh blntsf ;d:ofnfO{ blntsf] ;/f]sf/sf] ¿kdf dfq} a'em\5 . ;dfhn] o;nfO{ ;fdflhs / /fli6«o ;d:ofsf
¿kdf lng ;s]sf] 5}g -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM $&_ .Ú hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/sf cg';f/ ;g\ @))$ / @))% df k|sflzt
blnt;DaGwL ;dfrf/dWo] #* k|ltzt blnt kqsf/ / @@ k|ltzt u}/blntn] n]v]sf lyP -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM #&_ .
/0faxfb'/ /Dt]nn] blnt kqsf/dWo] *) k|ltzt kxf8L blnt / @) k|ltzt dw]zL blnt ePsf] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . dlxnf
blnt kqsf/ t gu0o g} 5g\ . blnt d'2fn] ldl8ofsf] Wofg clncln kfpg yfNbf s;d; ljZjsdf{, ljgf]b kxf8L, pdLb
afurGb, lx/f ljZjsdf{, k|sfzrGb| kl/of/, uf]ljGb kl/of/, afa'/fd ljZjsdf{, kljqf ;'gf/ cflb d"nwf/sf] ldl8ofdf n]Vg]
yf]/} blnt kqsf/ lyP .#* To;kl5, blnt clwsf/sf nflu n8\g cGo w]/} blnt o'jf kqsf/x¿ ylkP .
aS; @ M blnt cfjfhsf] eljioaf/] /]d ljZjsdf{

ldl8ofdf cfa4 clwsf+z blnt kqsf/sf cg';f/ ldl8ofdf blnt / pgLx¿sf d'2fnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug{] z}nL ;txL
5 . …blnt ;d:ofsf] ;txL kl/ro dfq} lbOG5,Ú /]d eG5g\ . t;y{, blnt ;d:ofsf] ulx/fOdf k'Ug ldl8ofdf blnt
cfjfhnfO{ a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . /]dsf cg';f/ blnt cfjfhn] klxrfgsf] /fhgLlttkm{ x]g{'k5{ . blnt klxrfg sfod}
/xg'k5{ of ljzfn a|fXd0f ;+:s[ltnfO{ o;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{'k5{ < o:tf k|Zgdf blnt cfjfhn] blnt cfGbf]ngsf
nIonfO{ cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{ . /, pQ/ vf]Hg'k5{, blnt cfjfhsf] nIo ljsf; xf] ls clwsf/ xf] ls Gofo
xf] < g]kfnsf] b|"t kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts e"b[Zodf blnt cfGbf]ng cGof]nsf] ljGb'df k'u]sf] ;Gbe{df oL k|Zgn] 7"nf] cy{
/fV5g\ . blnt cfjfhn] bfz{lgs cfwf/ / j}rfl/s dfu{lgb{]z JoQm ug{'kg{] ;do xf] of] . c¿ blnt clwsf/sdL{em}F /]d
klg ljZj:t 5g\, P]ltxfl;s¿kdf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿;Fu ePsf] pRr afu{]lgª zlQmsf] kmfObf p7fpg] ;do oxL xf] . t;y{
blnt d'lQmsf nflu efjgfTds dfu /fVg' / bnut /fhgLltaf6 k|]l/t of vl08t x'g'eGbf blnt d'lQm lsg cfjZos 5
eGg]af/] :ki6 af]w lnP/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] ;do xf] of] . ldl8ofn] oL d'2fnfO{ p7fpg'k5{ .
cGtjf{tf{sf] c+z
#^ k"j{jt\
#& ef]nf kf;jfg;Fu s'/fsfgL
#* /]d ljZjsdf{;Fu s'/fsfgL
o;sf] Pp6f cy{ 5fkf dfWoddf ;ª\Vof / u'0fsf] lx;fan] blnt kqsf/sf] pkl:ylt a9\bf] 5, t/ Tof] kof{Kt / ;Gtf]ifhgs
eg] ePsf] 5}g . t/, 5fkf dfWoddf s] 5flkof] / s;n] 5fKof] eGg] k|Zg of] eGbf sd dxŒjk"0f{ kIf kSs} xf]Og . o;af/]
cWoog ug{ dfl6{g rf}tf/Ln] k|sflzt u/]sf] …g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt / hghfltÚ tyf …5fkfdf blntÚh:tf k':ts lgs}
;xof]uL b]lvG5 . ljleGg ljwf / ljifonfO{ PSs} 7fpFdf ;ª\u|x ul/Psf oL lstfa To:tf klxnf] k':ts xf], h;df
blntaf/] cWoog ug{ rfxg]x¿nfO{ /fd|f] ;Gbe{;fdu|L ;flat eP . blnt;Fu hf]l8Psf /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs
ljifosf s]s:tf vfnsf ;fdu|L klxn] 5fkf dfWoddf k|sflzt ePsf lyP, ltgn] blntsf d'2fnfO{ slQsf] p7fpg ;s]
eGg] tl:a/ x]g{ klg oL k':tsn] P]gfsf] sfd u/]] .
hDdfhDdLdf ldl8ofn] blnt d'2fnfO{ lbg] Wofgsf] cjlw 5f]6f] x'G5 . t/, tyfslyt /fHosf] rf}yf] cª\usf ¿kdf
ldl8ofn] blnt d'2fnfO{ lbOPsf] dxŒj lg/fzfhgs} 5 . ;fk]lIfs¿kdf blntdfly yf]/} ;dfrf/, ljrf/ n]v / cfn]v
n]lvPsf 5g\ . To;dfly, oL n]v ;txL 5g\, lsgeg] logn] ;+/rgfut / gLltut txsf d'2fdfly vf]hlag u/]sf 5}gg\ .
jt{dfgdf of] k|j[lQnfO{ ;Rofpg] sfd eP klg cem} klg oxL k|j[lQ sfod 5 . x'g t blntdfly …ldl8of se/]hÚ e]befj
/ dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gaf6 blnt ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2f;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] !# k|ltzt lx:;f cf]u6\g]
;d'bfosf nflu of] …se/]hÚ / k|ltlglwTj ;fx|} sd xf] . k|];df blnt k|ltlglwTjsf] Go"gtf / Jofj;flos¿kdf lbuf] blnt
;~rf/u[xsf] cg'kl:yltsf sf/0f blntdflysf n]vg ;Lldt /x]sf 5g\ . blnt klqsfdf clxn] ;ª\3Lotf ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
ax; ePsf] ljifo xf] .
efu @ M ;ª\Vofdf blnt n]vg
of] efu gd'gf tYofª\s–;d"xsf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t 5 . g]kfnL blntdflysf n]vgsf ;Dk"0f{ :j¿knfO{ ;ª\sng
ug{ b'O{ ;o ^& j6f tYofª\s ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] . ;ª\sng k|lqmofdf OG6/g]6 zf]w, ;Gbe{;fdu|L cWoog, ljleGg
;+:yfdf blnt ;|f]t gS;fª\sg;Fu} blnt cWoog tyf ;fdflhs lj1fgdf of]ubfg ug{] k|l;4 JolQmx¿sf cGtjf{tf{
;d]l6Psf lyP . o;df d"n?kdf blnt ljifodf n]lvPsf lstfa, zf]wkq, y]l;;, hg{nsf n]v / cGo s]xL /rgf klg
;ª\u]l6Psf 5g\ . gd'gf tYofª\sdf ;dfrf/kqsf n]v / 5f]6f ;fdu|L ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5}gg\ . cfbz{nfO{ k5\ofpFbf t
tYofª\s–;~ron] >Jo, b[Zo / 5fkfdfWodsf ;flxTosf ;a} :j¿k klg ;d]6\g'kg{] lyof] . t/, oxfF ;d]l6Psf ;fdu|Lsf]
v08 ;fk]IftM clgoldt 5, ;lhn} kx'Fr ePsf n]vgdf of] ;Lldt 5 . tYofª\s–;~ron] cª\u|]hL / g]kfnL efiffsf
n]vg ;d]6] klg g]kfnL efiffsf n]vg yf]/} 5g\ . g]kfnL n]vg;Dd ;dod} k'Ug g;Sg'sf] o; ;Ldf xf] . o; ;LdfnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ tYofª\s–;~ronfO{ gd'gfsf ¿kdf dfq} lnOg'k5{ .
;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ljifo of k|s/0f, pkljifo, ljzfn blnt ;d'bfoleqsf pk;d"x, zf]w cjl:ylt, n]vssf] k[i7e"ld /
pTkfbgsf] ;|f]tsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0fnfO{ lgb{]zg ug{] k|Zgx¿ lyP M
!= ljifo / pkljifo s] s] x'g\ <
@= blnt n]vgsf] k|j[lQ s] xf] <
#= blnt n]vgsf] s'g :j¿k k|rlnt 5 < lstfa < zf]wkq <
$= s;n] n]lv/x]sf] 5 < blnt < u}/blnt < g]kfnL < u}/g]kfnL < k'?if < dlxnf <
%= s;n] k|sfzg ul//x]sf] 5 < cfOPglhcf]n] < Pglhcf]n] < ljZjljBfnon] <
^= s'g pk;d"xaf/] n]lvPsf] 5 < dw]zL blnt < kxf8L blnt <
&= s'g If]qnfO{ s]Gb| agfOPsf] 5 < dw]z < kxf8 <
juL{s/0f k|lqmof h}ljs vfnsf] 5 . lsgeg], ;fdu|Lsf nflu dfq} ;d"xx¿ l;h{gf ul/Psf 5g\ . s]xL ;d"x klxn] g} l;lh{t
lyPgg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / z}lIfs ju{ km/s ljifo ;d"x x'g\ . tL lzIffdflysf] n]vgnfO{ ;dfj]z
ul/Pkl5 dfq} l;h{gf ul/Psf x'g\ . ljifoj:t' / c¿ ;d"x ;f/f+z, kl/ro / lgisif{ k9]kl5 dfq} lglb{i6 ul/Psf x'g\ .
oxfF ;d"xx¿ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;a} n]vgsf] uxg cWoog ul/Psf] 5}g . o; ;dLIff–kqsf] k|d'v ;Ldf oxL xf] . o;n] k|zf]lwt
;d"xx¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5}g . km]l/, k|foM n]vgsf] PseGbf a9L ljifoj:t' x'G5g\ . tL ljifoj:t' vlK6g] x'Fbf s]xL n]vgnfO{
juL{s/0f ug{ sl7g x'G5 . ;fy}, s'g ljifo ;d"xdf lglZrt n]vg k5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0fsf] leGgtf ;bf sfod /xG5 .
d'Vo lgisif{
P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ
/]vflrq ! -x]g'{xf];\ k[i7 @*_n] ;g\ !($) b]lv cfh;Dd blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] ;fdfGo k|j[lQ b]vfpF5 . ;g\ !($)
df blnt cfGbf]ng z'? x'g'eGbf cl3 blnt;DaGwL n]vg z'? ePsf] rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(() sf] k|hftflGqs
cfGbf]ng;Fu} blnt;DaGwL n]vgdf j[l4 eof] . of] j[l4 ljleGg sf/0fjz ;g\ @))) sf] bzsdf psfnf] nfu]sf] 5 .
tLdWo] Ps sf/0f xf], clxn]sf n]vg t'?Gt} k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . of] j[l4df ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]ifåf/f
pTkflbt ;fdu|Lsf] klg e"ldsf 5 .#( cem dw]zL cfGbf]ngn] dw]zL blntsf d'2fnfO{ klg d"nwf/df Nofof] . o;n]
cWoogsf gofF If]q / ;d'bfo vf]Nof] . of] ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ xf] .
#( ;g\ @))% df :yflkt ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]if -SIRF_ n] cNk;+Vos ;d'bfodfly j}1flgs cg';Gwfg u/fO/x]sf] 5 .
/]vflrq !M gd'gf tYofª\sdf b]lvPsf] P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ
250
221
200
;|f]tsf] ;+ª \Vof
150
100
50
1 1 5 2
0 30
!($) !(^) !(&) !(*) !(() @)))
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @^) . cGodf k|sfzg ldlt 5'6]sf] . -;dfj]z ul/Psf /rgfsf] ;Ldfsf
sf/0f o;sf ;ª\Vofdf k"jf{u|xL b]lvg ;S5, t/ o; /]vflrqn] blnt n]vgsf] P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQnfO{ emNsfpF5 ._
;|f]tsf k|sf/sf] ljZn]if0f

/]vflrq @ df zf]wkq / sfo{kqn] blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] ljzfntd :j¿k of k|sf/ ePsf] b]vfpF5g\ . To;kl5
cfpF5g\, lstfa / k|ltj]bg . ;/sf/ / ljsf;] If]qn] w]/} k|ltj]bg lgsfN5g\ . vf;u/L, k|fl1s If]qdf kLo/ l/Eo'
ul/Psf / gul/Psf hg{n n]vx¿sf] j[l4 x'g] 7fpF 5 . o; ;dLIffsf] qmdd} blntdfly s]lGb|t eP/ g]kfns} klxnf]
k|fl1s hg{n M hg{n ckm blnt :68Lh k|sflzt x'Fb}5 .$)
/]vflrq @ M ;|f]tsf] k|sf/
zf]
;f]w tyf sfo{kq 25 %
k|ltj]bg 24 %
lstfa 24 %
n]v 11 %
;]ldgf/ kq 7%
kLo/ l/Eo' ul/Psf n]v 5%
0%
% 5%
% 10%
% 15%
% 20%
% 25%
% 30%
%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @^& .
$) 8f= k"0f{ g]kfnL;Fu s'/fsfgL

;|f]t ljZn]if0f
oxfF blntaf/] s;n] n]V5 eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;sf] pQ/ vf]Hbf ;+:yfut / JolQmut?kdf klg s]nfP/
x]g{ ;lsG5 . blnt;DaGwL 1fg pTkfbsx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf] qmddf ;+:yfut?kdf s]nfP/ x]bf{ cGt/f{li6«o zf]ws]Gb|n]
blntdfly a9L n]v]sf] b]lvG5 -x]g{'xf];\ /]vflrq #_ .
/]vflrq # M blnt 1fg pTkfbg ug]{ ;|f]t
IRC 57
Da l i t NGO 52
INGO 42
NRC 28
PH 25
INAC 17
NGO 16
NAC 12
GO 7
Mi s c. 5
NRCNRC Partnership
Pa rtners hi p 4
PW 2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
;|f ]t ;+V of
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @^& .
tflnsf ! M blnt 1fg pGkfbg ug]{ ;|f]t

/fli6«o k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿ National Academic Institutions NAC
cGt/f{li6«o k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿ International Academic Institutions INAC
;/sf/ Government Offices GO
cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf International Non-governmental Organizations INGO
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Non-governmental Organizations NGO
blnt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Dalit Non-governmental organizations Dalit NGO
cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb| International Research Centres IRC
/fli6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb| National Research Centres NRC
/fli6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / cGt/f{li6«o NRC
National Research Centres Partnerships
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf ;f´]bf/L partnership
k|sfzg u[x Publishing House PH
/fhgLlts ;d"x Political Wings PW
;g\ @))% b]lv ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f cg';Gwfg sf]ifsf] pkl:yltn] ubf{ g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfgsf] ;ª\Vof w]/}
b]lvPsf] xf] . sf]ifn] ;fdflhs ¿kdf alxis[t ;d"xdfly j}1flgs cg';GwfgnfO{ k|]l/t u5{ . o;n] blntsf nflu 5gf]6
u/]sf zf]w ljifo oL x'g\M$!
$! x]g'{xf];\ M http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/procedure-guideline-detail-2.html
– blnt;Fu cGthf{tLo ljjfxsf nflu k|f]T;fxg

– 5'jf5"t / hftLo >]0fLa4tfaf/] blnt / u}/blntsf ljrf/ / Jojxf/
– blnt / klxrfg d'2f M blntx¿aLr hftLo ultzLntf
– e"ld / blnt clwsf/
– blnt ;dfhdf wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts k|lqmofx¿
cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb|kl5 blnt Pglhcf]x¿ blntdfly a9L n]Vg]df k5{g\, hf] ck]lIft klg 5 . cGo Pglhcf]
blnt;DaGwL 1fg pTkfbgdf t];|f] 7"nf] of]ubfgstf{ x'g\ . /]vflrqn] ;/sf/n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf blntdfly sd n]vg
u/]sf] b]vfpF5 . tyflk, of] gd'gf tYofª\ssf] csf{] ;Ldf xf] . ;/sf/n] n]vgnufot yk sfd ug{' h?/L 5 . oL ;Ldf
ljBdfg eP klg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|fl1s ;d'bfosf] n]vg /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / ljsf;] ;+;f/
sf] n]vgeGbf k5fl8 5g\ . kl/df0fdf dfq} hf]8 lbg' plrt geP klg k|fl1s ;+;f/n] pTkfbg u/]sf] n]vgsf] Go"g kl/df0fn]
blntk|lt ljBfyL{ / k|f1x¿sf] cle?lrsf] dfqfnfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . o;n] blntk|lt ;dfhzf:qLx¿sf] pk]Iff / g]kfnsf]
;dfhzf:qd} uDeL/ bf]if /x]sf] r}tGo ld>sf] cjnf]sgnfO{ g} k'gk{'li6 u5{ -ld> ;g\ @))%M !!&_ .
ca oxfF JolQmut?kdf x]g{] qmddf n]vgx¿sf] k[i7e"ldsf] ljZn]if0f k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . @!@ ;fdu|Lsf] /fli6«otf
klxNofpg ;lsG5 . tLdWo] g]kfnL n]vsn] n]v]sf !&% ;fdu|LnfO{ blnt / u}/blnt n]vsnfO{ yk juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .
blntsf ljifodf n]Vg] u}/g]kfnLeGbf g]kfnL n]vs w]/} 5g\, hf] ck]lIft 5 . -/]vflrq $ x]gx'{ f];_\ g]kfnL n]vsdf blnt /
u}/blnt n]vs sl/a a/fa/ 5g\ . blnt n]vs *^ hgf 5g\ eg] u}/blnt n]vs *( 5g\ . o;n] z}lIfs cj;/ w]/} kfPsf
u}/blntn] blntdfly blntn] eGbf a9L n]vs ] f 5g\ eGg] cg'dfgsf] v08g u5{ . blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ z'?df
u}/blntn] blntaf/] n]vs
] f lyP eg] clxn] blntx¿n] Tof] 7fpF lng yfn]sf] ;sf/fTds ;ª\st] b]lvG5 -x]gx'{ f];\ /]vflrq %_ .
/]vflrq $ M n]vsx?sf] /fli6«o klxrfg
180
155
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20 18 19
20
0
g]k fnL k'?if g]k fnL dlxnf u}/g]k fnL k'?if u}/g]k fnL dlxnf
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @!@ .

lg/fzfhgs s'/f s] 5 eg] g]kfnL, u}/g]kfnL, blnt, u}/blnt n]vsdf dlxnf n]vs c;fWo} yf]/} 5g\ . blnt dlxnfeGbf
u}/blnt dlxnf tLg u'0ff a9L n]V5g\ . n]vsx¿sf] k[i7e"ldsf] n}lª\us ljZn]if0fn] w]/} dlxnf n]vs gx'Fbf cfpg]
n}lª\us b[li6sf]0fsf] v8]/Llt/ ;ª\s]t u5{ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ n}lª\us ljifodfly n]lvPsf 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] n]vgdf k|o'Qm
b[li6sf]0fdf k|Zg ug{ afWo kf5{ . o;nfO{ pk;d"x v08df 5nkmn ul/g]5 -x]g{'xf];\ /]vflrq %_ .
/]vflrq % M g]kfnL n]vsx?sf] n}lª\us ljZn]if0f
90 81
80 74
70
60
50
40
30
20 15
10 5
0
blnt k'?if blnt dlxnf u}/blnt k'?if u}/blnt dlxnf
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof !&% .
ljifoj:t' ljZn]if0f
@^& ;fdu|Lsf] gd'gf tYofª\snfO{ ljleGg ljifoj:t'df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf @ n] x/]s ljifoj:t'sf] ;ª\lIfKt
ljj/0f k|:t't u5{ .$@
$@ blnt;Fu ;DalGwt s'g ljifodf a9L cg';Gwfg ug{'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ;g\ @)!!, gf]e]Da/df wg'iff / ;Kt/Ldf cfof]lht o'jf k/fdz{ e]nfdf k|fKt
ePsf ;'emfj;DaGwL cWoogsf nflu x]g{'xf];\ cg';"rL–$
tflnsf @ M ljifoj:t'sf] ljj/0f

ljifoj:t' s] ;dflji6 5 <
t'ngfTds If]qLo t'ngf, ljZjJofkL b[li6sf]0f
hg;flª\VosLo hg;ª\Vof / hgu0fgf
ljsf; ljsf;;DaGwL
cy{zf:q >d, n3'ljQ, hftLo k];f, hldg, ul/aL
lzIff z}lIfs cj:yf, kx'Fr
lnª\u ;dfj]zLs/0f, hftLo k];f, l:ylt, :jf:Yo
Oltxf; P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld
dfgjclwsf/ clwsf/;DaGwL
klxrfg blnt klxrfgsf] af]w, hl6ntf, klxrfgsf] /fhgLlt
cGtb{lnt cGtb{lnt lje]b, t'ngfTds cWoog
sfg'g lgod, Gofofnosf] e"ldsf, d'n'sL P]g
ldl8of ldl8of;DaGwL
k|fs[lts ;+;fwg ;fd'bflos jg, kof{j/0f, k|fs[lts ;+;fwg
JolQmTj blnt g]tf / JolQmTj
/fhgLlts If]qdf ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf alxis/0f, zf;g, ;+ljwfg;ef, ;ª\3Lotf, gful/stf,
/fhgLlt
/fhgLlts cfGbf]ng
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] km/flsnf] af]w
;fdflhs lje]b, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs cEof;, 5'jf5"t, hftLo k];f, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ljifo
;fdfGo 36gf cWoog, l:ylt ljZn]if0f
/]vflrq ^ M ljifoj:t'
/fhgLlt 25 %
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f 15 %
cy{zf:q 10 %
lnª\u 8%
ljsf; 8%
klxrfg 5%
dfgjclwsf/ 5%
;fdfGo 5%
ldl8of 4%
sfg'g 3%
lzIff 3%
cGt{blnt 2%
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f 1%
JolQmTj 1%
k|fs[lts ;+;fwg 1%
Oltxf; 1%
hg;f+lª\VosLo 1%
t'ngfTds 1%
0%
% 10%
% 20%
% %
30%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @^& . -dfly lbOPsf ljifo n]vsx¿n] hf]8 lbPsf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t 5g\_
dflysf] /]vflrq ^ n] blnt cWoogsf] ljifoj:t'ut k|j[lQ b]vfpF5 . ;dfj]z ul/Psf @% k|ltzt ;fdu|Ldf /fhgLlt
;a}eGbf nf]slk|o ljifo ag]sf] 5 . To;kl5 ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljifo cfpF5g\, h;df qmdzM !% k|ltzt / !)
k|ltzt ;fdu|L 5g\ . g]kfnL blntsf] l:yltnfO{ ;+;f/sf c¿ efusf blntsf l:ylt;Fu t'ngf u/]/ yf]/} cWoog ePsf
5g\ . To;}u/L, hg;ª\Vof, Oltxf;, cGtb{lnt lje]b, k|fs[lts ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg, JolQmTj / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf
cWoogsf] cj;/ / cfjZostf 5 . t/, h;/L juL{s/0f ubf{ klg dflysf ljifox¿ Ps–csf{df vlK6Psf 5g\, cnUofP/
cWoog ug{ / ljefhg ug{ ufx|f] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, lzIffdf ePsf ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ;fdflhsdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsGYof] .
oBlk, o;nfO{ leGg} /flvPsf] 5 . n]vsn] o; ljifonfO{ c¿ Jofks ljifonfO{ eGbf km/s 9ª\un] Jojxf/ u/]sf 5g\
eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg o;f] ul/Psf] xf] . dflysf ljifoj:t' d"ntM ljsf;] ljdz{;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ . o;sf] ;§f, ltgLx¿
blnt cfGbf]ng / /fhgLlts ljrf/df cfwfl/t eP/ df}lns 9ª\un] juL{s/0f x'g'kYof{] eGg] ts{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 .$#
oxfF klxnf] k4ltsf ?kdf ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/dfly s]lGb|t juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] k4ltsf] ?kdf blnt cfGbf]ng
/ /fhgLlts ljrf/df cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/df klg juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, h;/L ;fdu|L juL{s/0f ubf{ klg
Wofg lbg nfossf] kIf xf], ljifoj:t' 5gf}6df n]vsnfO{ ljsf;] b[li6sf]0faf6 sfkmL k|efljt x'g] tYo . ljsf;] ;+:yfsf
?lraf6 lgb{]lzt eP/ 5gf}6 ul/g] ljifodf n]vs klg ljsf;] kl/k|]Io / Ph]G8faf6 k|efljt gx'g] s'/f ePg .
/fhgLltleq $# k|ltzt ;fdu|L ;dfj]zLs/0faf/] 5g\ . oxfF ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;+ljwfg;ef, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof / /fHo
tyf :yfgLo zf;gdf blnt ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fkl5 ;ª\3Lotf -!( k|ltzt_ / ;sf/fTds sf/afxL
-!# k|ltzt_ cfpF5g\ -x]g{xf];\ /]vflrq &_ .
/]vflrq & M pkljifo ljZn]if0f M /fhgLlt
;dfj]zLs/0f 43 %
;ª\3Lotf 19 %
;sf/fTds sf/afxL 13 %
gful/stf 6%
gLltlgod lgdf{0f 6%
/fhgLlts cfGbf]ng 6%
ljsf; 3%
;fdfGo 3%
0%
% 10%
% 20%% 30%
% 40%
% 50%
%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof ^# .
$# 8f= s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg;Fu s'/fsfgL

;fdflhs ljifoleq ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o pkljifo lje]b / ;fdflhs cEof; -b'j} @# k|ltzt_ / ;fdfGo cWoog x'g\ .
cEof;n] blntleqsf ljleGg ;d"xn] cg';/0f ug{] ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts cEof;;DaGwL n]vgnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;fdfGo
eGgfn] blntsf] ;fdflhs cj:yfaf/] n]lvPsf ljj/0ffTds n]vg eGg] a'lemG5 -x]g{'xf];\ /]vflrq *_ .
/]vflrq * M pkljifo ljZn]if0f M ;fdflhs
lje]b\ 23 %
;fdflhs cEof; 23 %
;fdfGo 17 %
5'jf5""t 14 %
hftLo cWoog 10 %
k];f 5%
;dfj]zLs/0f 5%
;fdflhs cfGbf]ng 3%
0%
% 5%
% 10%
% 15%
% 20%
% 25%
%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof $) .
cfly{s ljifoleq #( k|ltzt ;fdu|L hftLo k];f;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ eg] @! k|ltzt >d;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . >dleq kg{]
zLif{sdf >dsf k|j[lQ / ljleGg cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s >d Joj:yfsf j0f{g 5g\ . @! k|ltzt n]vg blnt /
e"ldxLgtf jf e"ld ljefhgsf] Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ -x]g{'xf];\ /]vflrq (_ .
/]vflrq ( M pkljifo ljZn]if0f M cfly{s
k];f 39 %
dhb'/ L 22 %
e"ld;DaGwL clwsf/ 21 %
ul/aL 11 %
n3' ljQLo ;+:yf 7%
0%
% 10%
% 20%
% 30%
% 40%
% 50%
%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @* .

/fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljifocGtu{t s'grflxF pkljifo ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o /x]5g\ eGg] tYo oxfF b]lvof] . o;
ljZn]if0fnfO{ cem /f]rs agfpg] xf] eg] tL pkljifo …lsg nf]slk|o 5g\Ú eGg] k|Zg p7fpg ;lsG5 . o; k|Zgn] blnt
;d:of / cj:yfk|lt n]vsx¿sf] dfgl;stf / ;}4flGts b[li6sf]0fnfO{ phfu/ u5{ . oxL …lsgÚsf] lj:t[t pQ/ efjL
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf vf]Hg ;lsG5 .
pk;d"x ljZn]if0f
@^& dWo] %* ;fdu|L blnt ;d'bfoleqsf] Ps pk;d"xdf s]lGb|t tflnsf # M pk;d"x
5g\ . tflnsf $ n] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ljleGg pk;d"xdf ljefhg
u/]sf] 5 . %* ;fdu|LdWo] dw]zL blntdfly @# n]vg 5g\ eg] kxf8L pk;d"x ;|f]tsf] ;ª\Vof
blntdfly !@ n]vg 5g\ . o; cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5, ;g\ @))) dw]zL blnt @#
kl5 kxf8L blnteGbf dw]zL blntdfly w]/} n]lvPsf] 5 . /, dw]zL kxf8L blnt !@
blnteGbf kxf8L blntdfly w]/} n]lvPsf] eGg] cfd dfGotfsf] o'jf / afnaRrf $
v08g u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ n]vs / cg';Gwfgstf{x¿df kxf8L lnª\u @@
blntdf eGbf a];L cfsif{0f dw]zL blntdf 5 . of] P]ltxfl;s k|j[lQ >d Joj:yf -xnL, xlnof_ @
;a}sf] dgdl:tisdf cª\lst x'g' h?/L 5 . x'g t o; cWoogsf
nflu ;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|L d"ntM ;g\ @))) / To;eGbf kl5sf /rgf x'g\ . ;g\ @))) kl5 dw]zL blntaf/] cWoog
ul/Psf ;fdu|L w]/} x'g'sf] sf/0f ;fob ;g\ ;g\ @))) sf] rdf/ cfGbf]ng / ;g\ @))& df ePsf] dw]z cfGbf]ng x'g
;S5 . h]xf];\, rdf/ cfGbf]ng / dw]z cfGbf]ngkl5 xfn}sf jif{df dw]zL blnt;DaGwL n]vgdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
blnt n]vgsf] s'/f ubf{ If]qLo kIf dfq} xf]Og, lnª\uLo kIf klg x]g{' h?/L 5 . lsgeg], blnt ;d'bfoleq cfd?kdf n}lª\us
;jfn / dlxnfsf d'2f;DaGwL n]vg klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . ;fob of] n}lª\us cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|jw{g ug{] ljsf;] x:tIf]k / gf/LjfbL
nx/sf] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd xf] . n}lª\us d'2fleqsf zLif{sx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;dfhsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts
If]qdf dlxnfsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f / blnt dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ nf]slk|o ljifo ePsf] yfxf kfOG5 -x]gx'{ f];\ /]vflrq !)_ .
/]vflrq !) M pkljifo ljZn]if0f M n}lª\us ;+/rgf;DaGwL
;dfj]zLs/0f 23 %
dfgj clwsf/ 23 %
;fdfGo 13 %
cfly{s 8%
;fdflhs–cfly{s 8%
lje]b\ 5%
lzIff 5%
sfg'g 5%
k|s[lts ;|f]t 5%
:jf:Yo 5%
0%
% 5%
% 10%
% 15%
% 20%
% 25%
%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @@ .

dw]zL blntleq klg uxg juL{s/0f u/L x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L n]vg d';x/ ;d'bfo -$% k|ltzt_ dfly ePsf] b]vfpF5 . ef/
tdf d';x/ ;d'bfoaf/] w]/} n]lvg] ePsfn] klg g]kfnsf d';x/ ;d'bfolt/ klg n]vsx¿sf] a];L Wofg uPsf] x'g ;S5 .
d'x;/kl5 w]/} n]lvPsf] ;d'bfosf] ?kdf cfpF5, rdf/ ;d'bfo -!& k|ltzt_ . o;sf] sf/0f l;gf] km\ofFSg] sfd alxisf/
ug{] d'2fdf ePsf] rdf/ cfGbf]ng x'g ;S5 .
/]vflrq !! M dw];L blnt
d';x/ 43 %
dw]zL blnt 23 %
rdf/ 17 %
8f]d 9%
kTy/s§f 4%
xnvf]/ 4%
0%
% 10%
% 20%
% 30%
% 40%
% 50%%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof @# .
To;f] t ;a} @# n]vgnfO{ dw]zL blntsf ljleGg ;d"xsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsGg . tLdWo] @& k|ltzt n]vgn]
Jofks ljifo / ;d"x;Fu ;DaGw /fV5g\ . dw]zL blntleqsf ljlzi6 pk;d"xx¿nfO{ dfq} /]vflrq !! df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
To;}u/L, kxf8L blntdf ;fsL{ / bdfO{dfly ;a}eGbf w]/} n]lvPsf 5g\ -x]g{'xf];\ /]vflrq !@_ .
/]vflrq !@ M kxf8] blnt
;fsL{ 33 %
uGwj{ 22 %
afbL 22 %
bdfO{ 11 %
sfdL 11 %
0%
% 10%
% 20%
% 30%% 40%
%
;dfj]z ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof ( .

dw]zL of kxf8L blntdf pk;d"xsf] cg'kl:yltn] af}l4s ljdz{df pk;d"xsf] alxis/0f} xf] eGg] cy{ /fVb}g . a?,
o;nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ c¿sf t'ngfdf lglZrt pk;d"xaf/] w]/} n]lvPsf /x]5g\ eGg] Vofn ug{' plrt x'G5 . o:tf] 5gf}6
ug{] Jojxf/df cGtlg{lxt sf/0faf/] yk cWoog cfjZos 5 .
pk;d"xx¿sf] juL{s/0fn] lrq0f u/]sf] k|j[lQn] s'g ef}uf]lns If]qn] a9L Wofg kfpg] u/]sf] ;ª\s]t s]xL xb;Dd u5{ .
lsgeg], pk;d"xx¿ b]zsf vf; ef}uf]lns If]qdf cjl:yt 5g\ . %& dWo] @@ n]vgsf] cg';Gwfg of cWoog If]q
k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]q xf] . hghftLo If]q;DaGwL cWoogsf] s]Gb| dw]zL ePsf] 5 . ;Kt/L / To;kl5 l;/fxf ;a}eGbf w]/}
n]vg ul/Psf lhNnf x'g\ .
tflnsf $ M zf]w cjl:ylt
blnt hg;ª\Vof k"jf{~rn, dWo tyf ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ljsf;
If]qdf s]lGb|t 5 . To;}n], ljsf;] of]hgfsf ;a} kIfdf a]jf:tf ljsf; If]q ;|f]tsf] ;ª\Vof
ul/Psf dWo tyf ;'b"/klZrdf~rnn] zf]wstf{x¿sf] klg k"jf{~rn @@
;fk]lIfs¿kdf Go"g Wofg k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . dWodf~rn ljsf; dWodf~rn !%
If]qdf a:g] blntdfly ePsf cg';Gwfg ;fk]lIfs?kdf pRr klZrdf~rn !%
;ª\Vofsf b'O{ sf/0f x'g ;S5g\ . klxnf], g]jf/ blntk|lt w]/} rf;f] dWoklZrdf~rn $
x'g' . bf];|f], dw]zsf] hftLo lx;fan] lglb{i6 If]q dWodf~rn ;'b"/klZrdf~rn !
ljsf; If]qdf kg{' . hDdf %&
lgisif{
blnt n]vgn] nfdf] ofqf / w]/} r'gf}tL ;fdgf u/]sf] 5 . cfh h]hlt blnt n]vg 5, Tof] blnt cfGbf]ngsf] k|flKt xf] .
oBlk, blnt n]vg lzz' cj:yfd} 5 . o:tf] n]vgsf] Jofks lj:tf/ / ;3gtfsf] cefj v6\lsg] vfnsf] 5 . n]vgdf
kl/jt{g blnt klxrfgsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g / blnt cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;;Fu ;dfgfGt/ uO/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o /fhgLltdf
ePsf] kl/jt{gaf6 klg blnt;DaGwL n]vg k|efljt ePsf] 5, /f0ffzf;g xf];\, ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] z'?cft xf];\ of
u0ftGqsf] k|f/De .
hftLo e]befj / 5'jf5"tnfO{ ;+j}wflgs / sfg'gL¿kdf ;+lxtfa4 ul/Pkl5 / cEof;sf nflu cg'dlt lbOPkl5 ;fd"lxs
/fhgLlts klxrfgsf ¿kdf blnt klxrfg l;lh{t ePsf] lyof] . /f0ffzf;g / k~rfotsfndf cleJolQm :jtGqtfdf s8f
k|ltaGw eP klg hftLo e]befjlj/f]wL n]vgn] g]kfnL ;flxTodf :yfg kfof] . o; n]vgsf] cu'jfO hftLo Joj:yfn]
u/]sf cGofosf lj/f]wL u}/blntx¿n] u/] . ltgsf n]vgdf blntnfO{ kLl8tsf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] lyof] . /, pgLx¿sf
;d:ofnfO{ hftLo e]befjsf] ljzfntd ;d:ofsf] lx:;fsf] ¿kdf x]l/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ !($) sf] bzsdf blnt cfjfh
p7]sf] lyof] . blntx¿nfO{ ;flxTodf k|:t't ug{] z}nLdf Jofks kl/jt{g b]Vg ;lsG5 . blntk|lt ;xfg'e"lt / bof
cleJoQm ug{] z}nLaf6 blnt n]vgdf zlQmzfnL kl/jt{g eof] . casf] blnt n]vgdf blnt kfqx¿ stf{ ePsf 5g\ /
pgLx¿ clwsf/sf] dfu ug{] ePsf 5g\ . bofsf] kfqaf6 clwsf/ dfu ug{] gful/sdf ePsf] of] kl/jt{g blnt n]vgdf
k|d'v k|j[lQ xf] . ;flxTodf dfq xf]Og, 1fg pTkfbgsf c¿ If]qdf klg oxL k|j[lQ b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 .
ef/tLo :jtGqtf ;ª\u|fdn] ult lnO/x]sf] ;dolt/ g]kfnL blntx¿n] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng z'? u/] . blnt clwsf/sdL{
cufl8 cfP/ cfˆgf] ;d'bfonfO{ ;ª\ul7t u/]kl5 blnt;DaGwL /fhgLlts n]vg z'? eof] . /fhgLlts n]vg / ;flxTon]
Ps–csf{nfO{ kf];]sf lyP . b'j} If]qsf n]vg blntsf] cj:yfaf/] hgr]tgf hufpg / blnt d'lQmsf nflu ;ª\ul7t x'g'kg{]
cfjZostfdfly s]lGb|t lyP . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzssf] z'?lt/ lzz' cj:yfdf ePsf] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{n] blntsf si6nfO{
;b'kof]u u¥of] / blnt;DaGwL n]vgnfO{ lgs} xb;Dd k|efljt kf¥of] . o:tf n]vgn] blntnfO{ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] lx:;fsf
¿kdf lnP / blnt d'lQmsf nflu ju{–;ª\3if{nfO{ Ps dfq ljsNk 7fg] . of] b[li6sf]0f ;flxTo / blnt cfGbf]ngnfO{ g]t[Tj
of ;dy{g ug{] ;fdflhs /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gn] u/]sf blnt;DaGwL n]vgdf xfaL eof] . oBlk, /fhgLlts ;ª\u7gdf
cfa4 blnt clwsf/sdL{sf n]vg klg k|rf/;fdu|Lh:tf lyP . ;fdflhs /fhgLlts n]vgleqsf] s]Gb|Lo k|j[lQ s] xf]
eg] k|f/lDes clwsf/sdL{n] ;x'lnot / s[kfsf nflu cg'/f]w u/]sf lyP, t/ cfh pgLx¿ clwsf/sf] dfu ul//x]sf
5g\ . sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg xf];\ of blnt cfof]u lgdf{0f xf];\, of ;ª\3Lo g]kfndf ljz]if clwsf/, pgLx¿ o:tf clwsf/ dfu
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
sDo'lg:6x¿sf] ju{–;ª\3if{sf] ljrf/af6 6f9f /x]sf n]vg k|fl1s ;d'bfo / ljsf;] ;+;f/af6 ul/Psf lyP . blnt;DaGwL
k|fl1s cWoog ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf z'? eof] . of] ;dfhzf:qLo, hftLo cWoogLo b[li6sf]0faf6 z'? eof], h;n]
blntsf] hLjg, ;+:s[lt;Fu} cGo ;d'bfo;Fu blntsf] ;DaGwaf/] tLI0f 9ª\un] lg/LIf0f u/] . kl/jlt{t /fhgLlts tyf
;fdflhs kl/b[Zo;Fu} k|fl1s cle?lr klg ;dfhzf:q / hftLo cWoogsf cl3Nnf b[li6sf]0faf6 dfgljsLzf:qleqsf
cy{zf:qh:tf c¿ zfvflt/ ;/]sf] 5 clg lzIff / ;zQmLs/0fh:tf ljsf;;DaGwL ljifo;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . xfn k|fl1s
?lr blntkgf lgdf{0fsf] g]kYodf /x]sf] /fhgLltlt/ ;/]sf] 5 . e"ld clwsf/, blnt klxrfg, ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f,
;dfg'kflts tyf ljz]if clwsf/;Fu} ;a} ;/sf/L ;+:yfdf @) k|ltzt k|ltlglwTjh:tf ;ª\3Lotfsf d"t{ dfuaf/] gjLgtd
cWoogx¿sf sf/0f o;f] ePsf] xf] .$$ ;dfhzf:qaf6 /fhgLltzf:qdf, cle?lrsf If]qx¿df ePsf] of] qmlds kl/jt{g
lgtfGt :jfefljs b]lvG5 . ;d'bfonfO{ ;a}eGbf klxn] cfGtl/s¿kdf / c¿sf ;Gbe{df a'em\g' h?/L 5 . o; af]wn]
jl~rltsf] cj:yfnfO{ phfu/ u¥of], h;n] ljsf; If]qsf k|efjx¿;Fu} jl~rlt / lje]bsf sf/0fsf] vf]hLdf 8f]¥ofof] .
$$ clk|n @&, @)!@ df blnt gful/s ;dfhåf/f ;'? ul/Psf] blnt–d}qL ;+ljwfgsf nflu va/bf/L cleofgdf afFl8Psf] krf{ .
cGttM, vf;u/L cNk;ª\Vossf clwsf/af/] /fhgLlts r]tgf clej[l4 / ;ª\3Lotfdfkm{t /fHo / ;Qfdf bfaL;Fu} blnt
klxrfg / ;ª\3Lo /fHodf blntsf] :yfg;DaGwL k|fl1s n]vgsf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
To;}u/L, ljsf;] ;+;f/sf ;fdflhs / cfly{s sNof0fdfly s]lGb|t n]vgn] klg clwsf/df cfwfl/t k4lt cFufn] .
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d'2f ;g\ @))) sf] bzsdf ljsf;] If]qdf klg cg';Gwfgsf] cle?lr aGof] . o;n] b]vfpF5, k|f/lDes
ljsf;] x:tIf]kx¿ blntk|lt ;xfg'e"lt /fVy] eg] clxn]sf x:tIf]kn] eg] blnt ;d'bfonfO{ ;+/rgfTds?kd} c;dfg
Jojxf/ ul/Psf gful/ssf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
tyfslyt /fHosf] rf}yf] cª\u ldl8ofsf] k|j[lQn] eg] blntaf/] sd ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePsf] / blnt kqsf/ klg yf]/}
ePsf] tYo b]vfpF5 . blnt d'2fdfly l56k'6 ;dfrf/ k|sflzt eP klg ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] dWolt/ dfq} blntsf
;dfrf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg kfpg yfn] . oBlk, ;g\ !(() sf] bzssf] z'?lt/ x'g] blntsf ;dfrf/ …se/]hÚsf t'ngfdf
blntsf d'2fdf n]lvPsf ;dfrf/, j}rfl/s n]v / ;DkfbsLosf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . t/, logsf] ;ª\Vofdf c´}
klg j[l4 x'g'kg{] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . cem, :t/sf lx;fan] blnt n]vgn] nfdf] ofqf ug{} afFsL 5 . blnt kqsf/x¿sf]
ts{ 5 M 5fkf dfWodn] blntlj?4 x'g] lx+;f / lje]bsf 36gfnfO{ dfq} :yfg lbG5 . To:tf 36gfsf d"n sf/0fx¿sf] ulx/f]
ljZn]if0f ldl8ofdf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
ldl8ofsf] Wofg hfg}kg{] ljifo xf], ;do / ;Gbe{cg';f/ ul/g] lje]b . ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} lje]b / pTkL8g 36]sf] klg
5, gofFgofF tl/sf ljsf; klg ePsf] 5 . s'g} ;do / ;Gbe{df lje]b gug{] clg s'g} ;do / ;Gbe{df lje]b ug{] tl/sf
cWoogof]Uo 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, Ps u}/blntn] blntx¿nfO{ c:ktfnsf sfd ubf{ lje]b gug]{, t/ ufpFa:tLdf eg]
lje]b g} ug{] rng 5 . o; cy{df lje]bsf cgf}krfl/s lgod / Jojxf/sf] km}lnFbf] k|s[lt, blnt d'lQmnlIft gLlt / ljsf;]
x:tIf]ksf] d"Nofª\sg tyf gful/s ;dfh;Fu} /fhgLltsf blnt g]tfsf sfdsf/afxLaf/] klg ulx/f] ljZn]if0f h?/L 5 .
kqsfl/tfsf ;a} txdf blntsf] ;ª\Vof a9fpg' cfwf/e"t r'gf}tL t xf] g} .
kl/df0ffTds ;dLIffn] blnt cWoogsf] If]qdf s] ul/Psf 5g\ / s] ul/Psf 5}gg\ eGg]af/] cGtb[{li6 k|bfg u/] klg vf]hx¿
eg] cWoogsf afWotj/k/} ;Ldfa4 5g\ . blnt;DaGwL snf / ;flxTo, ;/sf/L b:tfj]h / k|ltj]bgx¿Ù d'VotM g]kfnL
n]vgx¿ ;d]l6Psf ljzfntd gd'gfsf] cWoogn] o; ;dLIffnfO{ ;d[4 agfpg ;SYof] .
g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfo /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s Gofosf nflu lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{df /x]sfn] oL If]qdf w]/} cWoog
x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . /fhgLlts d'2fx¿dWo] /fhgLltdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|Zg / zf;g k|wfg?kdf p7]sf 5g\ . ;fdflhs
d'2fdWo] blntx¿sf] ;fdflhs cfGbf]ng;DaGwL n]vgsf] t'ngfdf lje]b / blnt ;d'bfosf ;fdflhs cEof;;DaGwL
n]vg a9L dfqfdf 5 . cGTodf, cfly{s d'2fleq hftLo k];faf/] k|z:t n]lvPsf 5g\ . o;n] ;dfj]zLs/0f, lje]b /
hftLo k];f g} g]kfnL blnt ;d'bfoaf/] n]Vg] JolQm / ;+:yfsf nflu cle?lrk"0f{ of pRr dxŒjsf ljifo ePsf] ;ª\s]t
u5{ . /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs d'2fkl5 ljsf;, n}lª\us ;jfn, dfgjclwsf/ / klxrfgh:tf If]qdf a9L n]lvPsf
5g\ . ;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;sf sf/0f eljiodf blnt klxrfgdfly a9L hf]8 lbOg] ;Defjgf 5 .
gd'gf tYofª\sn] hg;ª\Vof, lzIff, Oltxf;, cGtb{lnt ;DaGw / lje]b, sfg'gL ljifo, ldl8of, blnt / k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf]
Joj:yfkg tyf ;fd'bflos / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] blnt JolQmTjh:tf If]qdf ;Lldt n]vg
ePsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] kl/k|]Iodf blnt ljdz{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg oL ljifodf cg';Gwfg clgjfo{ 5 .
…s] 1fg pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5Ú eGg] k|Zgaf6 …g]kfnL blntaf/] s;n] 1fg pTkfbg ul//x]sf] 5Ú eGg] ;jfn;Dd k'Ubf
;dLIffn] cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿n], vf;u/L cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿n] cu'jfO ul//x]sf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . blntdfly
cWoog j[l4 ug{] dfldnfdf g]kfnL k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿ cfˆgf cGt/f{li6«o ;dsIfLsf t'ngfdf k5fl8 kg'{ lg/fzfhgs k|j[lQ
xf] . ljZjljBfnosf kf7\oqmddf blnt cWoognfO{ ;dfj]z u/]/, ljZjljBfnosf x/]s ljefudf blnt k|f1x¿sf]
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt u/]/ o; l:yltnfO{ lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .$%
$% g]kfndf blnt cWoogsf] ;dLIffdfly ljdz{ . 8f= s[i0faxfb'/ e§rgsf] l6Kk0fL . clk|n !@, ;g\ @)!! .
n]vsx¿sf] k[i7e"ld x]bf{ @!# n]vsdWo] #( hgf dlxnf b]lvG5g\ . cfd dlxnfsf], vf;u/L blnt dlxnfsf] z}lIfs
:t/ Go"g 5 . To;}n], dlxnf cfjfhk|lt ;Ddfghgs blnt cfVofg l;h{gf ug{ cg';Gwfg / n]vgsf nflu blnt
dlxnfsf] lzIffdf nufgL ug{' clt h?/L 5 .
blnt;DaGwL 1fg pTkfbgsf] k|efj blnt d'2fdf ;r]tgf j[l4 ug{'eGbf a9L x'G5 . o;n] blnt cfVofg, pgLx¿sf]
;fd"lxs klxrfg tyf tTkZrft\ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / cfly{s Gofosf nflu pgLx¿n] ug{] dfunfO{ cfsf/ lbG5 .
cGttM blnt;DaGwL lnlvt b:tfj]hn] blnt Oltxf; lgdf{0f ug{]5 . blnt hLjgsf] clen]vLs/0f hlt ;d[4 /
Jofks x'G5, Oltxf; klg plQ g} ;d[4 x'g]5 . o; ;dLIffn] pknAw n]vgaf6 k|dfl0ft blnt cfGbf]ngsf] alnof] k|j[lQ
klxNo} b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnL blnt;DaGwL n]vgsf ljifoj:t' / zLif{sx¿ ;f+:s[lts cEof;sf] lj/f]waf6 lje]bsf/L
/fhgLlts / ;fdflhs ;+/rgf;Dd cufl8 al9;s]sf 5g\ . blnt n]vg blntnfO{ bof / ;xfg'e"ltsf kfq 7fGg] :t/af6
blntnfO{ stf{sf ¿kdf l:jsfg{] xb;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . of] n]vg s[kfsf nflu cfu|x ug{]af6 bfaL ug{] :t/df k'u]sf] 5 . blnt
;ª\3if{ k'/fgf] cfGbf]ng xf] / of] bzsf}+cl3b]lv rln/x]sf] 5 . t/, blntdfly kl/kSj n]vgx¿ ev{/ cª\s'l/t ePsf
5g\ . ts{–ljts{sf cfwf/df ljrf/–ljdz{ ug{] blnt cfjfh c´} klg slnnf] 5 .
pk;+xf/
hf];dgL ;Gtx¿b]lv jt{dfgsf n]vs, kqsf/, k|f1 / clwsf/sdL{;Ddsf] blnt n]vgsf] k|ult cjnf]sg ubf{ blnt
n]vg / blnt cfVofgn] dxŒjk"0f{ ofqf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu tL ;a} n]vsnfO{ >]o lbg' cfjZos 5, h;n]
blnt d'2fdf n]v]sf 5g\ . tL n]vgn] ;fdflhs cGofosf] e08fkmf]/ u/]sf 5g\, blnt ;+:s[ltsf] pT;j dgfPsf 5g\,
pgLx¿sf ;LknfO{ phfu/ u/]sf 5g\ / oL n]vg cfGbf]ngsf sf/0f klg ag]sf 5g\ . oL n]vgn] blnt cfVofg lgdf{0f
ug{ / o;nfO{ cfsf/ lbg of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk, blnt cfVofg cb[Zo g} /x]sf] 5 . lsgeg], blnt ;jfn ls 7"nf
;jfnsf] 5fofFdf k/]sf 5g\, ls 7"nf ;jfndf uflePsf 5g\ . hf];dgL ;Gt / k|f/lDes u}/blnt k|l;4 JolQmx¿n] hftLo
e]befjdfly n]v]sf 5g\ .
u}/blntx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf /f0ffzf;g / k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj/f]wdf ePsf cfGbf]ngdf blntx¿sf] pkl:ylt sd lyPg .
dfcf]jfbLx¿n] eGg] u/]sf] ;fdGtL Joj:yflj?4 ePsf nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngx¿n] klg blnt ;d'bfoaf6 sl6a4
;dy{s k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . k|To]sh;f] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;fy lbPsf blnt ;d'bfo dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] klg hgfwf/ lyof] .
t/, To:tf cfGbf]ng / ;ª\3if{kl5 :yflkt gofF Joj:yfaf6 klg blntx¿ ;Gt'i6 x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lsgeg], sf7df8f}+sf]
;Qfdf cfPsf s'g} klg vfnsf Joj:yflj?4 blntsf l;sfot w]/} 5g\ . jf:tjdf blntx¿sf] d'2fnfO{ s'g} klg Joj:yf
/ ;/sf/ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ x/]s k|ultzLn cfGbf]ngk|lt cfzfjfbL x'G5g\ / ;ª\3if{df xfDkmfNg]
klg u5{g\ . t/, pgLx¿sf] d'2fnfO{ s]jn blnt ;d'bfosf] ;d:ofsf ?kdf x]g{] rng tf]l8Psf] 5}g . oyfy{df blntsf d'2f
/fli6«o d'2f x'g\, lsgeg] pgLx¿sf d'2f nf]stGq, ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf;Fu hf]l8Psf 5g\ .
To;}n] blnt cfVofg b]z, k|hftGq jf ;fdflhs Gofosf nflu ;ª\3if{zLn ;j{xf/f jf ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf ljzfntd
cfVofgsf] cf8df /x]sf] 5 . lje]bnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{] n]vg tyf blnt cfGbf]ngleq / aflx/af6 hftLo lje]b ;dfKt
ug{] ;ª\3if{nfO{ ;dy{g ug{] n]vgsf] ;dLIffn] blnt cfVofgn] cfˆgf] cj:yfdf qmlds kl/jt{g xfl;n ug{ cfkm"nfO{
jl/kl/sf cfVofgx¿;Fu cg's"n agfPsf] b]vfpF5 .
blnt cfVofgn] ca cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg] ;do cfPsf] 5 . lsgeg], blnt ;xefuL ePsf k|d'v cfGbf]ngdf pkof]uL
;dfwfgx¿n] ljz]if?kn] blntsf nflu sfd ub{}gg\ . /fhgLlts t/ª\u blnt d'2feGbf cufl8 hfg] x'gfn] blnt d'2f
o;;Fu} ultzLn of ultxLg x'G5 . c¿ cfGbf]ng ls ;kmn x'G5g\, ls c;kmn . t/, blnt cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 .
o; cy{df blnt cfVofgn] sDo'lg:6 k|j[lQx¿af6 gofF r/0fdf k|j]z ug{'k5{, h'g r/0fdf o;n] hftLo lje]b / 5'jf5"tnfO{
cfdg];fdg] eP/ ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
xfn klxrfg / ;ª\3Lotfdf blntsf nflu :yfg vf]Hg] sfddf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . of] pT;fxhgs sbd xf] . o;n]
blntnfO{ ;LdfGts[t, lk5l8Psf], clt ul/a cyjf ;j{xf/fh:tf ljz]if0fsf ¿kdf xf]Og, blntsf ¿kdf s]Gb|df /fV5 .
To;}n] blnt n]vgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfn] blnt cfVofg ;xL lbzfpGd'v ePsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . tyflk, cGof]nx¿ JofKt
5g\ . lsgeg], blntsf nflu s'g gLlt pQd x'G5 eGg] k|Zgdf ePsf k|fl1s / j}1flgs cWoogdf /fhgLlts ljrf/ /
k|efj g} xfaL 5g\ . blntdfly k"jf{u|xljxLg k|fl1s cg';Gwfgsf nflu ;do / cy{ nufgL ug{' cfjZos 5 .
of]hgf lgdf{tfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 1fg pTkfbg blntsf nflu ;';"lrt gLlt agfpg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . s]xL ljifo 5g\, hf]
nf]slk|o 5g\ . /, 5fofFdf k/]sf s]xL ljifo klg 5g\ . lzIff, n]vg k|lzIf0f, k|sfzgu[x / k|];df ;Lldt kx'Frsf sf/0f blnt
n]vsx¿sf cleJolQm s'l07t ePsf 5g\ . n]vg / k|sfzgdf blntx¿sf] pRr Ifdtfn] blntdflysf] 1fg pTkfbg
;d[4 x'g]5 . o;sf nflu lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f, ljz]if cj;/ / k|sfzgsf nflu ;xof]u k|bfg ug{' cfjZos 5 . blnt 1fg
pTkfbg d"nwf/df k|j]z u/]kl5 / ;d[4 ePkl5 dfq} blnt ljdz{ k|efjsf/L gLlt th{'df ug{] tyf blnt–d}qL of]hgf lgdf{0f
/ zf;gsf nflu jftfj/0f agfpg] txdf k'Ug]5 .
cg';"rL
cg';"rL– !
;flxTodf blnt ;|i6f
cd[t kl/of/ lblnk kl/of/ lji0f' lj=s=
c+hgf laz+v] lbk]G› /;fOnL ljqmd g]kfnL
ch'{g ljZjsdf{ b]j]G› ;St]g afz' ljZjsdf{
cfx'lt -ljZjeQm b'nfn_ bnjL/ a/fOnL eutl;+x lj=s=
pld{nf ljZjsdf{ bfgaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ Dff]ltnfn g]kfnL
Pr=aL=/dt]n wgs'df/L ;'gf/ ld7fOb]jL ljZjsdf{
s[i0f kl/of/ w|'j kl/of/ dfgs'df/L g]kfnL
ls/0f bgf{n w|'j;To dgf]x/nfn g]kfnL
ls;fg k|]dL wgaxfb'/ g]kfnL of]udfof bhL{
s[i0f a/fnL g/l;+x ljZjsdf{ /0f]G› a/fnL
sdn lj=s= g/axfb'/ ;'gf/ /fdz/0f bgf{n
sdnf x]dr'/L Gff/fo0f /0fkfn /ljdfg ndh]n
v]d g]kfnL kbd ;'Gbf; /fdaxfb'/ g]kfnL
Vofd' ufpFn] ljZjsdf{ k|]/0ff ljZjsdf{ /ljg kl/of/
u+uf ljZjsdf{ kbdnfn ljZjsdf{ /fhs'df/ au/
ufpFn] ;fO+{nf] k|sfz bgf{n /fh]G› pk/sf]6L
8anaxfb'/ lj=s= k~rs'df/L kl/of/ /fds'df/L lj=s=
l8NnL/fd ljZjsdf{ k"0f{ g]kfnL c+s'/ /Tg lj=s=
8L=aL=g]kfnL k"0f{k|sfz ljZjsdf{ ?›axfb'/
rqmdfg ljZjsdf{ k|1f ;Gtf]ifL /fd a;'
rG›ljGb' k|]d lj=s]= /];axfb'/ lj=s]=
lrq l;sf? k|]/0ff ljZjsdf{ /fds[i0f b]pnf
5ljnfn ljZjsdf{ kljqf ;'gf/ nIdL /;fOnL
5qaxfb'/ g]kfnL k|sfz a/fOnL nf]sbz{g ljZjsdf{
hjfx/ /f]sf ljgf]b kxf8L nf]saxfb'/ a;]n
lht' uf}td lademgf ljZjsdf{ Zfd;]/ uxt/fh
hgfb{g ljof]uL afa'/fd ljZjsdf{ ;+uLtf g]kfnL
hª\uaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ afa'/fd Kof;L zf]ef b'nfn
ho/fd ;'Gbf; lj=s]= /flz ;f]d ljZjsdf{
emns ;'gf/ lj=s]=;]js ;/f]h lbn'
l6=cf/=ljZjsdf{ aL=cf/=Kof;L ;l/tf kl/of/
l6sf/fd /;fOnL anaxfb'/ bhL{ ;'Gb/ ltvqL
8Da/ kxf8L an ;'Gbf; ;fg'efO ljZjsdf{
l8saxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ jL/ l;+x lx/f ljZjsdf{
tg'hf 3n] aL=Pg=a]uf/L 1fg]G› ubfn
cg';"rL – @
;g\ @))$, @))% / @))* df k|d'v b}lgs cvaf/df k|sflzt blnt;DaGwL ;dfrf/, ljrf/–n]v /
;DkfbsLo -ljZjsdf{, k|sfzf]Gd'vM #), #^, #(_
klqsfsf] gfd s'n ;dfrf/ s'n ljrf/ n]v s'n ;DkfbsLo hDdf
sflGtk'/ !@!) ^* % !@*#
uf]/vfkq !!!# ^% !$ !!(@
cGgk"0f{ kf]:6 (%# &@ !^ !)$!
g]kfn ;dfrf/kq &*@ %) # *#%
/fhwfgL *)$ %% !) *^(
lxdfno 6fOD; *@( #^ !% **)
b lxdfnog 6fOD; -cª\u|]hL_ @@! $ # @@*
b /fOlhª g]kfn -cª\u|]hL_ !$) % ( !%$
b sf7dfG8' kf]:6 -cª\u|]hL_ !$* ( $ !^!
gful/s b}lgs @)# @) ! @@$
gofF klqsf @@# @$ # @%)
l/klAnsf -cª\u|]hL_ ^& $ ) &!
hDdf ^^(# $!@ *# &!**
;|f]tM h]Pd;L ;g\ @))$, @))%, @))*
cg';"rL– #
blnt / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0faf/] ljleGg ;+:yfdf pknAw n]vg / ;|f]t
qm=;+= ;+:yf hDdf ;ª\Vof blntdfly hDdf ;fdu|L$^
!= blnt u};; dxf;ª\3 !@%^ !@&(
@= ;f];n ;fOG; axfM #)))) !^#
#= hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/ ^($ (%#
$= Dffl6{g rf}tf/L !*))) !*@#)
%= PS;g P8 – !(
^= l;gf; @%$&
&= km]8f] @%^ #%^
*= Pg=Pg=l8=P;=8An' @!# @$#
(= nfgsfp @&) #%&
!)= sf]Sofk ^!@ ^@^
!!= s]lelkPn ^)))) ^))!@
!@= s]z/ k':tsfno ##^!# ##^@)
!#= h]o'kL #%
!$= /fli6«o k':tsfno (!))) (!)@^
!%= ljsf; ;ldlt !))( !)*^
hDdf @)^(@# @)*)#)
$^ cgnfOg nfOa|]/Ldf blnt;DaGwL lstfa, l;8L / l8le8L vf]Hbf k|fKt ePsf glthfx¿
$& l;gf;sf xsdf hg{nsf n]vx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\
cg';"rL– $
blnt;Fu ;DalGwt s'g ljifodf a9L cg';Gwfg ug{'k5{ eGg] ljifodf ;g\ @)!!, gf]e]Da/df wg'iff /
;Kt/Ldf cfof]lht o'jf k/fdz{ e]nfdf k|fKt ePsf ;'emfj M
!= blnt ;d'bfoleqsf pk;d"xsf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts cj:yf / kx'Fr tyf pgLx¿sf cGt;{DaGw . pbfx/0fsf nflu
8f]d / d';x/aLr, kxf8L / dw]zL blntaLr t'ngfTds cWoog .
@= cGtb{lnt lje]b / 5'jf5"tsf ljifo
#= 5'jf5"tsf] pTklQsf] ;}4flGts cWoog
$= k];fut kl/jt{g / k|j[lQ . k/Dk/fut k];f 5f8\g] blntx¿sf] cj:yf /fd|f]
%= dw]zL dlxnfdf ljz]if s]lGb|t dw]zL blnt ;dfj]zLs/0f
^= pTkL8gsf sf/0fx¿sf ulx/f] af]w
&= :yfgLo txdf blntdfly ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] d"Nofª\sg
*= ;sf/fTds sf/afxL
(= blnt ;d'bfo;Dd k'Ug] blnt Pglhcf]sf] k|efj
!)= blnt nlIft gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] d"Nofª\sg
s= lzIff M 5fqj[lQ gLltsf] d"Nofª\sg, lzIfssf Jojxf/
v= :jf:Yo M lghL c:ktfnx¿n] !) k|ltzt blnt / ul/anfO{ lgMz'Ns pkrf/ ug{] k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf nflu
pgLx¿n] ;/sf/af6 cfly{s ;xfotf kfpF5g\ . t/, c:ktfnx¿n] of] ;]jf lbPsf 5}gg\ .
u= cfly{s k|f]T;fxg;lxt cGthf{tLo ljjfxnfO{ k|jw{g ug{] gLltsf] k|efj
!!= s[lif dhb'/sf Hofnfdf c;dfgtf . ;/sf/L lgod kfngf x'Fb}g .
!@= k|jf;L sfdbf/sf d'2f M k|jf;L sfdbf/x¿sf] j[l4n] ;dfhsf ;a} cfofddf NofPsf kl/jt{g .
o;sf ;fy}, o'jfx¿n] cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ /fhdfu{5]p / ;lhn} k'Ug ;lsg] 7fpFsf ;d'bfodf cfˆgf cg';GwfgnfO{ ;Lldt gug{
;'´fj lbPsf lyP . clxn];Dd cg';Gwfgstf{x¿ gk'u]sf leqL dw]zdf k'Ug pgLx¿n] ;'´fj lbPsf lyP .
;Gbe{;fdu|L
g]kfnL efiffsf
cfx'lt . @)^& . g]kfndf j0f{Joj:yf / ju{–;ª\3if{ . /fh]Gb| dxh{g, ;+= . nlntk'/M ;dtf kmf08]zg .
ls;fg, ofdaxfb'/ . @)%* . g]kfndf blnt hftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ng . sf7df8f}+M hg pTyfg k|lti7fg .
rfkfufO{+, lgg' . @))( . …g]kfndf blnt ;flxTo / ;d:ofÚ . blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fgåf/f sf7df8f}+df cfof]lht rf}wf}+
/fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf k|:t't sfo{kq .
lbn', ;/f]h . @)%* . blnt cfGbf]ngsf] k[i7e"lddf k|0f]tf 6Lcf/ ljZjsdf{ . sf7df8f}+M ;dfgtfsf nflu ;+f:s[lts cleofg
(CUCEQ) .
kl/of/, ltns . @)^* . dfS;{jfb, blnt / ljz]ifflwsf/ . sf7df8f}+M /Tgdfof blnt ;flxTo ;+/If0f ;ldlt .
kf08]o, 8f= tf/fsfGt . @)^@ -;g\ @))^_ . …;d;fdlos k|ultzLn g]kfnL sljtfdf blnt r]tgfÚ . k|n]; . hubLzrGb| e08f/L
/ cGo, ;+= . g]kfnM k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3 .
kf}8]n, z/b . @)^! . lnv] . sf7df8f}+M cfTdlge{/ ljsf; d~r .
a/fnL, /0f]Gb| . @)^^ . Oltxf;sf] Ps k}sf . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn blnt / ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg .
e§/fO{, /d]zk|;fb . @)^@ -;g\ @))^_ . …blnt kl/k|]IoM k|ultjfbL g]kfnL cfVofgsf ;Gbe{dfÚ . k|n]; . hubLzrGb| e08f/L /
cGo, ;+= . g]kfnM k|ultzLn n]vs ;ª\3 .
d'sf?ª, >j0f . @)^& . la;] gurL{sf] aofg . sf7df8f}+M ;f+u|Lnf a'S; .
jh|frfo{, wgjh| . ;g\ !((^ -!(&^_ . lnR5ljsfnsf clen]v . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn / blIf0f Pl;ofnL cWoog s]Gb| -CNAS_
jGt, k|To"if / cGo -;+=_ . @)%* . 5fkfdf blnt . sf7df8f}+M Pstf a'S; .
jGt, k|To"if, k|df]b e§, ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nf / ;Ls] nfn, ;+= . @)%* . 5fkfdf blnt . g]kfnM Pstf a'S; .
jGt, k|To"if, z]v/ k/fh'nL, ;+= . @)%* . g]kfnL ldl8ofdf blnt tyf hghflt . g]kfnM Pstf a'S; .
ljZjsdf{, pld{nf . @))) . blnt ;flxTosf/ hjfx/ /f]sf . sf7df8f}+M blnt ;flxTo tyf ;+:s[lt k|lti7fg .
ljZjsdf{, h]aL . g]kfnL ldl8of / blntM ;xeflutf / ljifoj:t'af/] cWoog . k|sfzf]Gd'v k':ts . sf7df8f}+M dfl6{g rf}tf/L .
ljZjsdf{, kb\dnfn . @)^) . a|fXd0fjfb blnt / cf/If0f . w/fgM /Tgdfof blnt ;flxTos k|lti7fg .
;d, jfns[i0f . @)^( . lr;f] r'Nxf] . nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg .
cGtjf{tf{x¿
ch{'g ljZjsdf{, ;dtf kmfp08]zgsf l/;r{/, k|ltaf]w å}dfl;ssf k"j{;Dkfbs tyf blnt sfo{stf{ . clk|n !, @)!@, nlntk'/,
g]kfn .
8f= s[i0faxfb'/ e§rg, lqljljsf] dfgzf:q tyf ;dfhzf:q ljefusf k|fWofks . cu:6 @$, @)!!, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
8f= r}tGo ld>, lqljljsf] dfgzf:q tyf ;dfhzf:q ljefusf k|fWofks . cu:6 !%, @)!!, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
bLks yfkf, ;f];n ;fOG; axfMsf lgb{]zs . cu:6 @%, @)!!, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
hut a:g]t / hut b]phf, ;fd'bflos cfTdlge{/ s]Gb| -CSRC_ sf lgb{]zs / k|f]u|fd Dofg]h/ -qmdzM_ . ;]K6]Da/ !!, @)!!,
sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
t'nfgf/fo0f ;fx, g]kfn dw]z kmfp08]zgsf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs tyf ljZn]ifs . cu:6 !%, @)!!, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
kbd ;'Gbf;, slj, blnt sfo{stf{ tyf ;dtf kmfp08]zgsf cWoIf . ;]K6]Da/ #!, @)!!, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
8f= k"0f{ g]kfnL, sf]nfk{sf lgb{]zs tyf blnt cWoog s]Gb|sf af]8{ ;b:o . ;]K6]Da/ #), @)!!, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
ef]nf kf;jfg, ;dtf kmfp08]zgsf l/;r{/, klxn] gofF klqsf b}lgsdf dw]z la6 x]g{] kqsf/ . clk|n $, @)!@, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
ofdaxfb'/ ls;fg, blnt cWo]tf, n]vs tyf sfo{stf{ . ;]K6]Da/ %, @)!!, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .
/0faxfb'/ /Dt]n, hgpTyfg klqsfsf ;Dkfbs . clk|n @(, @)!@, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
/]d ljZjsdf{, hfu/0f ldl8of ;]G6/sf cWoIf . clk|n *, @)!@, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
lx/f ljZjsdf{, blnt n]vs tyf cWo]tf . clk|n @*, @)!@, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
k/fdz{ e]nfx¿
dw]zL blnt tyf u}/blntx¿;Fu, cS6f]a/ (, @)!!, hgsk'/, wg'iff .
dw]zL blnt tyf u}/blnt;Fu, cS6f]a/ !!, @)!!, s~rgk'/, ;Kt/L .
blnt d'2f / ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0faf/] cWo]tf, lj1, sfo{stf{ / n]vsx¿;Fu, l8;]Da/ $, @)!!, nlntk'/, g]kfn .
cª\u|]hL efiffsf
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