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02.08 Inrush Current PDF
02.08 Inrush Current PDF
02.08 Inrush Current PDF
dφ (t )
Faraday's Law: e(t ) =
dt
dφ (t ) dφ (t )
e(t ) = = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ sin (ω ⋅ t ) φ (t ) − φ (0) = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ ∫ sin (ω ⋅ t ) ⋅ dt
t
→ →
dt dt 0
1 2⋅E
φ (0 ) = φ RES φ (t ) = φ RES + 2 ⋅ E ⋅ − ⋅ cos(ω .t ) = φ RES + ⋅ [1 − cos(ω .t )]
t
→
ω 0 ω
π 2⋅E
φ MAX = φ → φ MAX = φ RES + 2 ⋅
ω ω
dφ 2⋅E
e(t ) = 2 ⋅ E = ω ⋅ φ NOM φ NOM =
dt ω
Then we have:
φ (t ) = φ RES + φ NOM ⋅ [1 − cos(ω .t )]
1
φ MAX = φ RES + 2 ⋅ φ NOM
2⋅E
φ NOM = φ NOM = N ⋅ S FE ⋅ BNOM
ω
2⋅E
= N ⋅ S FE ⋅ BNOM
ω
2⋅E N ⋅ S FE ⋅ BNOM N ⋅ S FE
= =
ω ⋅ LAIR ⋅ BNOM LAIR ⋅ BNOM LAIR
2
The following graph shown how is generated the residual magnetism when the
transformer is disconnected from the network and then how the maximum
inrush current occur when connecting the transformer at the instant that the
supply voltage is zero:
In the following graph [3] is displayed how the current and the magnetic flux are
modified when considering the effect of resistance. We see that because of the
resistance the new cycle will begin with a minor flow φ RES . This effect, after
several cycles, makes that the flux curve φ (t ) will oscillate symmetrically about
the time axis t (steady state).
3
Calculation Including the Resistance
While the transformer is not saturated the current is zero and therefore the flow
it can be calculated as:
dφ (t )
e(t ) = → e(t ) = 2 ⋅ E ⋅ sin (ω ⋅ t ) → φ (t ) = φ RES + φ NOM ⋅ [1 − cos(ω .t )]
dt
φ SAT − φ RES
1 − cos(ω .t SAT ) =
φ NOM
φ SAT − φ RES
β= → cos(ω .tSAT ) = 1 − β → ω .t SAT = Arc cos(1 − β )
φ NOM
For t ≥ t SAT the electrical circuit representing the transformer, taking as new time
origin t = t SAT , is:
di (t )
L⋅ + R ⋅ i (t ) = e (t ) i (0) = 0 ψ = ω ⋅ t SAT
dt
e (t ) = 2 E sin (ω t + ψ )
2⋅E
ω ⋅t
−
i (t ) = ⋅ sin (ω ⋅ t − ϕ + ψ ) + sin (ϕ − ψ )e tan ϕ
Z
4
R Lω Lω
Where: cos ϕ = sin ϕ = tan ϕ = Z = R 2 + L2ω 2
Z Z R
sen (ω ⋅ tMAX − ϕ + ψ ) = 1
π
→ ω ⋅ t MAX = + ϕ −ψ
2
2⋅E + ϕ −ψ
1 π
−
iMAX = ⋅ 1 + sen (ϕ − ψ )e tan ϕ 2
Z
Also is possible to determine accurately the time at which the maximum current
occurs equating to zero the derivative of the current with respect to time:
e
dt Z tan ϕ
sen (ϕ − ψ ) −
cos (ω ⋅ t MAX − ϕ +ψ ) =
ω ⋅t MAX
tan ϕ
e
tan ϕ
ω ⋅ t → ω ⋅ t −ψ
e (t ) = 2 E sin (ω t )
2⋅E
ω ⋅ t −ψ
−
i (t ) = ⋅ sin (ω ⋅ t − ϕ ) + sin (ϕ − ψ )e tan ϕ
Z
φ (t ) = φ SAT + LAIRE ⋅ i (t )
These equations agree with those obtained by Holcomb (General Electric, [7])
in 1961 and Specht (Westinghouse, [10]) in 1969.
5
Following a similar development Schmidt in 1958 came to the following
expression [5]:
2⋅E R 2 ⋅ t SAT
iMAX = ⋅ 2−β − ⋅ β ⋅ (2 − β ) + π ⋅ 1 − ⋅ (1 − β )
Z L ⋅ ω T
1
Siendo: T= ω = 2 ⋅π ⋅ f
f
We will see that doing R = 0 we obtain the formula deduced when we neglect
the resistance:
2⋅E
ω ⋅ t −ψ
−
i (t ) = ⋅ sin (ω ⋅ t − ϕ ) + sin (ϕ − ψ )e tan ϕ
Z
tan ϕ = ∞
π
R=0 → → ϕ=
2
2⋅E π π
i (t ) = ⋅ sin ω ⋅ t − − sin ψ −
Z 2 2
π π
sin ω ⋅ t − = − cos (ω ⋅ t ) sin ψ − = − cos (ψ )
2 2
i (t ) = ⋅ [cos (ψ ) − cos (ω ⋅ t ) ]
2⋅E
Z
i (t ) = ⋅ [1 − β − cos (ω ⋅ t ) ]
2⋅E
Z
⋅ (2 − β )
2⋅E
iMAX =
Z
2⋅E B − BRES
iMAX = ⋅ 2 − SAT
Z BNOM
6
Inrush Current in Three-Phase Transformers
When a three phase transformer is connected to the network generally the
inrush current occurs only in one of the phases, because of the high probability
that in a three-phase alternating supply, at the moment of the connection, one
of the three voltages is near to zero and the other two are for therefore close to
half of the nominal values.
The line currents appearing in the connection of a three phase transformer are
not necessarily equal to that calculated for the case of single-phase
transformer. Its value will depend on the connection (D, Y, YN) of the winding
connected to the network, the connection of the other windings of the
transformer and the core type (three phase bank, three columns core, or five
columns core).
2. The winding that will be connected to the network is connected in wye and
the source is with four wires
i3 PH = iMAX E = VFN
The three phases interact and current flows through the coil connected in
delta which allows current to flow through the other primary phases. Phases
b and c are not magnetized because the ampere-turns primary and
secondary are compensated.
7
2
In this case the maximum inrush current in the phase will be ⋅ iMAX and E
3
is the voltage between phase and neutral.
2
i3 PH = ⋅ iMAX E = VFN
3
• 3-Legs Core-Type:
The relationship between the magnetic fluxes of the three phases is
equivalent to the presence of a high-reactance delta winding.
2
i3 PH = ⋅ iMAX E = VFN
3
8
Air-Core Inductance Calculation
An approximate calculation is performed assuming that the magnetic field:
o is confined within the coil
o is directed along the axis of the coil
o is uniform
∫ H × dP = N ⋅ I
→ →
→ H ⋅h = N ⋅I
C
B N ⋅I
B = µO ⋅ H → ⋅h = N ⋅I → B = µO ⋅
µO h
φ = L⋅I
φ = N ⋅S ⋅B
N ⋅I
→ L⋅I = N ⋅S ⋅B → L ⋅ I = N ⋅ S ⋅ µO
h
S
L = µO ⋅ N 2 ⋅
h
9
π ⋅ DM
2
S=
4
N ⋅I
⋅L⋅I2 = ⋅ ⋅ µO ⋅S ⋅h
2
1 1 B2 1 1 1
→
h
⋅L⋅I2 = ⋅ ⋅S ⋅h
2 2 µO 2 2 µO
S
L = µO ⋅ N 2 ⋅
h
→
An infinitesimal current element dl , whereby circulated an intensity I , in a
→ →
magnetic field B , shall be subjected to a force dF
F = ∫ dF = ∫ I dl ∧ B
→ → → → → → →
dF = I dl ∧ B
C C
Forces are generated only in the coils with current, ie those for which the
transformer is connected to the power system.
10
It is concluded that:
F = ∫ I dl ∧ B
→ → →
1 N ⋅ iMAX
FRAD = iMAX ⋅ π ⋅ DM ⋅ BAX BAX ≈ ⋅ µO ⋅
C 2 h
1 π ⋅ DM
FRAD = ⋅ µ O ⋅ N ⋅ iMAX
2
⋅
2 h
• The Axial Forces generate compressive stresses in the center of the coil
11
Hence, if a transformer is switched on a number of times in a day from its inner
layer/helical winding, forces generated due to the inrush currents may weaken
the winding over a period of time leading to a winding looseness and
subsequent failure.
When the transformer is switched from the outer HV winding having higher air-
core reactance, the magnitude of the inrush current and corresponding forces
are lower.
Recent insulation failures in larger transformers, which were frequently
energized under no-load condition, have attracted attention of researchers. The
impact of inrush currents on mechanical stresses of windings has been
investigated in [18]. It is shown that the axial forces calculated with the
maximum possible inrush current are of the same order of magnitude as that
calculated with the short circuit currents, and hence the use of controlled
switching strategies is recommended.
In another paper [19], the force patterns under the short circuit and inrush
conditions are compared and shown to be quite different from each other.
References:
1. L.F.Blume, G.Camilli, S.B.Farnham, H.A.Peterson: “Tansformer Magnetizing
Inrush Currents and Influence on System Operation”, AIEE Transactions,
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.63, 1944, pp 366-375
12
10. T.R.Specht: “Transformer Inrush and Rectifier Transient Currents”, AIEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.PAS-88, Nº4, 1969, pp
269-276
13