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Ejercicios de Calculo
Ejercicios de Calculo
(A) x2 + y 2 =1
(B) x2 + y 2 =2
(C) x2 + y 2 =9
(D) x2 + y 2 = 16
(E) x2 + y 2 = 25
Solution:
Now, if you know “Bézout’s Theorem”, you know that, over the real
numbers, the intersection of two distinct quadratics (like x2 + y 2 = 9
and x2 = y + 4) cannot have more than four points. This shows that
the intersection counts for (A), (B), (D) and (E) must all be ≤ 4. So
either the problem has two answers, or the only correct answer is (C).
If you don’t know Bézout’s Theorem, or don’t appreciate the kind of
thinking in this paragraph, you can modify the intersection count for
(C) and get the counts for (A), (B), (D) and (E).
As we move from (C) to other parts of the problem, a and b will
change, and, for displaying intersection points, we need to take the
square root of a + 4 and b + 4. So much depends on whether a + 4 is
positive, negative or zero and, also, much depends on whether b + 4 is
positive, negative or zero. We leave it to the reader to do show that
(A) and (B) have no intersection points. We leave it to the reader to do
show that (D) has three intersection points. We leave it to the reader
to do show that (E) has two intersection points.
Alternate solution: Let c be a real number. We seek to count intersec-
tions of x2 + y 2 = c with the parabola x2 = y + 4. To solve (A), we’ll
set c = 1. To solve (B), we’ll set c = 2. To solve (C), we’ll set c = 9.
To solve (D), we’ll set c = 16. To solve (E), we’ll set c = 25.
For all x, y ∈ R,
[ ( x2 + y 2 = c ) and ( x2 = y + 4 ) ] iff
2 2
[ ( y + 4 + y = c ) and ( x = y + 4 ) ] iff
[ ( y 2 + y − (c − 4) = 0 ) and ( x2 = y + 4 ) ].
Let ∆ := 1 + 4(c − 4). If ∆ < 0, then
[ ( x2 + y 2 = c ) and ( x2 = y + 4 ) ]
6 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
has no real solutions; that is, there are no intersection points. In (A),
we have c = 1, so ∆ = 1 + 4 · (−3) < 0. In (B), we have c = 2, so
∆ = 1 + 4 · (−2) < 0. Thus (A) and (B) have no intersection points.
It turns out that ∆ = 0 does not occur in (A),. .√ . ,(E). So assume,
for the remainder,
√ that ∆ > 0. Define a := (−1 − ∆)/2 and define
b := (−1 + ∆)/2. Note that a < b. For all x, y ∈ R,
[ ( y 2 + y − (c − 4) = 0 ) and ( x2 = y + 4 ) ] iff
[ ( ( y = a ) or ( y = b ) ) and ( x2 = y + 4 ) ].
If a + 4 = 0, then b + 4 > 0, and, in this case, we have three
intersection points:
√ √
(0, a), ( b + 4, b), (− b + 4, b).
In (D), we have c = 16, so ∆ = 1 + 4 · 12 = 49. Then
a = (−1 − 7) / 2 = −4,
so a + 4 = 0. So, for (D), we have three intersection points.
If a + 4 < 0 and b + 4 > 0, then we have two intersection points:
√ √
( b + 4, b), (− b + 4, b).
In (E), we have c = 25, so ∆ = 1 + 4 · 21 = 85. Then
√ √
a = (−1 − 85) / 2 < (−1 − 49) / 2 = −4
√
and b = (−1 + 85)/2 > −4, so a + 4 < 0 and b + 4 > 0. So, for (E),
we have two intersection points.
If a + 4 > 0, then b + 4 > 0, then we have four intersection points:
√ √ √ √
( a + 4, a), (− a + 4, a), ( b + 4, b), (− b + 4, b).
In (C), we have c = 9, so ∆ = 1 + 4 · 5 = 21. Then
√ √
a = (−1 − 21) / 2 > (−1 − 49) / 2 = −4.
So, for (C), we have four intersection points. Answer: (C)
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 7
Z 3
7. |x + 1| dx =
−3
(A) 0
(B) 5
(C) 10
(D) 15
(E) 20
Answer: (C)
Alternate solution: Between x = −3 and x = 3, the region below
the graph of y = |x + 1| breaks up into two right isosceles trian-
gles. The leftmost triangle has legs of length 2, and therefore has
area (1/2)(2)(2) = 2. The rightmost triangle has legs of length 4, and
therefore has area (1/2)(4)(4) = 8. Total: 2 + 8 = 10. Answer: (C)
8 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
Z 1 √
J = 1 − x4 dx
0
Z 1 √
K = 1 + x4 dx
0
Z 1 √
L = 1 − x8 dx
0
9. Which of the following is true for the definite integral shown above?
(A) J < L < 1 < K
(B) J < L < K < 1
(C) L < J < 1 < K
(D) L < J < K < 1
(E) L < 1 < J < K
Solution: Because g 0 > 0 on (0, 2), and because g is continuous on [0, 2],
it follows that g is increasing on [0, 2]. Because g 0 < 0 on (2, 5), and
because g is continuous on [2, 5], it follows that g is decreasing on [2, 5].
Then, on [0, 5], g attains its maximum value at 2. Answer: (B)
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 11
Solution: We have:
h√ i h√ i hp i
1.5 (266)3/2
= 1.5 (266)3
h√ i h√ i hp i
= 1.5 266 (266)2
hp i
= (1.5)(266) [266]
h√ i
= 266 + 133 [266]
h√ i
= 399 [266]
h√ i
≈< 400 [266]
= [20] [266]
= 5, 320
Answer: (E)
12 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
Solution: Along the three fenced sides, let the side lengths be t feet,
x − 2t feet and t feet. We then wish to maximize the area
A(t) = (x − 2t)t on 0 ≤ t ≤ x/2.
Since the graph of A is a concave down parabola, and since
A(0) = A(x/2) = 0,
it follows that A(t) attains its maximum value
halfway between t=0 and t = x/2,
i.e., at t = (0 + (x/2))/2 = x/4. The maximum value is
A(x/4) = (x − 2(x/4))(x/4) = (x/2)(x/4) = x2 /8.
Answer: (B)
Alternate Solution: Along the three fenced sides, let the side lengths
be t feet, x − 2t feet and t feet. We then wish to maximize the area
A(t) = (x − 2t)t on 0 ≤ t ≤ x/2.
Then A0 (t) = −2t + x − 2t = x − 4t. Since the graph of A is a concave
down parabola, and since
[ A0 (t) = 0 ] ⇔ [ t = x/4 ],
we see that A(t) attains its maximum at t = x/4, with maximum value
A(x/4) = (x − (x/2))(x/4) = (x/2)(x/4) = x2 /8. Answer: (B)
Alternate Solution: Along the three fenced sides, let the side lengths
be t feet, x − 2t feet and t feet. We then wish to maximize the area
A(t) = (x − 2t)t on 0 ≤ t ≤ x/2.
14 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
14. What is the units digit in the standard decimal expansion of the
number 725 ?
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 7
(E) 9
Solution: In this solution, congruences (≡) are all mod 10. We have
72 = 7 · 7 = 49 ≡ 9, so
3 2
7 = 7 · 7 ≡ 7 · 9 = 63 ≡ 3, so
4 3
7 = 7 · 7 ≡ 7 · 3 = 21 ≡ 1.
Answer: (E)
16. What is the volume of the solid formed by revolving, about the
x-axis, the region in the first quadrant of the xy-plane bounded by: the
1
coordinate axes and the graph of the equation y = √ ?
1 + x2
(A) π/2
(B) π
(C) π 2 /4
(D) π 2 /2
(E) ∞
17. How many real roots does the polynomial 2x5 + 8x − 7 have?
(A) None
(B) One
(C) Two
(D) Three
(E) Five
Solution: We have
• lim (2x5 + 8x − 7) = lim 2x5 = −∞, and
x→−∞ x→−∞
• lim (2x5 + 8x − 7) = lim 2x5 = ∞,
x→∞ x→∞
On x ∈ R, we have:
d
[2x5 + 8x − 7] = 10x4 + 8 > 0,
dx
so, by either Rolle’s Theorem or the Increasing Test, we conclude that
the polynomial 2x5 + 8x − 7 has at most one root.
Since the polynomial 2x5 + 8x − 7 has at least one and at most one
root, we see that it has exactly one root. Answer: (B)
18. Let V be the real vector space of all real 2 × 3 matrices. Let W be
the real vector space of all real 4 × 1 column vectors. If T is a linear
transformation from V onto W , what is the dimension of the subspace
{v ∈ V | T (v) = 0} of V ?
(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
(E) 6
Solution: The example f (x) = 2x, g(x) = x + 1 shows that (A), (B),
(D) and (E) can all fail. By assumption, on t > 0, we have f 0 (t) > g 0 (t).
0 0
So, for all x > 0, by integrating
Z f (t) > g (t),Z with respect to t, from
x x
t = 0 to t = x, we find that [f 0 (t)] dt > [g 0 (t)] dt, and, by the
0 0
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, this yields
t:→x
[f (t)]t:→0 > [g(t)]t:→x
t:→0 ,
or
[f (x)] − [f (0)] > [g(x)] − [g(0)],
which is (C). Answer: (C)
18 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
21. Let P1 be the set of all primes, {2, 3, 5, 7, . . .}, and, for each inte-
ger n, let Pn be the set of all prime multiples of n, {2n, 3n, 5n, 7n, . . .}.
What of the following intersections is nonempty?
(A) P1 ∩ P23
(B) P7 ∩ P21
(C) P12 ∩ P20
(D) P20 ∩ P24
(E) P5 ∩ P25
Solution: Let V denote the set of all φ ∈ C(R) such that φ is twice
differentiable. Then V is a subspace of C(R).
The map f 7→ f 00 − 2f 0 + 3f : V → C(R) is linear and its kernel is
I. Thus I is a subspace of V , and, therefore, of C(R).
The map g 7→ g 00 − 3g 0 : V → C(R) is linear and its kernel is II. Thus
II is a subspace of V , and, therefore, of C(R).
Because the constant function −1 is in III, while −2 is not in III, we
see that III is not closed under scalar multiplication. Thus III is NOT
a subspace of C(R).
Answer: (B)
20 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
23. For what value of b is the line y = 10x tangent to the curve y = ebx
at some point in the xy-plane?
(A) 10/e
(B) 10
(C) 10e
(D) e10
(E) e
Dividing the first equation by the second, we get (10x)/10 = ebx /(bebx ).
That is, x = 1/b. Then
2
Thus, for all x ∈ R, we have h(x) = ex+x − ex . Differentiating, we see,
2
for all x ∈ R, that h0 (x) = (ex+x )(1 + 2x) − ex .
Then h0 (1) = (e2 )(3) − e = 3e2 − e. Answer: (E)
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 21
Z x2 +x
Alternate Solution: Claim: For all x ∈ R, we have h(x) = es ds.
Zx x2 +x
Proof of claim: Given x ∈ R. We wish to prove that h(x) = es ds.
x
Make the change of variables s = x + t and ds = dt, in the definition
Z x2 +x
of h(x). This yields h(x) = es ds. End of proof of claim.
x Z
x
Define F : R → R by F (x) = es ds. By the claim, for all x ∈ R,
0
we have f (x) = [F (x2 + x)] − [F (x)]. Differentiating, for all x ∈ R,
we have f 0 (x) = [F 0 (x2 + x)][2x + 1] − [F 0 (x)]. Evaluating this at
x :→ 1 yields f 0 (1) = [F 0 (2)][3]−[F 0 (1)]. By the Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus, for all x ∈ R, F 0 (x) = ex . Then F 0 (2) = e2 and F 0 (1) = e.
Then f 0 (1) = [F 0 (2)][3] − [F 0 (1)] = 3e2 − e. Answer: (E)
25. Let {an }∞n=1 be defined recursively by
a1 = 1 and
n+2
for all integers n ≥ 1, an+1 = an .
n
Then a30 is equal to
(A) (15)(31)
(B) (30)(31)
(C) 31 / 29
(D) 32 / 30
(E) [32!] / [(30!)(2!)]
Solution: We have
31
a30 = a29
29
31 30
= a28
29 28
31 30 29
= a27
29 28 27
= ·· ·
31 30 29 3
= ··· a1
29 28 27 1
(31!)/(2!) (31)(30)
= = = (15)(31).
29! 2
Answer: (A)
22 SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1
26. For all real x and y, let f (x, y) = x2 − 2xy + y 3 . Which of the
following is true?
(A) f has all of its relative extrema on the line x = y.
(B) f has all of its relative extrema on the parabola x = y 2 .
(C) f has a relative minimum at (0, 0).
(D) f has an absolute minimum at (2/3, 2/3).
(E) f has an absolute minimum at (1, 1).
28. The figure above shows an undirected graph with six vertices.
Enough edges are to be deleted from the graph in order to leave a
spanning tree, which is a connected subgraph having the same six ver-
tices and no cycles. How many edges must be deleted?
(A) One
(B) Two
(C) Three
(D) Four
(E) Five
Solution: The figure separates the plane into five regions – four triangles
and the (unbounded) exterior. Eliminating an edge will reduce the
separation by one region. A spanning tree will not separate the plane;
there will be only one (unbounded) region. Thus we must remove four
edges to obtain a spanning tree. Answer: (D)
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 25
29. For all positive functions f and g of the real variable x, let ∼ be a
relation defined by
f (x)
f ∼g if and only if lim = 1.
x→∞ g(x)
Solution: Call the first sphere S and the second sphere T . Let C be
the center of S and let D be the center of T . Let L be the line segment
from C to D. Let A be the point of intersection of S and L. Let B be
the point of intersection of T and L. The minimal distance from points
of S to points of T is dist(A, B), and this is the number we seek.
Because A and B are points on L, we have
dist(A, B) = [length(L)] − [dist(C, A)] − [dist(D, B)].
We have C = (2, 1, 3) and D = (−3, 2, 4), so the length of L is
p
dist(C, D) = (2 − (−3))2 + (1 − 2)2 + (3 − 4)2
√ √ √
= 25 + 1 + 1 = 27 = 3 3.
The distance from C to A is the radius of S, which is 1. The distance
from D to B is the radius
√ of T , which is
√2.
Thus dist(A, B) = 3 3 − 1 − 2 = 3 3 − 1 . Answer: (E)
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 31
Thus
dist(C, D) > dist(C, A) + dist(B, D).
On the other hand, by the triangle inequality, we have
dist(C, D) ≤ dist(C, A) + dist(A, D).
Therefore A 6= B. Let L be the line through A and B.
Because A − B = λ(A − C), it follows that B = λC + (1 − λ)A, and
so B is on the line in R3 through C and A. This line, which passes
through A and B, must be L. Then C ∈ L.
Because B − A = µ(B − D), it follows that A = µD + (1 − µ)B, and
so A is on the line in R3 through D and B. This line, which passes
through A and B, must be L. Then D ∈ L.
Since C, D ∈ L, we conclude that L is the line through C and D. So,
since A ∈ L, choose v ∈ (0, 1) such that A = (1 − v)C + vD. Similarly,
since B ∈ L, choose w ∈ (0, 1) such that B = wC + (1 − w)D.
Then A − C = v(D − C) and B − D = w(C − D). That is,
(p − 2, q − 1, r − 3) = v(−5, 1, 1) and
(s + 3, t − 2, u − 4) = w(5, −1, −1).
Recall that
(p − 2)2 + (q − 1)2 + (r − 3)2 = 1 and
2 2 2
(s + 3) + (t − 2) + (u − 4) = 4.
Then
v 2 ((−5)2 + 12 + 12 ) = 1 and
2 2 2 2
w (5 + (−1) + (−1) ) = 4.
p p √
Then v = ± 1/27 and w = ± 4/27. Let z := 1/ 27. Then v = ±z
and w = ±2z. Since A = (1 − v)C + vD, we see that
(p, q, r) = A ∈ { (1 − z)C + zD, (1 + z)C − zD }.
Since B = wC + (1 − w)D, we see that
(s, t, u) = B ∈ { 2zC + (1 − 2z)D, −2zC + (1 + 2z)D }.
Thus there are two possibilities for (p, q, r) and there are two possibil-
ities for (s, t, u). This gives four possibilities for (p, q, r, s, t, u), each of
which satisfies the constraints.
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 33
p
We define k • k : R3 → R by k(x, y, z)k := x2 + y 2 + z 2 . We
evaluate the objective (p−s)2 +(q −t)2 +(r −u)2 = kA−Bk2 assuming
(p, q, r) = A = (1 − z)C + zD and
(s, t, u) = B = 2zC + (1 − 2z)D
and obtain k[(1 − z)C + zD] − [2zC + (1 − 2z)D]k2 , which equals
k(1 − 3z)C + (3z − 1)Dk2 = k(1 − 3z)(C − D)k2 ,
which equals (1−3z)2 kC −Dk2 = (1−3z)2 k(5, −1, −1)k2 = 27(1−3z)2 .
Evaluating the objective assuming the other three possibilities yields
27(1 + z)2 and 27(1 − z)2 and 27(1 + 3z)2 .
√
Recall: z = 1/ 27. Among these four possibilities, the smallest value
of the objective occurs at the first, so (p, q, r) = A = (1 − z)C + zD
and (s, t, u) = B = 2zC + (1 − 2z)D. Then kA − Bk2 = 27(1 − 3z)2 .
Recall that we wish to compute
p
(p − s)2 + (q − t)2 + (r − u)2 ,
which equals kA − Bk. Thus our final answer is
p p √
kA − Bk = kA − Bk2 = 27(1 − 3z)2 = 27(1 − 3z),
which equals
√ √ √
(1/z)(1 − 3z) = (1/z) − 3 = 27 − 3 = 3 3 − 3 = 3 3−1 .
Answer: (E)
46. Let G be the group of complex numbers {1, i, −1, −i} under mul-
tiplication. Which of the following statements are true about the ho-
momorphisms of G into itself?
I. z 7→ z defines one such homomorphism, where z denotes the
complex conjugate of z.
II. z 7→ z 2 defines one such homomorphism
III. For every such homomorphism, there is an integer k such that
the homomorphism has the form z 7→ z k .
(A) None
(B) II only
(C) I and II only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II and III
which yields g(7, 3) = [g(2, 3)] − 15, Then, because g(2, 3) = 1, we get
g(7, 3) = 1 − 15 = −14. Answer: (A)
SOLUTIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 37
NOTE: If we had been asked to compute, say, g(7, 5), then we could
use a similar technique to calculate
Z 5 Z 5
[g(7, 5)] − [g(7, 3)] = (∂2 g)(7, y) dy = 2 dy = 2 · (5 − 3) = 4.
3 3
This then gives g(7, 5) = [g(7, 3)] + 4 = [−14] + 4 = −10.
In fact, given the information in the problem, we can compute the
value of g at any point in R2 , because we know the partials of g, and,
also, the value of g at one point, namely, at (2, 3).