4T1: The Short-Time

Fourier Transform
(1 of 2)

Xavier Serra
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona
Index
● Short-time Fourier Transform equation
● Analysis window
Short-time Fourier Transform

N / 2−1
X l [k ]= ∑ w [n] x [n+lH ]e− j 2 π kn / N l=0,1,... ,
n=−N / 2

w: analysis window
l: frame number
H: hop-size
xw l [n]=w[n] x [n+lH ] l=0,1,. .. ,
Transform of a windowed sinewave
A0 j2 π k n/ N A0 − j2 π k n/N
x [n ]= A0 cos(2 π k 0 n / N )= e 0
+ e 0

2 2
N / 2−1
X [ k ]= ∑ w [n] x [ n] e
− j 2 π kn / N

n=− N / 2
N / 2−1
A0 j2 π k n / N A0 − j2 π k n/ N − j 2 π kn / N
= ∑ w [n]( e + e 0
)e
0

n=− N / 2 2 2
N / 2−1
A0 j2 π k n / N − j 2π kn / N N / 2−1 A0 − j2 π k n / N − j 2 π kn/ N
= ∑ w [n] e e 0
+ ∑ w [ n] e e 0

n=− N / 2 2 n=− N /2 2
A0 N / 2−1 − j2 π(k −k ) n / N A N / 2−1
− j2 π(k + k ) n / N
= ∑
2 n=− N / 2
w[ n] e + 00
∑
2 n=− N / 2
w [n] e 0

A0 A0
= W [ k −k 0 ]+ W [ k +k 0 ]
2 2
Analysis window
Window functions in Scipy
barthann (M[, sym])
bartlett (M[, sym])
blackman (M[, sym])
blackmanharris (M[, sym])
bohman (M[, sym])
boxcar (M[, sym])
chebwin (M, at[, sym])
flattop (M[, sym])
gaussian (M, std[, sym])
general-gaussian (M, p, sig[, sym])
hamming (M[, sym])
hann (M[, sym])
kaiser (M, beta[, sym])
nuttall (M[, sym])
parzen (M[, sym])
slepian (M, width[, sym])
triang (M[, sym])
Return a modified Bartlett-Hann window.
Return a Bartlett window.
Return a Blackman window.
Return a minimum 4-term Blackman-Harris window.
Return a Bohman window.
Return a boxcar or rectangular window.
Return a Dolph-Chebyshev window.
Return a flat top window.
Return a Gaussian window.
Return a window with a generalized Gaussian shape.
Return a Hamming window.
Return a Hann window.
Return a Kaiser window.
Return a minimum 4-term Blackman-Harris window according to
Nuttall.
Return a Parzen window.
Return a digital Slepian window.
Return a triangular window.
Rectangular window
sin (π k )
w [n]=1, n=−M /2, ... , 0,. .. M /2 W [k ]=
=0, n=elsewhere sin (π k / M )

main-lobe width: 2 bins

side-lobe level: -13.3 dB
Hanning window
w [n]=.5+.5 cos(2 π n/ M ), n=−M /2, ... , 0,... M /2
sin (π k )
W [k ]=.5 D [k ]+.25( D [k−1]+ D [ k +1]) where D [k ]=
sin (π k / M )

main-lobe width: 4 bins

side-lobe level: -31.5 dB
Hamming window
w [n]=.54 +.46 cos(2 π n/ M ) , n=−M /2, ... , 0,. .. M /2

main-lobe width: 4 bins

side-lobe level: -42.7 dB
Blackman window
w [ n]=0.42−0.5 cos(2 π n/ M )+0.08 cos(4 π n/ M )

main-lobe width: 6 bins

side-lobe level: -58 dB
Blackman-Harris window
3
1
w (n)= ∑
M l =0
αl cos(2 n l π / M ) , n=−M / 2, ...0 , ... M / 2
where α0=0.35875, α1=0.48829, α 2=0.14128, α3=0.01168

main lobe width : 8 bins

side-lobe level :−92dB
References and credits
● More information in:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STFT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_function
● Reference on the STFT by Julius O. Smith:
https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~jos/sasp/
● Sounds from:
http://www.freesound.org/people/xserra/packs/13038/
● Slides and code released using the CC Attribution-
Noncommercial-Share Alike license or the Affero GPL
license and available from
https://github.com/MTG/sms-tools
4T1: The Short-Time
Fourier Transform
(1 of 2)

Xavier Serra
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona