VIKAS PRE – UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, MANGALURU

ANNUAL EXAMINATION - ANSWER KEY -2018

II PUC - BIOLOGY
PART A
1. Process of attachement of blastocyst in to endometrium.
2. 5’ – GAATTC – 3’
3. Capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell/explant.
4. Break down of cellulose , is an important role of Methanobacterium in the
nutrition of cattle.
5. Signal for parturition originates from fully developed foetus and the placenta which induce
uterine contraction is called Foetal Ejection Reflex.
6. Single step large mutation causes speciation.
7. Ig E
8. Organism can tolerate wide range of temperature.
9. Increase in concentration of the toxicant in successive trophic level.
10. Haemozoin.
PART B
11. Homogametes are gametes which are morphologically similar.
Heterogametes are gametes which are morophologically distinct.
12. Natural selection - Industrial mechanism
DDT resistance in mosquitoes
13. Homozygous Plant Heterozygous plant
Plants with similar Alleles for the Plants with dissimilar Alleles for
characters the characters

14. Innate immunity is non specific type of defence that is present at the time of birth.
Physical barrier, physiological barrier, Cellular barrier, cytokine barrier (any two)
15. 1. Selection of disease free breeds
2. Proper and safe farm condition
3. Proper feed , water hygiene and health care
16. Micro injection, Biolistics or gene gun.
17. Endemism is a phenomenon in which species confined to one particular region and not
found anywhere else. Western Ghat and Eastern Himalaya
18. Nile prech, Parthenium

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 PART C
19. a) Offset
b) Bulbill
c) rhizome
20. Refer NCRT Text page No:22
21. In honey bee females are diploid having 32 chromosomes whereas males are haploid
having 16 chromosomes. This is called haplo-diploid system

Female Male
32 16
Parents
Metosis
Meiosis
16
Gametes 16 16

Female
F1 Male 32
16
22. Allelic frequency in a population are stable and constant from generation to generation.
1) Gene flow
2) Genetic drift (Sewall Wright effect)
3) Recombination
4) Natural selection
5) Mutation
23. Healthy forest ecosystem, purify air and water, mitigate droughts and floods, cycle
nutrients, generate fertile soil, provide wild life habitat, maintain biodiversity, pollinate
crops, provide storage sites of carbon and also provide aesthetic, cultural and spiritual
value.
24. Page No: 155 NCERT Text Book.
25. The gradual and fairly predictable change in species composition of a given area is called
ecological succession.
Hydrach succession takes place in water and succession series of progress from hydric to
mesic condition.
xerach succession takes place in dry areas and series of progress from xeric to mesic
conditions.
26. Page No. 119 of NCERT Text Book.

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 PART D
Section – I
27. Page No. 26. Diagram of embryosac.
Embryosac consist of 7 cells and 8 nuclei – 3 cells are grouped together at micropylar
region constitute egg apparatus, which consist of 2 synargids and egg cell.
Synergids have special cellular thickening at the mycropylar tip called filiform apparatus.,
which helps in guiding the pollentubes into the synergid.
3 cells at chalazal region called antipodals.
Large central cell has 2 polar nuclei.
28. Page No. 45 of NCERT Text Book.
29. Whenever a pair of contrasting characters are brought together in a hybrid they segregate
during gamete formation.
Stem height- Tall and Dwarf

Tall X Dwarf P1 phenotype

TT tt P1 genotype
T t Gamets

Tt F1 hybrid
F1 Selfed Tt  Tt

T t T t

T t
T TT tall Tt tall - F2 Generation
t Tt tall tt Dwarf

Genotypic ratio TT : Tt : tt
1 : 2 :1
Phenotypic ratio : Tall : Dwarf
3 : 1
30. a) Ideal contraceptive should be
i) User friendly
ii) Easily available
iii) Effective and reversible with no or least side effect
iv) should not interfere with sexual drive, desire or sexual act of the user.
b) i) Periodic abstinence
(ii) Withdrawal or coitus interrupts
(iii) Lactational amenorrhea
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31. a) Inbreeding depression : Continuous breeding reduces fertility and productivity. This
is called inbreeding depression.
b) Interspecific hybridization : Cross between the male and female animals of two
different related species.
c) Biofortification: It is the method of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins and
minerals, proteins and healthier fats to improve public health.
d) Micropropagation: The method of producing thousands of plants through tissue
culture in called micropropagation .
e) Somaclones: A group of genetically identical plants produced by tissue culture is called
somaclones.
32. The lac operon is the unit of gene expression in bacteria, which codes for genes responsible
for lactose metabolism.
1. Switched off mechanism:
In the absence of inducer (lactose), the repressor protein produced by regulator gene
(inhibitor gene(I)]binds with the operator gene (O). Now operator gene cannot allow RNA
polymerase to bind with the promoter region (P) due to lack of space. In the absence of
RNA polymerase, the structural genes do not produce polycistronic m-RNA and enzymes
and the lac operon is switched off.
2. Switched on mechanism:
In the presence of inducer, the repressor protein produced by regulator gene [inhibitor
gene (1)], binds with the inducer and undergoes conformational changes and becomes
inactive: inactive repressor cannot bind to operator gene(O). In the absence of repressor,
operator gene allows RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter region(P). In the presence
of RNA polymerase the structural genes produce polycistronic m-RNA and enzymes and the
lac operon is switched on.
Refer Fig. No: 6.14 of NCERT Text Book.

Section – II
33. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn MeCArty (1933-44), the genetic material was
thought to be a protein. They worked to determine the biochemical nature of ‘transforming
principle’ in Griffith’s experiment.
They purified biochemicals (proteins, DNA, RNA, etc.) from the heat-killed S cells to see
which ones could transform live R cells into S cells. They discovered that DNA alone from S
bacteria caused R bacteria to become transformed.
They also discovered that protein –digesting enzymes (proteases) and RNA – digesting
enzymes (RNases) did not affect transformation, so the transforming substance was not a
protein or RNA. Digestion with DNase inhibit transformation, suggesting that the DNA

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 caused the transformation. They concluded that DNA is the hereditary material, but not all
biologists were convinced.
34. Role of microbes in sewage treatment:
Microbes play a role in secondary sewage treatment/ biological treatment. The primary
effluent is passed into large aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically
and air is pumped into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into
flocs(masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures).
While growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the
effluent. This significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the
effluent. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all the organic
matter in one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria. The sewage water is treated till the
BOD is reduced.
Once of the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced significantly, the effluent is then
passed into a settling tank where the bacterial ‘flocs’ are allowed to sediment. This
sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of the activated sludge is pumped back
into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum. The remaining major part of the sludge is
pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters. Here, other kinds of
bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and the fungi in the sludge. During
this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such as methane, hydrogen sulphide
and carbon dioxide.
35. Bt – cotton:
1. It is a transgenic plant produced by cloning Bt genes isolated from Bacillus
thuringiensis.
2. It is resistant to cotton boll worms and stem borer which feed on them.
3. Bt genes produce proteins (Crystal Protein – cry I AC, cry II AB) that kills the insects.
4. Hence cry-genes have been introduced in plants to produce crystal proteins as Protoxin
(inactive toxin), which is converted to toxins in alkaline medium (i.e. in the gut of insects)
and cause death of the insect larva.
36. a) The parasite that feed on the external surface of the host organism are called
ectoparasite.
The parasite that live inside the host body at different sites like liver, kidney, lungs, RBCs
are called endoparasite
b) i) Loss of unnecessary sense organs.
ii) Presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host.
iii) Loss of digestive system.
iv) High reproductive capacity

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37. a) Radioactive waste:
Radiation that is given off by nuclear waste is extremely damaging to organism because it
cause mutations. At high doses nuclear radiation is lethal but at lower doses it creates
various disorders like cancer. Therefore nuclear waste is an extremely pollutant and has to
be dealt with utmost caution.
Nuclear waste should be stored in a shielded container, buried within the rocks about
500m deep below the earth surface after pre treatment.
b) Joint forest Management:
Local communities participated in protecting the forest resources. Realising their
participation, the Government of India in 1980 has introduced the concept of Joint Forest
Management to work closely with the local communities for protecting and managing
forest. In return the communities get benefit of various forest products like fruits, gum
medicine, rubber and thus the forest can be conservered in sustainable manner.

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