2 EUANDing of a variable with itself is e qual to that variable A+ASA TA=0.thenA+A=040 A a IA=1,thenAsAs14 yaa This law states that ORing of a variable with itself is equal to th 53.9 Absorption L, Mat Vatiable only aws There are two laws: Law 1: AtA-B=A ___ This law states that ORing of a variable (A) variable (B) is equal to th with the AND of that Variable at variable itself (A), sn hey AB_ATAR . AB >| ie AxAB 3 B. A A I4n00 Lo -0ln coo 0 cv) 1 1 Algebraically, we have A+A-B=A(1+B)=A-154 Therefore, A+A- Anyterm=A Law 2: s that ANDing of a variable (A) with the OR of that variable (A) and anoty I to that variable itself (A). B_At o 0 0 o1 4 9 B | \- 10 4 1 tii 4 Algebraically, we have A(A+B)=A This law state; variable (B) is equal A(A+B)=A-A+A-B=A+AB=A(14+B)=A-1=A Therefore, A(A + Any term) =A \d ma Ifa term appears in toto in another term, then the latter term becomes redundant an ing i is equivalent torepl removed from the expression without changing its value. Removal of a termis equivalen! that term by 0 if it is in a sum or by 1 if it is in a product. 5.3.10 Consensus Theorem (included Factor Theorem) Theorem 1: AB +AC+BC=AB+ACBOOLEAN ALGEBRA 147 LHS = AB + AC +BC =AB + AC +BC(A+ A) =AB+AC+BCA+BCA =AB(1 +C) + AC(1 +B) = AB(1) + AC(1) =AB+AC =RHS his theorem can be extended to any number of variables. For example, AB+AC+BCD=AB + AC [HS=AB + AC+ BCD = AB + AC + BC+ BCD =AB + AC + BC =AB + AC=RHS orem 2: (At BA + CB +C)=(A+BYA+C) poof LHS = (A+B)(A + OB + ©) =(AA + AC + BA + BO)B + ©) =(AC+BC + AB)(B+C) = ABC +BC + AB +AC+BC+ABC=AC + BC+ AB RHS =(A+B)(A+0) =AA+AC+BC+AB =AC+BC+AB=LHS Ifa sum of products comprises a term containing A’ and a term containing A, and a third term. containing the left-out literals of the first two terms, then the third term is redundant, that is, the function remains the same with and without the third term removed or retained. ‘This theorem can be extended to any number of variables. F ‘or example, (A+ByA+ OB +C+D) =(A+B\A+©) LHS =(A+BYA + OB + OB + C+D) =A+BAFOB +O) =(A+BYA+©) 5.3.11 Transposition Theorem Theorem: AB+AC=(A+C)A+B) Proof: RHS =(A+C)(A+B) =AA+CA+AB+CB =0+AC+AB+BC C+ AB + BC(A +A) = AB + ABC + AC + ABC =AB+AC =LHSRCUITS JAMENTALS OF DIGITAL Cl 148 FUND) ‘ orem 5.3.12 De Morgan's The Vs i lean alge; eral 1a in Boolean alge tg nvo of the most Pow epresents gan's theorem rep! De Morgan’s A+B= po Law |: fa sum of variables is equal to the pp at the complement of a ag ee ‘What it means 1s that ents. Wha complements individual con Pees bles f the complements of each of the individua veri’ : le ex isthe same as the AND an be represented as: %. together. i ide of this law cal Schematically. each si Las F KeB _ A RxB A At 4. B 8 NOR gate RHS K _ s AB _A A 5 8. fb Bubbled AND gate ABMEMS AEF BAB 00 0 1 O79 A, at 1 o 4 4 0 204 4 ° 10 1 oO 1 0 9 1 oO 14 1 oO 14 oO 0 oO t41ii_o X shows thatthe NOR gate is equivalent ‘oa bubbled AND gate. This has also been show Quite simply by truth tables, 's law can be extended to any number of variables or combinations of variables, For example, A¥BECHD En Ow a 7 ABS CD+EFGs = (AB(CD)(EFG) ... = __ Ttmay thus be Seen that this sign s aw permits removal of individual variables from underaNOT and transformation from a Sum-of-products form to a Product-of-sums form, Law 2: ABHA4B a This law states complement f ae : individual complements Thais, the coms at the product of variables is equal to the sum oft ‘UM Of the ae the Complement Of two or Tens eau a Ments of each of the individual Variables, Schematically, we bave Las A AB B.