Multi-Input Multi-Output

Systems (MIMO)

•  Channel Model for MIMO

•  MIMO Decoding
•  MIMO Gains
•  Multi-User MIMO Systems
 MIMO
•  Each node has multiple antennas
„  Capable of transmitting (receiving) multiple
streams concurrently
„  Exploit antenna diversity to increase the
capacity

h11  
h12   h21  
" h11 h12 h13  %
h13   $ '
$ h21 h22 h23  '
h22   HN×M = $ '
h31   h23  
$ h31 h2 h33  '
h32  
h33   $#     '&
…  

…  
 Channel Model (2x2)
h11  
x1   y1  
h12  
h21  
x2   h22   y2  

y1 = h11x1 +h21x 2 +n1

y 2 = h12 x1 +h22 x 2 +n2

y = Hx +n

•  Can be extended to N x M systems

 Antenna Space
M-antenna node receives in M-dimensional space  

2  x  2  

! y $ ! h $ ! h $ ! n $
# 1
&=# 11
& x1 + # 21 & x2 + # 1 &
# y 2 & # h12 & # h22 & # n2 &
" % " % " % " %
   
y = h1x1 + h2 x 2 + n


 y = (y1, y 2 )
h2 = (h21,h22 ) antenna 2
antenna  2  
x2  

h1 = (h11,h12 )
x1  
antenna  1  
antenna 3 antenna 1
 MIMO Decoding (algebra)
Orthogonal  vectors  

! y $ ! h $ ! h $ ! n $  *  h22  
# 1 & = # 11 & x1 + # 21 & x2 + # 1 &
# y 2 & # h12 & # h22 & # n2 &  *  -­‐  h21  
+  )   " % " % " % " %

y1h22 − y 2h21 = (h11h22 −h12h21 )x1

y1h22 − y 2h21
x1 = Given  x1,  solve  x2  
h11h22 −h12h21

To  guarantee  the  full  rank  of  H,  antenna  spacing  at  the  
transmiCer  and  receiver  must  exceed  half  of  the  wavelength  
 
 MIMO Decoding (antenna space)
•  Zero forcing

 y = (y1, y 2 )
h2 = (h21,h22 )
antenna  2  
x2  

h1 = (h11,h12 )
x1  
antenna  1  
x’1  

‖x’1‖< ‖x1‖  

•  To  decode  x1,  decode  vector  y  on  the  direcGon  

orthogonal  to  x2  
•  To  improve  the  SNR,  re-­‐encode  the  first  detected  signal,  
subtract  it  from  y,  and  decode  the  second  signal  
 Channel Estimation
•  Estimate N x M matrix H
h11  
x1   y1  
h12   y1 = h11x1 +h21x 2 +n1
h21   y 2 = h12 x1 +h22 x 2 +n2
x2   h22   y2  
Two  equaGons,  but  four  unknowns  

Antenna  1  at  Tx   Access  code  1   Stream  1  

Antenna  2  at  Tx   Access  code  2   Stream  2  

EsGmate  h11,  h12   EsGmate  h21,  h22  

 MIMO Gains
•  Multiplex Gain
„  Exploit antenna diversity to deliver multiple
streams concurrently

•  Diversity Gain
„  Exploit antenna diversity to increase the SNR of
a single stream
 Diversity Gain
•  1 x 2 example
h1  
x   y1  
h2   y1 = h1x +n1
y 2 = h2 x +n2
y2  

„  Decode the SNR of (y1 + y2)

„  Uncorrelated whit Gaussian noise with zero
mean
„  Packet can be delivered through at least one of
the many diver paths
 Diversity Gain
•  1 x 2 example
h1  
x   y1  
h2   y1 = h1x +n1
y 2 = h2 x +n2
y2  

P(2X)
SNR= ,(where(P(refers(to(the(power
P(n1 +n2 ) •  Increase  SNR  by  3dB  
E[(2X)2 ] •  Especially  beneficial  for  
= 2 2
E[n1 +n2 ] the  low  SNR  link  
4E[X 2 ]
= 2
, (where(σ (is(the(variance(of(AWGN
2σ
= 2 * SNRsingle(antenna
 Diversity Gain
MulGply  each  y  with  the  conjugate  of  the  channel  
! * 2
!# y = h x +n h
# 1 1 y = h1 x + h1*n1
1 1 1
" "
#$ y 2 = h2 x +n2
2
# h2* y2 = h2 x + h2*n2
$

2 2
2
E[(( h1 + h2 )X) ]
2 2
E[(( h1 + h2 )X)2 ]
SNRdiversity = SNRsin gle =
E[(h1*n1 +h*2n2 )2 ] E[(h1*n1 +h*2n2 )2 ]
4
2 2
( h1 + h2 )2 E(X 2 ) h1 E(X 2 )
= = 2
2
( h1 + h2 )σ
2 2
( h1 )σ 2
2
2
( h1 + h2 )E(X 2 )
2
h1 E(X 2 )
= =
σ2 σ2
2 2
( h1 + h2 )
gain = 2
h1
 Trade off
•  Between diversity gain and multiplex gain

•  Say we have a N x N system

„  Degree of freedom: N
„  The transmitter can transmit k streams
concurrently, where k <= N
„  The optimal value of k is determined by the
tradeoff between the diversity gain and
multiplex gain
 Degree of Freedom
•  For N x M MIMO channel

„  Degree of Freedom (DoF): min {N,M}

„  Maximum diversity: NM
 Space-Time Code Examples: 2 £ 1 Channel

Repetition Scheme: Alamouti Scheme:

time time
x1 0 x 1 -x *
2
X= X=
0 x1 x2 x*
1
space space

diversity: 2 diversity: 2
data rate: 1/2 sym/s/Hz data rate: 1 sym/s/Hz
 Space-Time Code Examples: 2 £ 2 Channel

Repetition Scheme: Alamouti Scheme:

time time
x1 0 x 1 -x *2
X= X=
0 x1 x2 x*1
space space

diversity: 4 diversity: 4
data rate: 1/2 sym/s/Hz data rate: 1 sym/s/Hz
But the 2 £ 2 channel has 2 degrees of freedom!
 Interference Nulling

Alice
h1α x + h2 β x = 0
!!h1
!!⇒ Nulling : !h1 α = −h2 β
αx (h1aα + h2aβ )x ≠ 0
Bob !!h2
βx (h1bα + h2b β )x ≠ 0
€
€
•  Signals
€ cancel each other at Alice’s receiver
•  Signals don’t cancel each other at Bob’s receiver
„  Because channels are different
 Homework
•  Say there exist a 3x2 link, which has a
channel
" h h %
$ 11 12 '
H3×2 = $ h21 h22 '
$ '
$# h31 h32 '&

How can a three-antenna transmitter

transmit a signal x, but null its signal at
two antennas of a two-antenna receiver?
 Interference Alignment
2-antenna receiver
I2 I1
wanted signal

N-antenna node can only decode N signals

If I1 and I2 are aligned,

à appear as one interferer
à 2-antenna receiver can decode the wanted signal
 Interference Alignment
2-antenna receiver I1 + I2
wanted signal

N-antenna node can only decode N signals

If I1 and I2 are aligned,

à appear as one interferer
à 2-antenna receiver can decode the wanted signal
 Rotate Signal
1.  Transmitter can rotate the received signal

2-antenna receiver
y y’ = Ry  

To rotate received signal y to y’ = Ry,

transmitter multiplies its transmitted signal by
the same rotation matrix R
 Rotate Signal
αx y1 = (h11α + h21β )x
βx y 2 = (h12α + h22 β )x

 
y = (h11 + h21,h12 + h22 ) y' = (u, v)

(h11α + h21β ) = u
(h12α + h22 β ) = v
How  to  align  the  signal  along  the  interference?  
à  Find  the  direcGon  of  the  interference    
and  rotate  the  signal  to  that  direcGon