DEVELOPMENT OF ADAPTIVE PERTURB
AND OBSERVE TECHNIQUE FOR GLOBAL
MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
S SAKTHINATHAN
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, India
sakthissn22@gmail.com
Abstract— To enable the Solar PV
module to deliver maximum power at all
weather conditions, MPPT techniques
are being used. But the presence of
partial shading of some PV cells in a
panel, not only affects the output of the
particular panel but also affects the
entire system. Hence it has to be avoided.
So, in order to avoid this condition bye-
pass diodes are used in parallel across the
panels for the purpose of providing way
for the excess current to pass and thereby
preventing these conditions. In order to
obtain the maximum power from the
given irradiation, we are using adaptive
perturb and observe technique to
determine the duty cycle corresponding
to the maximum power obtained from
the PV panel and the major disadvantage
of this P&O technique occurs in the
partial shading conditions, where two or
more peak duty ratios are obtained and
hence to determine the accurate global
maximum power point we are using
adaptive PNO technique for the case of 4
s*2p and 4 s*2p model PV panel.
Keywords—Boost dc-dc
converter, Photovoltaic, Maximum
power point tracking, Perturb and
Observe
I. INTRODUCTION
G VARSHITH
School of Electrical Engineering (SELECT)
Vellore Institute of Technology
Vellore, India
gvarshith007@gmail.com
Renewable energy is one of the recent
trends in the energy sector of our country.
This is due to the fact that availability of
fossil fuels are decreasing day by day and
there is an urgent to find an alternate
solution and one such solution is solar
power. Solar is the principle of harnessing
electricity from the radiations from the sun.
The main advantage of solar is that it is
environment friendly and produces less
CO2 gases which are released into the
environment by the fossil fuels.
The solar panel can be made to provide
maximum output when the irradiation is
constant. But in practical use the value of
irradiation is not constant across the entire
panel and there by affecting the entire
system.
The maximum output from the PV panel
can be extracted using a number of
algorithms. The main objective of MPPT is
to improve the total efficiency of the panel.
There are numerous MPPT methods are
available and each varies according to the
number sensors, cost of implementation
and complexity.
They are
1) Perturb and Observe
2) Incremental conductance method
3) Fractional short-circuit current
method
4) Fractional open circuit current
method
5) Soft computing techniques such
as fuzzy and ANN
Each of the above methods have their own
approach in determining the maximum
power point. But one of the main drawback
is due to the presence of the partial shading.
Which emerges a condition where there are
two or more peaks which results in the
identification of the local maxima instead
of the global maxima.
Out of all the algorithms, conventional
PNO algorithm is extensively used for the
commercial purpose, so in this paper
Adaptive P&O has been tested in
MATLAB under various conditions and
their results are plotted and validated.
are connected in parallel or series it makes
a PV module.
In fig 2 the model of a single of a PV
module is shown. In the fig 3a, the IV curve
is shown, where V oc, I sc, V mpp, I mpp,
are open circuit voltage across PV, short
circuit current through PV panel, voltage at
the global maximum power point, current
at the global maximum power point
respectively. From these IV curves, we can
see the nonlinear nature of the PV source
because the output of PV system depends
on the load. Fig 3b shows the PV curve,
where Pmax is the maximum power. The
Isc changes with the change in the
irradiation which is shown in the fig 3c, as
the irradiation decreases the value of the Isc
decreases.

Fig 2 : Simulink topology of single PV

module

Fig 1: Block diagram of PV system with

boost converter
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF PV
MODULE
The solar PV cell is a nonlinear source, so
understanding the characteristics of the
solar module are required to track the global
maximum power point. A basic PV cell is a
Fig 3a : IV curve of PV Module
photodiode, when an n number of PV cells
 I V CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIFFERENT IRRIDIANCE (SM55)

3.5 1000w/m2
X: 4.453 800w/m2
Y: 3.424
3 600w/m2
400w/m2

2.5

CURRENT
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20
VOLTAGE

Fig3c:IV curve for different

Fig 3b : P-V curve of PV module
irradiation

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF PV the cell is specifically relative to the yield

ARRAY UNDER PARTIAL SHADING of the present source. A sun powered cell in
CONDITIONS a perfect model can be essentially displayed
by a present source in parallel with the p-n
The uneven exposure of solar panels to the
intersection which is related with photo
irradiation is the cause of partial shading.
carriers created. Brightening current
These changes in irradiation are due to
parameter related with the photoelectric
various environmental factors like a
impact current is the invert inclination
passage of clouds, birds dropping & shade
immersion current for the diode and n, the
of the building.
diode perfect factor.
Under the partial shading condition,
multiple peaks will be occurring in the PV
curve due to the change in the IV
characteristics of the respective PV
modules. It happens because the current
pass through the diode which is connected
in anti-parallel to each panel. Fig 6 shows
the 4X2 array. From the fig7a-7b different
partial shading conditions are discussed and
their respective shading patterns are shown
in the table1a -1c for the 4X2 array.
IV. MODELING OF PV CELL Fig 4: Model of PV cell
In single diode model diode is parallel to the
current source. Where the light falling on
The equations for this model are
I= I pv –Id …. (1) I  I pv  I D  I sh
…………… (4)
qv

I D  I S (e nK BT
 1) ……. (2)
q ( v  IRS )
v  IRs
KB is knowns as Boltzmann constant I  I pv  I S (e nK S T
 1) 
Rsh … (5)
q is the charge of the electron
T is the temperature of the p-n junction of
the diode
V is the output voltage from the panel.
The solar irradiance and solar cell active
area are proportional to the illumination
current associated with the photoelectric
effect. The accuracy of the model is
improved by adding a series resistance.
Series resistance with a solar cell is known Fig 5: Practical single diode model
as a 1M4P model (four parameters, single Single-diode model of a solar cell the series
mechanism), takes into account the resistance increases with increase in the
influence of contacts by means of a series shadow rate. In contrast due to shading, the
resistance Rs. The unknown parameters of shunt resistance presents a clear reduction,
this model are Rs, Ipv, Is, n. therefore, the leakage current and the
voltage drop in the contacts will be higher
when the shadow rate increases.
The new diode current expression after
introducing diode expression is given by When the Rsh value decreases the
probability of hot spot apparition increases
since its working as a load in reverse bias.
q ( v  IRS ) It is seen that reduction of output power as
I D  I S (e nK BT
 1) …………(3)
a result of shading is due to series resistance
dissipating 50 percent of PV module output
power adjusts the duty cycle of the boost
dc-dc converter.
These models are not precise enough, as
they do not consider real factor such as
partial shading conditions. In realistic a
solar cell with series and shunt are used
which are commonly called as 1M5P model
(Five Parameters, Single Mechanism),
leakage currents are taken into account by
parallel shunt resistor Rush, Ipv, Is, n, Rs
and Rsℎ are the five parameters of this
model current equation 4-5 of this model is
given by
 Fig 6a: IV CURVES Fig 6b: PV CURVES

1a-UNIFORM IRRADIATION 1b-WEAK SHADE 1c-STRONG SHADE

Table 1: For different shades

V. SIMULATION UNDER UNIFORM SHADING

Fig 7: Simulation diagram of the PV system in Uniform shading with MPPT

VI. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig 8a: Plot for duty cycle for Uniform shading Fig 8b: Plot for Duty cycle Under uniform
shading using Proposed method

VII. SIMULATION UNDER PARTIAL SHADING

Fig 9: Simulation diagram of the PV system in Partial shading with MPPT

VIII. SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig 10a: Plot for duty cycle for Partial shading
IX. CONCLUSION
This paper throws a limelight in the
following areas PV panel design using
single diode model, partial shading and
maximum power point tracking and
determination of global maximum under
the partial shading condition. This paper
also compares the conventional perturb and
observe technique with the adaptive method
of perturb and observe method and it is seen
that the time taken to achieve the global
maximum in a reduced interval.
X. REFERENCES
1)J. Prasanth Ram, T. Sudhakar Babu, N.
Rajasekar, A comprehensive review on
solar PV maximum power point tracking
techniques, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, Volume 67, 2017, Pages
826-847, ISSN 1364-0321
2) J.Prasanth Ram, N. Rajasekar, Masafumi
Miyatake, Design and overview of
maximum power point tracking techniques
Fig 10b: Plot for duty cycle under Partial
shading using proposed method
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review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, Volume 73, 2017, Pages 1138-
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solar PV maximum power point tracking
techniques, Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, Volume 67, 2017, Pages
826-847, ISSN 1364-0321
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy
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1138, ISSN 1364-0321
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under partial shaded conditions ,Solar
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