1 Boundary Problem

This is Boundary problem for mixed mode (I+II) crack propagation time dependent:
 � �


 0 = − div (1 − z)2 σ[u] + f (x, t) x∈Ω





 � �

 ∂z γ(x)
 α2 = � div(γ(x)∇z) − z + σ[u] : e[u](1 − z) x∈Ω
∂t � + (1.1)





 + B.C.






+ I.C.

Where we have Boundary Condition (B.C.):




 u = g(x, t) on ΓD





σ[u]n = 0 on ΓN (1.2)





 ∂z

 =0 on Γ
∂n
and Iniatial Condition (I.C.)
�
u(x, 0) = u0 (x) x∈Ω
(1.3)
z(x, 0) = z0 (x) ∈ [0, 1] x ∈ Ω

Suppose that:

1. Ω is a bounded two dimensional domain and using a Cartesian coordinate, where x =

(x1 , x2 ) ∈ R2 is parallel to the plate and x3 the coordinate perpedicular to the plate.

2. u(x, t) represent the small anti-plane displacement at the position x ∈ Ω and time t ≥ 0

3. The function z(x, t) is called the phase filed for crack shape, where variable z(x, t)
satisfies 0 ≤ z(x, t) ≤ 1 in Ω and represents the crack shape.

4. f (x, t) is external force

5. g(x) is a given anti-plane displacement on the boundary ΓD

6. q(x) is a given boundary load in the x3 -direction on the boundary ΓN

Remark 1
In this case, we want to simulation mode III crack growth with condition; f (x, t) = 0,
α2 = 10−3 , and � = 10−3 .

2
2 Semi Discretization in Time and Semi-discrete Scheme
To solve boundary problem in equation (1.1), we have to do a semi discretization in time.
Δt > 0 time increment,where tk := kΔt
0 = t 0 < t1 < t2 < · · ·
So, approximate with time disretization:


 uk (x) ≈ u(x, kΔt)



g (x)
k
≈ g(x, kΔt) (2.1)


z̃ k − z k−1
 ∂z

 ≈ = zt (x, kΔt)
Δt ∂t
Using semi dicretization in time (equation 2.1), we can define equation (1.1) and than can
find find uk (x) and z̃ k (x).
� �
0 = − div (1 − z k−1 )2 σ[uk ]
� � � �
z̃ k − z k−1 γ(x) k
α2 = � div γ(x)∇z̃ k − z̃ + σ[uk−1 ] : e[uk−1 ](1 − z̃ k )
Δt � +

z := max(z̃ , z )
k k k−1
(2.2)
uk = g k (x, t) on ΓD
σ[uk ]n = 0 on ΓN
∂ z̃ k
=0 on Γ
∂u
Because equation (2.2) is a couple equation, so to find uk (x) and z̃ k (x) we have to solve
equation (2.2) simultaneously.

3 Weak Form and Finite Element Method

3.1 Variable uk (x)
Weak Form
V u := {w ∈ H 1 (Ω) | w = 0 on ΓD }
We choose the test function w ∈ V u
for all w ∈ V u
� �
0 = − div (1 − z k−1 )2 σ[uk ]
� � � ��
k−1 2
0 = − div (1 − z ) σ[u ] w dx
k
Ω
� � � ��
k−1 2
0 = − ∂j (1 − z ) σij [u ] wi dx
k
(3.1)
Ω

3
To solve equation (3.1), recall Divergence Theorem:
Divergence Theorem

� � �
(∂j fj )g dx = fj nj g ds − fj (∂j g) dx
Ω ∂Ω Ω

so we get:
�� � � � � � �
0 = − (1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ] nj wi ds − (1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ] (∂j wi ) dx
Ω
� � ∂Ω � � � �
0 = (1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ] (∂j wi ) dx − (1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ] nj wi ds (3.2)
Ω ∂Ω

or equation (3.2):
� �
(1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ](∂j wi ) dx = (1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ]nj wi ds (3.3)
Ω ∂Ω

If we use Boundary Condition (equation 1.2) and z k−1 = 0 on ΓN , so equation (3.3) can be:
�
(1 − z k−1 )2 σij [uk ](∂j wi ) dx = 0 (3.4)
Ω

if σ ∈ R3×3
sym

σij [uk ](∂j wi ) = σ[uk ] : (∇T w)

1� �
σij [uk ](∂j wi ) = σ[uk ] : ∇T w + ∇w T (3.5)
2
= σ[uk ] : e[w]

Using equation (3.3), equation (3.6) is writen:

�
(1 − z k−1 )2 σ[uk ] : e[w] dx = 0 (3.6)
Ω

Remark 2
Because the material is homogeneous and isotropic. According Hooke’s Law, σ[u] can
be defined:

σ[u] = λ(div u)I + 2µe[u]

σ[u] = λ(tr(e[u]))I + 2µe[u]

where:

1. div u = tr(e[u]) = I : e[u]

2. λ and µ are Lame’s constanta

4
 By Remark 2, equation (3.6) be:
� � �
(1 − z k−1 )2 (λ(div uk )I + 2µe[uk ]) : e[w] dx = 0
� Ω
� �
(1 − z k−1 )2 λ(div uk )I : e[w] + 2µe[uk ] : e[w] dx = 0
�Ω � �
(1 − z k−1 )2 λ(div uk )(div w) + 2µe[uk ] : e[w] dx = 0
Ω

So can be define:
� � �
aku (u, w) = (1 − z k−1 )2 λ(div uk )(div w) + 2µe[uk ] : e[w] dx
Ω

luk (w) = 0 ds

Find uk ∈ V u (g k ) (k = 1, 2, · · · ) such that:

au (uk , wh ) = luk (w) (∀ w ∈ V u ) (3.7)

Finite Element Method

We choose Vh ⊂ V = H � (Ω), dim(Vh ) < ∞
We define Vhu := Vh ∩ V u .
Let ghk ∈ Vh be an approximation of g k and we define that Vhu (ghk ) := Vhu + ghk
Find ukh ∈ Vhu (ghk ) (k = 1, 2, · · · ) such that

aku (ukh , wh ) = luk (wh ) (∀ wh ∈ Vhu )

where:

� � �
aku (ukh , wh ) = (1 − z k−1 )2 λ(div ukh )(div wh ) + 2µe[ukh ] : e[wh ] dx
Ω
luk (wh ) = 0

3.2 Variable z̃ k (x)

Weak Form
V z := {v ∈ H 1 (Ω) | v = 0 on Γ1N }
We choose the test function v ∈ V

5
for all v ∈ V
� �
∂z γ(x)
α2 = z + σ[u] : e[u](1 − z)
� div(γ(x)∇z) −
∂t �
� k � � �
z̃ − z k−1 γ(x) k
α2 = � div(γ(x)∇z̃ ) −
k
z̃ + σ[u ] : e[u ](1 − z̃ )
k−1 k−1 k
Δt �
Here, we set that v = min(z̃ k , 0)
� � k �
� � �
− z k−1
z̃ γ(x) k
α2 v dx = � div(γ(x)∇z̃ k ) − z̃ + σ[uk−1 ] : e[uk−1 ](1 − z̃ k ) v dx
Ω Δt Ω �
� � k � � � � � �
z̃ − z k−1 γ(x) k �
α2 v dx = � div(γ(x)∇z̃ k ) v dx − z̃ v dx
Ω Δt � Ω
�� � � ٠� �� �
I II
� � �
+ σ[u k−1
] : e[uk−1 ](1 − z̃ k ) v dx (3.8)
�٠�� �
III

from equation (3.8), we can solve:

1. Part I
� � � � � �
� div(γ(x)∇z̃ ) v dx = �
k
div(γ(x)∇z̃ k ) v dx
Ω Ω
�� � � � �
= � (γ(x)∇z̃ k ) · n v ds − (γ(x)∇z̃ k ) · ∇v dx
∂Ω Ω
�� � ∂ z̃ k � � �
= � γ(x)v ds − (γ(x)∇z̃ ) · ∇v dx
k
(3.9)
∂Ω ∂n Ω

∂ z̃ k
According Boundary Condition that = 0, so equation (3.9) be:
∂n
� � � �
� div(γ(x)∇z̃ ) v dx = −�
k
(γ(x)∇z̃ k ) · ∇v dx (3.10)
Ω Ω

2. Part II
� �
γ(x) �1�
z̃ v dx =
k
γ(x)z̃ k v dx (3.11)
Ω � � Ω
3. Part III
� � �
σ[uk−1 ] : e[uk−1 ](1 − z̃ k ) v dx
Ω

if σ[u k−1
] = λ(div u k−1
)I + 2µe[uk−1 ], so, the above equation be:
� �� �� ��
(λ(div uk−1 )I + 2µe[uk−1 ]) : e[uk−1 ] 1 − z̃ k v dx
� �� Ω
�� ��
λ(div uk−1 )I : e[uk−1 ] + 2µe[uk−1 ] : e[uk−1 ] 1 − z̃ k v dx
٠� �� � �2 �� ��
λ(div uk−1 )2 + 2µ e[uk−1 ] 1 − z̃ k v dx (3.12)
Ω

6
Using equation (3.10), (3.11), and (3.12), equation (3.9) can be:
� � k � �
z̃ − z k−1 1�
α2 v dx = −� (γ(x)∇z̃ k ) · ∇v dx − γ(x)z̃ k v dx
Ω Δt Ω
� � Ω
�� � �2 �� ��
+ λ(div uk−1 )2 + 2µ e[uk−1 ] 1 − z̃ k v dx
Ω
� � �
�Δt Δt
(z̃ k − z k−1 )v dx = − (γ(x)∇z̃ ) · ∇v dx −
k
γ(x)z̃ k v dx
Ω Ω α2 Ω �α2
�
Δt �� � �2 �� ��
+ λ(div uk−1 )2 + 2µ e[uk−1 ] 1 − z̃ k v dx
Ω α2

Separate the above equation:

� � � �
Δt � γ(x) � k−1 2
� � ��
k−1 2 �Δt
1+ + λ(div u ) + 2µ e[u ] z̃ v dx +
k
(γ(x)∇z̃ k ) · ∇v dx
Ω α2 � Ω α2
� �
Δt � � �2 �
= λ(div uk−1 )2 + 2µ e[uk−1 ] v dx + z k−1 v dx
Ω α2 Ω

where:
� � � �
Δt � γ(x) � � �2 �� �Δt
akz (z, v) = 1+ + λ(div uk−1 )2 + 2µ e[uk−1 ] z̃ k v dx + (γ(x)∇z̃ k ) · ∇v dx
Ω α2 � Ω α2
� �
Δt � k−1 2
�
k−1 2
� �
lz (v) =
k
λ(div u ) + 2µ e[u ] v dx + z k−1 v dx
Ω α2 Ω

Find z k ∈ V z (k = 1, 2, 3, · · · ) such that:

az (z k , vh ) = lzk (v) (∀ v ∈ V z ) (3.13)

Finite Element Method

We choose Vh ⊂ V = H � (Ω), dim(Vh ) < ∞
We define Vhz := Vh ∩ V z .
Let ghk ∈ Vh be an approximation of g k and we define that Vhz (ghk ) := Vhz + ghk
Find zhk ∈ Vhz (ghk ) (k = 1, 2, · · · ) such that

akz (zhk , vh ) = lzk (vh ) (∀ vh ∈ Vhz )

and we define that:

� � � �
Δt � γ(x) k−1 2 k−1 2
� �Δt
akz (zhk , vh ) = 1+ + (λ div u ) + 2µ(e[u ]) z̃h vh dx +
k
(γ(x)∇z̃hk ) · ∇vh dx
Ω α2 � Ω α2
� �
Δt � � �2 �
lzk (vh ) = λ(div uk−1 )2 + 2µ e[uk−1 ] vh dx + zhk−1 vh dx
Ω α2 Ω

7
4 Program of FreeFEM++
In this problem we set the boundary condition as Ω = (−1, 1)×(−1, 1) and ΓD = {(x1 , x2 )|x1 ∈
(−1, 1), x2 = ±1}(see fig. 1). The boundary condition for u is given by g = (1, 1, 0) for x ∈ ΓD
and t ≥ 0.

Γ D1 Γ D1
(1, 1) (1, 1)
(−1, 1) (−1, 1)
G2 G2

Σ Σ
ΓN G3 G1
ΓN ΓN G3 G1
ΓN
Ω Ω
G4 G4

(−1, −1) (1, −1) (−1, −1) (1, −1)

Γ D2 Γ D2
(a) Case I (b) Case II

Figure 1: Computational domain of mode I + II crack growth with ΓD1 (g = (u1 , u2 )) and
ΓD2 (g = (−u1 , −u2 )) (a) and ΓD1 (g = (−u1 , u2 )) and ΓD2 (g = (u1 , −u2 )) (b)

where:

� � � � � �
x 1 1
G1 : = t + (1 − t) (t : 0 → 1)
y 1 −1
� � � � � �
x −1 1
G2 : = t + (1 − t) (t : 0 → 1)
y 1 1
� � � � � �
x −1 −1
G3 : = t + (1 − t) (t : 0 → 1)
y −1 1
� � � � � �
x 1 −1
G4 : = t + (1 − t) (t : 0 → 1)
y −1 −1