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CH6.1-6.4 Real Vector Space PDF
CH6.1-6.4 Real Vector Space PDF
Real Vector Spaces
Objective:
l Study many important properties of
n
vectors in R
l A carefully constructed generalization of
R n
to many other important vector space.
l Application of vector space to the linear
system and matrix.
6.1. Vector Spaces
Definition of Vector Space
Definition:
A real vector space V is a set of elements
together with two operations, addition “+" and
scalar multiplication “.", satisfying the
following properties:
Let u, v, and w be vectors in V, and let c and d be
scalars.
Addition:
( a ) If u and v are any elements of V, then u + v
is in V(closed).
1. u + v = v + u .
multiplication. Then, V 1
is a vector space since for any two vectors u and v in R n
and scalar c, both u + v and cu are in R n . Therefore,
conditions ( a ) and ( b ) are satisfied. In addition, the
conditions (1) to (8) are satisfied (see the previous
subsection).
Example :
V 2 º the set consisting of all m ´ n matrices together with
standard matrix addition and scalar multiplication. V 2 is a
vector space since for any two m ´ n matrices u and v
and scalar c, both u + v and cu are m ´ n matrices.
That is, both u + v and cu are still in V 2 . Therefore,
conditions ( a ) and ( b ) are satisfied. In addition, the
conditions (1) to (8) are satisfied (see section 2).
Example:
V 3 º the set consisting of all polynomials of degree 2 or less with
the form together with standard polynomial addition and scalar
We need to examine whether the conditions ( a ), ( b ), and the
conditions (1) to (8) are satisfied. Let
u = a 2 x 2 + a 1 x + a 0 ,
(8):
2 2
1u = 1 a 2 x + 1 a 1 x + 1 a 0 = a 2 x + a 1 x + a 0 = u
Note:
P n º the set consisting of all polynomials of degree n
or less with the form together with standard
polynomial addition and scalar multiplication. Then,
P n is a vector space. In addition, P º the set
consisting of all polynomials with the form together
with standard polynomial addition and scalar
multiplication. Then, P is also a vector space.
Example:
V 4 º the set consisting of all realvalued continuous
functions defined on the entire real line together with
standard addition and scalar multiplication. Is V 4 a vector
space?
(4):
Let - u = - f (x ) . Then,
u + (-u ) = f ( x ) + [- f ( x ) ] = f ( x ) - f ( x ) = 0
Solution:
( b ):
cu = cf ( x ) Î V 4
since cf (x ) is still a continuous function.
(5):
c( u + v ) = c [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] = cf ( x ) + cg ( x ) = cu + cv
(6):
(c + d ) u = ( c + d ) f ( x ) = cf ( x ) + df ( x ) = cu + du
Solution:
(7):
c (du ) = c [df ( x ) ] = cdf ( x ) = ( cd ) f ( x ) = ( cd ) u
(8):
1( u) = 1 [ f ( x ) ] = f ( x ) = u
Note:
Let V 4 * º the set of all differentiable functions
defined on the entire real line and V 4 * * º the set of
all integrable functions defined on the entire real
* * *
V V
line. Both 4 and 4 are vector space under
standard addition and scalar multiplication.
Example:
V 5 º the set consisting of all integers with standard
V 5 is not a real vector space since for u = 1 Î V 5 , and
c = 0. 7 ,
cu = 0 . 7 × 1 = 0 . 7 Ï V 5 ,
condition ( b ) is not satisfied.
Example:
V 6 º the set consisting of all vectors in R 2 with
v = -x 2
u + v = x 2 + ( - x 2 ) = 0 Ï V 7 ,
condition ( a ) is not satisfied.
Example:
V 8 º the set consisting of all realvalued continuous
functions such that f (1 ) = 3 . Suppose the operations are
standard addition and scalar multiplication. Is V 8 a vector
space?
Solution:
V 8 is not a real vector space since for
u = f ( x ) Î V 8 , v = g ( x ) ÎV 8
f ( 1 ) + g ( 1 ) = 3 + 3 = 6 ¹ 3
Þ u + v = f ( x ) + g ( x ) Ï V 8 ,
condition ( a ) is not satisfied.
Example 1 – 9 Page 273 –276
Example1 p273
n Consider the set R n together with the
operations of vector addition and
scalar multiplication as defined in
Section 4.2. Theorem 4.2 in Section
4.2 established the fact that R n is a
vector space under the operations of
addition and scalar multiplications of n
vector.
Example2 p273
n Consider the set V of all ordered triples
of real number of the form (x,yx,0)and
define the operations ♁ and ☉ by
(x,y,0) ♁(x’,y’,0)=(x+x’,y+y’,0)
c ☉(x,y,0)=(cx,cy,0)
Example3 p273
n Consider the set V of all ordered triples of
real numbers (x,y,z) and define the
operations ♁ and ☉ by
1.(x,y,z)♁(x’,y’,z’) = (x+x’,y+y’,z+z’).
2.c ☉(x,y,z)=(cx,y,z).
3.c ☉[(x,y,z)♁(x’,y’,z’)]=(c(x+x’), y+y’,z+z’).
4.c☉ (x,y,z)♁d ☉(x’,y’,z’)= ((c+d)x,2y,2z).
Example4 p274
n Consider the set M 23 of all 2×3
matrices.
n Similarly the ser of all m×n matrices
under the usual operations of matrix
addition and scalar multiplication is a
vector space will be denoted by M mn .
Example5 p274
n Let F[a,b] be the set of all realvalued
functions that are defined on the interval
[a,b]. If f and g are in V, we define f♁g and
c☉f by
(f♁g)(t)=f(t)+g(t).
(c☉f)(t)=cf(t).
n A polynomial (in t) is a function that is
expressible as
p(t)=a n t n + a n1 t n1 +…+a 1 t+a 0
a≧0,a 0 ,a 1 ,…are real numbers.
Example6 p274
n The follow functions are polynomials
n p 1 (t)=3t 4-2t 2+5t-1.
n p 2 (t)=2t+1.
n p 3 (t)=4.
n f 4 (t) =2 t -6 and f 5 (t) =1/t 2-2t+1 are
not polynomials.
Example7 p275
n p 1 (t) : degree 4
n p 2 (t) : degree 1
n p 3 (t) : degree 0
Example8 p275
n If p(t)=a n t n + a n1 t n1 +…+a 1 t+a 0 .
n q(t)=b n t n + b n1 t n1 +…+b 1 t+b 0 .
n p(t)♁ q(t)
=(a n +b n )t n +(a n1 +b n1 )t n1 +…+(a 1 +b 1 )t+a 0 +b 0
n c☉p(t)= ca n t n + ca n1 t n1 +…+ca 1 t+ca 0 .
n (c+d)☉p(t)=c☉p(t) ♁d☉p(t).
Example9 p276
n Let u♁v =uv , c☉u=cu ,
n If u=3,v=2 ,
u♁v=1. v♁u=1
n If u=4,c=2,d=3
(c+d) ☉=(2+3) ☉4=20
c ☉u ♁d ☉v=8 ♁12=4
Theorem 6.1:
(Important Result)
If V is a vector space and let u be any element of a
real vector space V. Then,
(a) 0 u = 0 .
(b) c 0 = 0 , c Î R , 0 Î V .
(c) cu = 0. Þ c = 0 or u = 0 .
(d) ( -1 ) u = -u .
6.2. Subspace
Definition of subspace:
W is called a subspace of a real vector space V if
1. W is a subset of the vector space V.
2. W is a vector space with respect to the
operations in V.
Example 1(Page 279)
Example 2(Page 279)
Example1 p279
n Every vector space has at least two
subspaces, itself and subspace{0}.
n The subspace {0} is called the zero
subspace.
Example2 p279
n Let u=(a 1 ,b 1 ,0), v= (a 2 ,b 2 ,0)
u+v=(a 1 +a 2 ,b 1 +b 2 ,0)
cu=(ca 1 ,cb 1 ,0)
Theorem 6.2: (Important
Result)
W is a subspace of a real vector space V Û
1.If u and v are any vectors in W, then u + v Î W .
2.If c is any real number and u is any vector in W,
then cu Î W .
Example:
3
W 1 º the subset of R consisting of all vectors of the
form,
é a ù
ê 0 ú , a Î R
ê ú
êë 0 úû ,
together with standard addition and scalar multiplication.
W 3
Is 1 a subspace of R ?
Solution:
We need to check if the conditions (1) and (2) are satisfied.
Let
éa 1 ù éa 2 ù
u = êê 0 úú, v = êê 0 úú, c Î R
êë 0 úû êë 0 úû .
Then,
(1):
.
é a 1 ù é a 2 ù é a 1 + a 2 ù
u + v = êê 0 úú + êê 0 úú = êê 0 úú Î W 1
êë 0 úû êë 0 úû êë 0 úû
.
Solution:
(2):
é ca 1 ù
cu = êê 0 úú Î W 1
êë 0 úû .
c Î R .
Solution:
(1):
éa 11 + b 11 0 L 0 ù
ê 0 a 22 + b 22 L 0 úú
u + v = ê Î W 2
ê M M O M ú
ê ú
ë 0 0 L a nn + b nn û
since u + v is still a diagonal matrix.
Solution:
(2):
éca 11 0 L 0 ù
ê 0 ca L 0 úú
cu = ê 22
Î W 2
ê M M O M ú
ê ú
ë 0 0 L ca nn û
Þ W 2 is a subspace of V.
Example:
P n º the set consisting of all polynomials of degree n or
less with the form together with standard polynomial
addition and scalar multiplication. P n is a vector
space. P º the set consisting of all polynomials with
the form together with standard polynomial addition and
scalar multiplication. Then, P is also a vector space.
Then, P n is a subspace of P .
Example:
V 4 º the set consisting of all realvalued continuous
functions defined on the entire real line together with
*
V
standard addition and scalar multiplication. Let 4 º the
set of all differentiable functions defined on the entire real
line together with standard
addition and scalar multiplication. Then, V 4 is a real
vector space. Also. V 4 * is a subspace of V 4 .
Example:
W 3 º the subset of R 3 consisting of all vectors of the form,
é a ù
ê a 2 ú , a , b Î R
ê ú
êë b úû ,
together with standard addition and scalar multiplication. Is
3
W 3 a subspace of R ?
Solution:
(1):
é a 1 ù é a 2 ù é a 1 + a 2 ù é a 1 + a 2 ù
u + v = êê a 1 2 úú + ê a 2 ú = ê a 2 + a 2 ú ¹ ê (a + a ) 2 ú Î W
ê 2 ú ê 1 2 ú ê 1 2 ú 3
3
Þ W 3 is not a subspace of R .
Example:
V 3 º the set consisting of all polynomials of degree 2 or less
with the form together with standard polynomial addition
and scalar multiplication. V 3 is a vector space. Let
W 4 º the subset of V 3 consisting of all polynomials of the
form
2
ax + bx + c , a + b + c = 2 .
Is W 4 a subspace of V 3 ?
Solution:
Let
u = a 2 x 2 + a 1 x + a 0 Î W 4
and
v = b 2 x 2 + b 1 x + b 0 Î W 4 .
Example 310(Page 280282)
Example3 p280
éa 1 b 1 0 ù é a 2 b 2 0 ù
u = ê ú v = ê ú
ë 0 c 1 d 1 û ë 0 c 2 d 2 û
éka 1 kb 1 0 ù
ku = ê ú
ë 0 kc 1 kd 1 û
Example5 p282
n Let u=(a 1 ,b 1 ,1), v= (a 2 ,b 2 ,1)
u+v=(a 1 +a 2 ,b 1 +b 2 ,2)
Example6 p282
n We let P n denote the vector space
consisting of all polynomials of defree
≦n and the zero polynomial. And let P
denote the vector space of akk
polynomials. It is easy to verify that P 2
is a subspace of P 3 and in general
that P n is a subspaces of P n+1 . P n is a
subspace of P.
Example7 p282
n Let V be the set all polynomials of
degree exactly =2.V is a subset P 2 but
it is not a subspace of P 2 , since the
sum of polynomials 2t 2 +3t+1 and
2t 2 +t+2 , a polynomial of degree 1, is
not in V.
Example8 p282
n Let C[a,b] denote the set of all real
values continuous functions that are
defined on the interval [a,b]. If f and g
are in C[a,b] then f+g is in C[a,b].
Example9 p282
n Consider the homogeneous system
Ax=0, A is an m×n matrix.A solution consists of a
vector x in R n . Let W be the subset of R n consisting
of all solutions to the homogeneous system. Since
A0=0, we conclude that W is not empty. To check
that W us a subspace of R n , we verify properties (α)
and (β) of Them 6.2. Thus let x and y be solutions.
Ax=0 and Ay=0
A(x+y)=Ax+Ay=0
A(cx)=c(Ax)=0
Example10 p282
n Let v 1 and v 2 be fixed vectors in a
vector space V and let W be the set of
all linear combinations of v 1 and v 2 .
w 1 =a 1 v 1 +a 2 v 2
w 2 =b 1 v 1 +b 2 v 2
w 1 +w 2 = (a 1 +b 1 )v 1 + (a 2 +b 2 )v 2
cw 1 =(ca 1 )v 1 + (ca 2 )v 2
Definition of linear combination:
Let v 1 , v 2 , K , v k be vectors in a real vector space V. A
vector v in V is called a linear combination of
v 1 , v 2 , K
, v k if
v = c 1 v 1 + c 2 v 2 +L + c k v k ,
where c 1 , c 2 , K , c k are real numbers.
Example:
Let
é0 2 ù é- 1 3 ù é- 2 0 ù é0 8 ù
v 1 = ê ú , v 2 = ê ú , v 3 = ê ú , v = ê ú
ë1 0
û ë 1 2
û ë 1 3
û ë2 1
û
be vectors in the vector space consisting of all 2 ´ 2
matrices. Then,
é0 8 ù é0 2 ù é-1 3 ù é- 2 0 ù
v = ê ú = 1 × ê ú + 2 × ê ú + ( -1 ) × ê ú = v 1 + 2 v 2 - v 3
ë2 1 û ë1 0 û ë 1 2 û ë 1 3 û .
That is, v is a linear combination of v 1 , v 2 , v 3 .
Example:
For linear system
é1 0 - 1 ù é x 1 ù é1 ù
Ax = êê2 1 0 úú êê x 2 úú = êê1 úú = b
êë3 2 1 úû êë x 3 úû êë1 úû .
é 2 ù
Þ x = êê - 3 úú
êë 1 úû is a solution for the above linear system.
Thus,
Example:
é 2 ù é1 0 - 1 ù é 2 ù é1 ù é0 ù é- 1 ù
A êê- 3 úú = êê2 1 0 úú êê- 3 úú = 2 × êê2 úú - 3 × êê1 úú + 1 × êê 0 úú
êë 1 úû êë3 2 1 úû êë 1 úû êë3 úû êë2 úû êë 1 úû
é1 ù
= 2 col 1 ( A ) - 3 col 2 ( A ) + col 1 ( A ) = êê1 úú = b
êë1 úû
That is, b is a linear combination of the column vectors
of A,
col 1 ( A ), col 2 ( A ), col 3 ( A ) .
Note:
For a linear system A m ´ n x n ´ 1 = b m ´ 1 , the linear
system has solution or solutions Û b is a linear
combination of the column vectors of A,
col 1 ( A ), col 2 ( A ), L , col n ( A ) .
é c 1 ù
ê c ú
c = ê ú
2
For example, if ê M ú is a solution of
ê ú
ë c n û
Û we need to solve for the linear system
é c 1 ù é1 - 1 3 ù é c 1 ù é 4 ù
A êêc 2 úú = êê 2 1 3 úú êêc 2 úú = êê 5 úú
êë c 3 úû êë 3 4 2 úû êë c 3 úû êë 5 úû .
Solution:
The solutions are
c1 = -2 t + 3 , c 2 = t -1 , c 3 = t , t Î R .
Thus,
v = (- 2 t + 3 )v 1 + (t -1 ) v 2 + tv 3 , t Î R
v is a linear combination of v , v , v
1 2 3 with infinite number
of expressions.
Example:
é 3 ù
v = êê - 4 úú
Is the vector êë - 6 úû a linear combination of the vectors
Û The linear system has no solution.
Û v is not a linear combination of v1 , v 2 , v 3
Note:
Let v 1 , v 2 , K
, v n and v be vectors in R m and let Am*n be
the matrix with column vectors col j ( A ) = v j , j =1 , 2 , K, n .
Thus,
Ax = v has solution or solutions Û v is a linear
combination of v 1 , v 2 , K
, v n .
Ax = v has no solution Û v is not a linear
combination of v 1 , v 2 , K
, v n .
Definition of spanning set:
Let S = {v 1 , v 2 , K, v k } be a set of vectors in a real vector
space V. Then, the span of S, denoted by span ( S ) , is
the set consisting of all the vectors that are linear
combinations of v 1 , v 2 , K
, v k . That is,
span ( S ) = {c 1 v 1 + c 2 v 2 + L + c k v k | c 1 , c 2 , K, c k Î R } .
Then,
ì é c 1 ù ü
ï ê ú ï
span( S ) = íc 1 e 1 + c 2 e 2 + c 3 e 3 = êc 2 ú | c 1 , c 2 , c 3 Î R ý = R 3
ï ê c ú ï ,
î ë 3 û þ
Example: Example 1(Page 292)
Let
é 1 ù é 1 ù é 1 ù
v1 = êê 2 úú , v 2 = ê 0 ú , v =
ê ú 3
ê 1 ú , and S = {v , v , v }
ê ú
êë 1 úû êë 2 úû êë 0 úû
1 2 3
.
3
Does span S
( ) = R ?
Solution:
éa ù
span ( S ) = R 3 Û For any vector v = êêb úú Î R 3
êë c úû
, there
Û we need to solve for the linear system
Solution:
é 1 1 1 ùéc 1 ù éa ù
ê2 0 1 úêc ú = êb ú
ê úê 2 ú ê ú
êë1 2 0 úûêëc 3 úû êëc úû .
The solution is
- 2 a + 2 b + c a -b + c 4 a -b - 2 c
c1 = , c 2 = , c 3 =
3 3 3 .
Example 13(Page 285)
Example11 p283
n v 1 =(1,2,1), v 2 =(1,0,2), v 3 =(1,1,0), v=(2,1,5)
n If c 1 v 1 +c 2 v 2 +c 3 v 3 =v ,find c 1 c 2 c 3 ?
n c 1 (1,2,1) + c 2 (1,0,2) + c 3 (1,1,0) =(2,1,5)
c 1 +c 2 +c 3 =2
2c 1 +0c 2 +c 3 =1
c 1 +2c 2 +0c 3 =5
So c 1 =1,c 2 =2,c 3 =1
Example12 p284
é 1 0 0 ù é0 1 0 ù é0 0 0 ù é0 0 0 ù éa b 0 ù
a ê ú + b ê ú + c ê ú + d ê ú =ê ú
ë 0 0 0 û ë 0 0 0
û ë 0 1 0
û ë 0 0 1
û ë 0 c d û
Where a,b,c ,and d are real number
Section 6.3
Linear Independence
Definition:
Step 2. Determine if v is a linear combination of the given
vectors. If it is, then the given vectors span V. If it is not,
they do not span V.
Example 26(Page 292294)
Question:
Let S = {v 1 , v 2 , K, v k } and span ( S ) = W . Is it possible to
find a smaller (or even smallest) set, for example,
S = {v 1 ,v 2 , K , v k -1 }, such that
*
*
span ( S ) = W = span ( S ) ?
To answer this question, we need to introduce the concept of
linear independence and linear dependence.
Linear Independence
Definition of linear dependence and linear
independence:
The vectors v 1 , v 2 , K , v k in a vector space V are
called linearly dependent if there exist constants,
c 1 , c 2 , K , c k , not all 0, such that
c 1v 1 + c 2 v 2 + L + c k v k = 0 .
Definition of linear dependence
and linear independence:
v 1 , v 2 , K , v k are linearly independent if
The procedure to determine if v 1 , v 2 , K
, v k are
linearly dependent or linearly independent:
Definition of linear dependence
and linear independence:
é c 1 ù é 0 ù
Þ ê c ú = ê 0 ú
ê 2 ú ê ú
êë c 3 úû êë 0 úû .
é 1 ù é - 2 ù é 8 ù
v 1 = êê 2 úú , v 2 = ê 1 ú , v = ê 6 ú .
êë 3 úû
ê ú 3
êë 1 úû
ê ú
êë10 úû . Are v 1 , v 2 and v 3
linearly independent?
Solution:
é1 ù é- 2 ù é 8 ù é1 - 2 8 ù é c 1 ù
c 1v 1 + c 2 v 2 + c 3 v 3 = c 1 êê2 úú + c 2 êê 1 úú + c 3 êê 6 úú = êê2 1 6 úú êêc 2 úú = 0
êë3 úû êë 1 úû êë10 úû êë3 1 10 úû êëc 3 úû
é c 1 ù é 4 ù
Þ ê c ú = t ê - 2 ú , t Î R
ê 2 ú ê ú
êë c 3 úû êë - 1 úû .
Thus,
2 c1 + 3 c 2 + c 3 = 0 é 2 ù é3 ù é1 ù é0 ù
ê1 ú ê0 ú ê0 ú ê0 ú
c 1 = 0
c 1 ê ú + c 2 ê ú + c 3 ê ú = ê ú
2 c 2 + 2 c 3 = 0 Û ê0 ú
ê ú
ê2 ú
ê ú
ê2 ú ê0 ú
ê ú ê ú.
c 1 + c 2 = 0 ë1 û ë1 û ë0 û ë0 û
Solution:
The homogeneous system is
é 2 3 1 ù é 0 ù
é
ê 1 0 0 ú 1 c ù ê 0 ú
ê ú ê c 2 ú = ê ú
ê 0 2 2 ú ê ú ê 0 ú .
ê ê c
ú ë 3 û ú ê ú
ë 1 1 0 û ë 0 û
The associated homogeneous system has only the trivial
solution
é c 1 ù é 0 ù
ê c ú = ê 0 ú
ê 2 ú ê ú .
êë c 3 úû êë 0 úû
( ) ( ) ( )
c 1v 1 + c 2 v 2 +c 3 v 3 = c 1 x 2 + x +2 +c 2 2 x 2 + x +c 3 3 x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 .
Thus,
c 1 + 2 c 2 + 3 c 3 = 0 é 1 ù é 2 ù é 3 ù é0 ù
c 1 + c 2 + 2 c 3 = 0 c 1 êê1 úú + c 2 êê1 úú + c 3 êê 2 úú = êê0 úú
Û êë 2 úû êë0 úû êë 2 úû êë0 úû .
2 c 1 + + 2 c 3 = 0
Solution:
The associated homogeneous system is
é 1 2 3 ù é c 1 ù é 0 ù
ê 1 1 2 úú êê c 2 úú = êê 0 úú
ê .
êë 2 0 2 úû êë c 3 úû êë 0 úû
The homogeneous system has infinite number of solutions,
é c 1 ù é 1 ù
ê c ú = t ê 1 ú , t Î R .
ê 2 ú ê ú
êë c 3 úû êë - 1 úû
c 1 =c 2 =0. the vectors are
linear independent.
Example8 p295
n Are the vectors v 1 =(1,0,1,2),
v 2 =(0,1,1,2) , v 3 =(1,1,1,3) independent?
c 1 +c 3 =0 The only
c 2 +c 3 =0 solutions
c 1 + c 2 +c 3 =0 c 1 =c 2 =c 3 =0. the
2 c 1 +2 c 2 +3c 3 =0 vectors are
linear
independent.
Example9 p295
n Are the vectors v 1 =(1,2,1), v 2 =(1,2,1) ,
v 3 =(3,2,1), v 4 =(2,0,0), independent?
The only solutions
c 1 + c 2 +3c 3 +2c 4 =0 c 1 =1,c 2 =2, c 3 =1.
2c 1 +2c 2 +2c 3 =0 c 4 =0 or
c1=1,c2=1, c3 =0.
c 1 + c 2 c 3 =0 c4 =1 so the
vectors are linear
dependent.
Example10 p296
n The vector e 1 and e 2 in R 2 , defined in EX4, are
linearly independent since
c 1 (1,0)+c 2 (0,1)=(0,0)
only if c1=c2=0
é1 0 ù
A = ê ú
ë0 1 û
n We form the matrix A, whose columns are the
given n vectors. Then the given vectors are
linearly independent if and only if det(A) ≠0.
Example11 p296
n Consider the vectors
n p 1 (t)=t 2 +t+2, p 2 (t)=2t 2 +t, p 3 (t)=3t 2 +2t+2
n c 1 +2 c 2 +3c 3 =0
c 1 =1,c 2 =1, c 3 =1.
n c 1 + c 2 +2c 3 =0
Linear dependent
n 2 c 1 +2c 3 =0
Example12 p296
n If v 1 , v 2 , v 3 ,… v k are k vectors in andy
vector space and v i is the zero vector.
n Then S={v 1 , v 2 , v 3 ,… v k } is linearly
dependent.
Note:
é 1 ù é - 2 ù é 8 ù
v 1 = êê 2 úú , v 2 = ê 1 ú , v =
ê ú 3
ê 6 ú ,
ê ú
In the examples with êë 3 úû êë 1 úû êë10 úû
or with
S = {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } = {x 2 + x + 2 , 2 x 2 + x , 3 x 2 + 2 x + 2 } , v 1 , v 2 and
and
2
( 2
) (
v3 = 3 x + 2 x + 2 = x + x + 2 + 2 x + x = v 1 + v 2 . 2
)
As a matter of fact, we have the following general
result.
Theorem 6.4: (Important
result)
•Example 13 on page 298
•Example 14 on page 299
Example13 p298
n If v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 are as in Ex9,then we
find that v 1 + v 2 + 0v 3 v 4 =0
n So v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 are linear dependent.
We then hace v 4 = v 1 + v 2
Example14 p299
é 1 ù é 1 ù é 0 ù é 2 ù
ê 1 ú ê 0 ú ê 1 ú ê 1 ú
v1 = ê ú , v 2 = ê ú , v 3 = ê ú , v 4 = ê ú let w = span S. Since v 4 = v 1 + v 2
ê 0 ú ê 1 ú ê 1 ú ê 1 ú
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
ë 0 û ë 0 û ë 0 û ë 0 û
We conclude thar W=span S 1 where
S 1 ={ v 1 ,v 2 ,v 3 }
6.4. Basis and Dimension
The vectors v 1 , v 2 , K , v k in a vector space V are said to
form a basis of V if
(a) v 1 , v 2 , K , v k span V (i.e., span ( v 1 , v 2 , K , v k ) = V ).
(b) v 1 , v 2 , K , v k are linearly independent.
Example 1(Page 303)
Natural basis or standard basis
Example1 p303
n The vector e 1 =(1,0) and e 2 =(0,1) from
a basis for R 2 .Each of these set of
vectors is called the natural basis or
standard basis.
Example:
é 1 ù é 0 ù é 0 ù
e1 = êê 0 úú , e 2 = êê 1 úú , e 3 = ê 0 ú , and S = {e , e , e }
ê ú 1 2 3
[solution:]
v 1 , v 2 and v 3 are not a basis in R 3 since v 1 , v 2 and v 3
are linearly dependent,
é 8 ù é1 ù é - 2 ù
v 3 = êê 6 úú = 4 êê 2 úú - 2 êê 1 úú = 4 v 3 - 2 v 2
êë10 úû êë 3 úû êë 1 úû .
Example 2(Page 303)
Example 3(Page 304)
Example 4(Page 304)
Example2 p303
n S={ v 1 ,v 2 ,v 3 ,v 4 } where
n v 1 =(1,0,1,0), v 2 =(0,1,1,2)
n v 3 =(0,2,2,1) ,v 4 =(1,0,0,1)
n Show that S is a basis for R 4
part1
n c 1 +c 4 =0
n c 2 +2c 3 =0 The only solutions
c 1 =c 2 =c 3 =c 4 =0,
n c 1 c 2 +2c 3 =0 Showing that S is
n 2 c 2 +c 3 +c 4 =0 linear indepeddent
part2
n Let v =(a,b,c,d) be any vector in R 4 .
n We now seek constants k 1 ,k 2 ,k 3 ,k 4
such that k 1 v 1 +k 2 v 2 + k 3 v 3 + k 4 v 4 =v
n Substituting for v 1 v 2 v 3 v 4 and v we find
a solution for k 1 ,k 2 ,k 3 ,k 4 to the resulting
linear system for any a,b,c,d . Hence S
spans R 4 and is a vasis for R 4 .
Example3 p304 part 1
n To show S={t 2 +1,t
1,2t+2} is a basis a 1 = a , a 2 =
a + b - c
, a 3 =
c + b - a
for the vector 2 4
space P 2 .
given 2 t 2 + 6 t + 13
n at 2 +bt+c=a 1 t 2 +(a 2 +
a 3 )t+(a 1 a 2 +2a 3 ) a 1 =2 , a 2 =5/2 ,a 3 =17/4
n a 1 =a
a 1 (t 2 +1)+a 2 (t1)+a 3 (2t+2)=0
n a 2 +2a 3 =b
n a 1 a 2 +2a 3 =c
Example3 p304 part 2
Then a 1 t 2 +(a 2 +2a 3 )t+(a 1 a 2 +2a 3 )=0
a 1 =0
a 2 +2a 3 =0
a 1 a 2 +2a 3 =0
The only solutions a 1 =a 2 =a 3 =0,
S is linear indepeddent
Example4 p304
n Find a basis for the subspace V of
P 2 ,consisting of all vector of the form
at 2 +bt+c ,where c=ab.
n at 2 +bt+ab
n a(t 2 +1)+b(t1)+c
n So the t 2 +1and t1 span V.
n a(t 2 +1)+b(t1)=0
n Since this equation id to hold all values of t,
we must have a 1 =a 2 =0.
Example:
Let
é 1 ù é 1 ù é 1 ù
v1 = êê 2 úú , v 2 = ê 0 ú , v =
ê ú 3
ê 1 ú , and S = {v , v , v }
ê ú 1 2 3
The solution is
- 2 a + 2 b + c a -b + c 4 a -b - 2 c
c1 = , c 2 = , c 3 =
3 3 3 .
Solution:
Thus,
v v
, v
,
By (a) and (b), 1 2 3 are a basis of
3
R .
Theorem 6.5:(Important result)
If S = {v 1 , v 2 , K, v k } is a basis for a vector space V, then
every vector in V can be written in an unique(one
and only one) way as a linear combination of the
vectors in S.
Example:
é 1 ù é 0 ù é 0 ù
e1 = êê 0 úú , e 2 = êê 1 úú , e 3 = ê 0 ú , and S = {e , e , e }
êë 0 úû êë 0 úû
ê ú
êë 1 úû
1 2 3
. S is a basis of
éa ù
ê
v = êb ú ú
R 3 . Then, for any vector êë c úû ,
é a ù é1 ù é 0 ù é 0 ù
v = êê b úú = a êê 0 úú + b êê1 úú + c êê 0 úú = ae 1 + be 2 + ce 3
êë c úû êë 0 úû êë 0 úû êë1 úû
is uniquely determined.
Theorem 6.6:(Important
result)
some subset of S is a basis of W.
Example:
Let
ìé1 ù é0 ù é2 ù é0 ù é1 ùü
ïê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú ê úï
S = {e 1 , e 2 , a 1 , e 3 , a 2 } = íê0 ú, ê1 ú, ê3 ú, ê0 ú, ê3 úý
ïê0 ú ê0 ú ê0 ú ê1 ú ê2 úï
îë û ë û ë û ë û ë ûþ
form a basis of R 3 .
Solution:
We first check if e 1 and e 2 are linearly independent.
Since they are linearly independent, we continue to check if
e 1 , e 2 and a 1 are linearly independent. Since
independent. They are linearly independent. Thus, we finally
check if e 1 , e 2 e 3 and a 2 are linearly independent. Since
e 1 + 3 e 2 + 2 e 3 - a 2 = 0 ,
we delete a from S and form a new set S 2 ,
1
S 2 = {e 1 , e 2 , e 3 } .
Therefore,
S 2 = {e 1 , e 2 , e 3 }
3
R
is the subset of S which form a basis of form a basis of .
How to find a basis (subset of S) of W?
There are two methods:
Method 1:
The procedure based on the proof of the above
important result.
Method 2:
Step 1: Form equation
c 1v 1 + c 2 v 2 + L + c k v k = 0 .
How to find a basis (subset of S) of W?
Step 2: Construct the augmented matrix associated with the
equation in step 1 and transform this augmented matrix
to the reduced row echelon form.
then the 1’st, the 3’nd, and the 4’th columns contain
a leading 1 and thus
v 1 , v 3 , v 4 are a basis of W = span {v 1 , v 2 , K, v 6 } .
Example:
Let
ìé1 ù é0 ù é2 ù é0 ù é1 ùü
ïê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú ê úï
S = {e 1 , e 2 , a 1 , e 3 , a 2 } = íê0 ú, ê1 ú, ê3 ú, ê0 ú, ê3 úý
ïê0 ú ê0 ú ê0 ú ê1 ú ê2 úï
îë û ë û ë û ë û ë ûþ
We first check if e 1 and e 2 are linearly independent.
Since they are linearly independent, we continue to check if
e 1 , e 2 and a 1 are linearly independent. Since
S 2 = {e 1 , e 2 , e 3 } . Therefore,
Step 1:
The equation is
é 1 ù é0 ù é2 ù é0 ù é1 ù
c 1 êê0 úú + c 2 êê1 úú + c 3 êê3 úú + c 4 êê0 úú + c 5 êê2 úú = 0
êë0 úû êë0 úû êë0 úû êë1 úû êë3 úû .
Solution:
Step 2:
The augmented matrix and its reduced row echelon matrix is
é 1 0 2 0 1 0 ù
ê0 1 3 0 2 0 ú
ê ú
êë0 0 0 1 3 0 úû .
The 1’st, the 2’nd and 4’th columns contain the leading 1’s.
Thus,
{e 1 , e 2 , e 3 } forms a basis. Example 5(Page 309)
Example5 p309
n S={ v 1 ,v 2 ,v 3 ,v 4 ,v 5 }, v 1 = (1,2,2,1) ,
v 2 =(3,0,4,3), v 3 =(2,1,1,1), v 4 =(3,3,
9,6), v 5 =(9,3,7,6).
n Find a subset of S that is a basis for
W=span S.
n Step1:
n c 1 (1,2,2,1) + c 2 (3,0,4,3)+ c 3 (2,1,1,
1) + c 4 (3,3,9,6) + c 5 (9,3,7,6)=0
Step2:
é 1 3 3 ù
ê 1 0 0 ú
2 2 2
ê 1 3 5 ú
ê0 1 - - 0 ú
ê 2 2 2 ú
ê0 0 0 0 0 0 ú
ê0 0 0 0 0 0 û ú
ë
Step3:
n The leading 1s appear in columns 1
and 2, so {v 1 ,v 2 }is a basis for W= span
S.
Theorem 6.7: (Important result)
vectors in V. Then, r £ n .
獨立向量集的向量個數必定小於或等於基底的向量
個數.
多於基底向量個數的向量集合必定不為獨立向量集
Corollary 6.1:
Let S = {v 1 , v 2 , K, v n } and T = {w 1 , w 2 , K , w m } be two
bases for a vector space V. Then, n = m .
Note:
For a vector space V, there are infinite bases. But
the number of vectors in two different bases are
the same.
Example:
3
For the vector space R ,
é 1 ù é 1 ù é 1 ù
v1 = êê 2 úú , v 2 = ê 0 ú , v =
ê ú 3
ê 1 ú , S = {v , v , v }
ê ú 1 2 3
Þ There are 3 vectors in both S and T.
Definition of dimension:
The dimension of a vector space V is the number
of vectors in a basis for V. We often write dim(V)
for the dimension of V. dim({0}) = 0.
Example:
Þ The dimension of R 3 is 3.
Example 68(Page 310)
Example6 p310
n The dimension of R 2 is 2;
n The dimension of R 3 is 3;
n The dimension of R n is n.
Example7 p310
n The dimension of P 2 is 3;
n The dimension of P 3 is 4;
n The dimension of P n is n+1;
Example8 p310
n The subspace w of R 4 considered in
Ex5 has dimension 2.
Theorem 6.8: (Important result)
Example 9(Page311)
Example9 p311
n Find the basis for R 4 that contains the
vector v 1 =(1,0,1,0) and v 2 =(1,1,1,0).
n Let {e 1 , e 2 , e 3 , e 4 , } be the natural basis
for R 4 where
n e 1 =(1,0,0,0), e 2 =(0,1,0,0)
n e 3 =(0,0,1,0) e 4 =(0,0,0,0)
n c 1 v 1 + c 2 v 2 + c 3 e 1 + c 4 e 2 + c 5 e 3 + c 6 e 4 =0
Example9 p311
é1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ù
ê0 1 0 1 0 0 0 ú ú
ê
ê0 0 1 0 - 1 0 0 ú
ê ú
ë0 0 0 0 0 1 0 û
Since leading 1s appear in columns 1,2,3 and 6 we
conclude that {v 1 ,v 2 ,e 1 .e 4 } is a basis for R 4 containing
v 1 and v 2
Theorem 6.9: (Important result)
é 1 ù é 2 ù é 4 ù
v1 = êê 3 úú , v 2 = ê 1 ú , v =
ê ú 3
ê 2 ú , S = {v , v , v }
ê ú 1 2 3
Is êë - 1 úû êë 0 úû êë 1 úû a basis for
3
R ?
Solution:
3
Since R is a 3dimensional vector space, we only need to
examine whether S is linearly independent or S spans R 3 .
Because
éc 1 + 2 c 2 + 4 c 3 ù é0 ù
c 1v 1 + c 2 v 2 + c 3 v 3 = êê3 c 1 + c 2 + 2 c 3 úú = êê0 úú Û c 1 = c 2 = c 3 = 0
êë - c 1 + c 3 úû êë0 úû ,