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3.1 Image and Kernal of A Linear Trans-Formation Definition. Image
3.1 Image and Kernal of A Linear Trans-Formation Definition. Image
Definition. Image
The image of a function consists of all the
values the function takes in its codomain. If f
is a function from X to Y , then
image(f) = {f (x): x ∈ X }
= {y ∈ Y : y = f (x), for some x ∈ X }
f (x) = ex
consists of all positive numbers.
Solution
" # " # " #" #
x1 x1 1 3 x1
T =A =
x2 x2 2 6 x2
2
" # " # " # " #
1 3 1 1
= x1 + x2 = x1 + 3x2
2 6 2 2
" #
1
= (x1 + 3x2)
2
See Figure 5.
Solution
" # 1 1 " # 1 1
x1 x1
T = 1 2 = x1 1 + x2 2
x2 x2
1 3 1 3
See Figure 6.
Definition. Consider the vectors ~v1, ~v2, . . . ,
~vn in Rm. The set of all linear combinations of
the vectors ~v1, ~v2, . . . , ~vn is called their span:
T (~
x) = A~
x
is the span of the columns of A. We denote
the image of T by im(T ) or im(A).
Justification
x1
| |
x2
T (~
x) = A~
x = v~1 . . . v~n ...
| |
xn
Verification
(a). ~
0 ∈ Rm since A~
0=~
0.
(b). Since v~1 and v~2 ∈ im(T ), ∃ w~1 and w~2 st.
T (w~1) = v~1 and T (w~2) = v~2. Then, v~1 + v~2 =
T (w~1) + T (w~2) = T (w~1 + w~2), so that v~1 + v~2
is in the image as well.
Solution
5
Definition. Kernel
6
Example. Consider the orthogonal project onto
the x1 − x2−plane, a linear transformation T
from R3 to R3. See Figure 10.
7
Example. Find the kernel of the linear trans-
formation T from R3 to R2 given by
" #
1 1 1
T (~
x) =
1 2 3
Solution
x1 − x3 = 0
x2 + 2x3 = 0
x1 t 1
x2 = −2t = t −2
x3 t 1
1
The kernel is the line spanned by −2 .
1
8
Example. Find the kernel of the linear trans-
formation T from R5 to R4 given by the matrix
1 5 4 3 2
1 6 6 6 6
A=
1 7 8 10 12
1 6 6 7 8
9
The solution are the vectors
x 6s − 6t
1
x2 −2s + 2t
x =
~ x3
=
s
x −2t
4
x5 t
We can write
6s − 6t 6 −6
−2s + 2t −2 2
s = s 1 + t 0
−2t
0 −2
t 0 1
This shows that
6 −6
−2 2
ker(T) = span 1 , 0
0 −2
0 1
Fact 3.1.6: Properties of the kernel
Fact 3.1.7
1. Consider an m*n matrix A then
ker(A) = {~
0}
ker(A) = {~
0}
1. A is invertible.
6. ker(A) = {~
0}. (fact 3.1.7)