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RPS Mekbat Dan GBK
RPS Mekbat Dan GBK
RPS Mekbat Dan GBK
Used in Construction
MSc Course
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University
1. Building or Dimension stone
Stone has been used as a construction
material for thousands of years. One of the
reasons for this was its ready availability
locally. Furthermore, stone requires little
energy for extraction and processing.
Indeed, stone is used more or less as it is
found except for the seasoning, shaping
and dressing that is necessary before it is
used for building purposes.
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University 2
Building or Dimension stone-Terminology
Quarries are places where rock is separated from its natural
beds and processed for its use in construction.
There are open and underground quarries.
Open quarries may be shelf quarries where the rock is
extracted from hillside or pit quarries where rock is excavated
from certain depth in ground.
Quarry products are dimension stone, crushed stone and
broken stone.
Dimension stones are blocks with more or less even surfaces of
specified shape and usually of specified size.
Dimension stones are rapidly being replaced in building
construction by reinforced concrete or baked clay products.
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University 3
Building or Dimension stone-Terminology
does not.
4. Crushed rock: Concrete Aggregate
As concrete sets, hydration takes place, and alkalies (Na2O and
K2O) are released.
These react with siliceous material such as opal, chalcedony, flint,
chert and volcanic glass.
If any of these materials are used as aggregate in concrete made
with high-alkali cement, then the concrete is liable to expand and
crack, thereby losing strength.
ASR is a simple acid-base reaction between calcium hydroxide, also
known as Portlandite, or (Ca(OH)2), and silicic acid (H4SiO4, or
Si(OH)4). For the sake of simplicity, this reaction can be
schematically represented as following:
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University 40
of the aggregate.
4. Crushed rock: Concrete Aggregate
avoided.
4. Crushed rock: Concrete Aggregate
Certain argillaceous dolostones have been found to expand when used
as aggregates in high-alkali cements, thereby causing failure in
concrete.
This phenomenon has been referred to as alkali–carbonate rock
reaction, and its explanation has been attempted by Gillott and
Swenson (1969).
CaMg(CO3)2 + 2 NaOH → CaCO3 + Na2CO3 + Mg(OH)2 (Brucite)
They proposed that the expansion of such argillaceous dolostones
(brucite) in high-alkali cements was due to the uptake of moisture by
the clay minerals.
This was made possible by dedolomitization that provided access for
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University 43
moisture.
5. Road aggregate
Aggregate constitutes the basic material for road construction
and is quarried in the same way as aggregate for concrete.
Because it forms the greater part of a road surface, aggregate
has to bear the main stresses imposed by traffic, such as
slow-crushing loads and rapid-impact loads, and has to resist
wear.
Therefore, the rock material used should be fresh and have
high strength. In addition, the aggregate used in the wearing
course should be able to resist the polishing action of traffic.
The aggregate in blacktop should possess good adhesion
properties with bituminous binders.
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University 44
5. Road aggregate
Aggregate used as road metal must, in addition to having high
strength, have high resistance to impact and abrasion, polishing and
skidding, and frost action.
It must also be impermeable, chemically inert and possess a low
coefficient of expansion.
The properties of an aggregate are related to the texture and
mineralogical composition of the rock from which it was derived.
Most igneous and contact metamorphic rocks meet the requirements
demanded of good roadstone.
On the other hand, many rocks of regional metamorphic origin are
either cleaved or schistose and are therefore unsuitable for
roadstone.
R. R. Gadgil, Dept. of Earth Science, Goa University 45
5. Road aggregate
This is because they tend to produce flaky particles when
crushed.
Such particles do not achieve good interlock and,
consequently, impair the development of dense mixtures
for surface dressing.
The amount and type of cement and/or matrix material
that bind grains together in a sedimentary rock influence
roadstone performance.