LM Mason 10 Final PDF

Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs)
Content Standards Performance Standards
The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates
understanding of one’s PECs in a plan of action that strengthens/ further
Masonry. develops his/her PECs in Masonry.
Time Allotment: 4 hours

Module 1
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies
Introduction
In this module you will learn more about entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial
competencies related to masonry.
1. You will have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to

personal assessment of your entrepreneurial competencies and assessment of
entrepreneurial competencies of a successful mason within your province.
DRAFT
2. You will also have some activities to align your competencies with the
competencies of successful practitioners. Moreover, this module is designed to
stimulate your mind to think about entrepreneurship, its role in the business community
in particular and to the economic and social development in general.
Now, to start with this module, let us first define entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are people with skills and capabilities to see and evaluate
business opportunities. They are individuals that can strategically identify products
or services needed by the community and they deliver these at the right time and the
right place.
Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage and

assume the risks of a business. Some of the good qualities of an entrepreneur are
opportunity seeker, risk taker, goal setter, excellent planner, a confident problem
solver, hardworking, persistent and a committed worker.
Entrepreneurship on the other hand is not just a simple business activity. It is the
strategic process of innovation and new venture creation. Basically, entrepreneurship
is both an art and science of converting business ideas into marketable products or
services to improve the quality of living.
Now that you have a little background knowledge about entrepreneur and
entrepreneurship, let us now walk through the assessment of Personal Entrepreneurial
Competencies (PECs). Always remember that “Successful entrepreneurs
continuously develop and improve their PECs.”
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To begin with, let us first try to find out the competencies you will master after
finishing this module.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

• Identify areas for improvement, development and growth;
• Align your PECs according to your business/career choice; and
• Create a plan of action that ensures success in your business/career
choice
Now that you have an idea about the enabling knowledge and skill that you
will develop/achieve and master, try to take the first challenge in this module -- the pre
assessment.
PRE-ASSESSMENT
As part of your initial activity, you will be challenged to dig deeper into your
knowledge and previous experiences on the topic. Try to diagnose/assess what you
already know about personal entrepreneurial competencies by answering Task 1.
Task 1: Matching Type
DRAFT
Directions: Match the entrepreneurial competencies in column A with their
meaning in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided
before the numbers.
A B
____1. Creative a. makes a wise decision towards the set
objectives
____2. Profit oriented b. strategic thinking and setting of goals
____3. Disciplined c. trust in one’s ability
____4. Decision Maker d. adoptable to change
____5.Interpersonally skilled e. Makes innovations to have a competitive
edge
____6. Planner f. dedicates self to the task
____7. Self-confident g. keeps records skillfully
____8. Hardworking h. sticks to the plan
____9. Adaptable i. works diligently
____10. Committed j. communicates and relates to people
effectively and efficiently
k. focuses on financial gain
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Task 2: Guide Questions
Direction: The following are guide questions which encapsulate the entire
module. Write your answers on your assignment notebook, then share these to class.
A. Explain why entrepreneurial activities are important to social development and

progress of the economy.
B. What entrepreneurial activities related to masonry do you know and are
capable of doing?
C. Given the opportunity to own a business related to masonry, will you be
confident to manage it? Explain your answer.
D. What do you think are the most important competencies you must possess in
order to be a successful in running your chosen business?
E. Name successful entrepreneurs from your province whose business are
related to masonry. Be able to share to the class their PECs that made them
successful.
After all the guide questions have been answered to the best of your
knowledge and skills, share these with your classmates. You too, may compare your
insights, personal knowledge, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more
exciting and engaging.
DRAFT
Learning Goals and Target
After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having gone
through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be asked to set
your own personal goals. These goals will trigger you to further achieve the ultimate
objective of this module. In the end, these goals would motivate you to learn more
about PECs.
Goals and Learning Ultimate Goal

Target Activities
Figure 1: Strategic process to achieve the objectives of this module
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives of
this module, first check your inherent knowledge of PECs. Try to answer the following
guide questions with the help of your classmates.
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Task 3: Group Activity
Directions: Answer the following guide questions on a separate sheet of
paper. Share your answer to the class.
What is the importance of assessing one’s PECs before engaging in a particular

entrepreneurial activity?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
Are there other strategies or approaches you can use to assess your PECs?
Explain how these would become more useful in selecting a viable business venture.
______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
What are the desirable personal characteristics, attributes, lifestyles, skills and
traits of a prospective entrepreneur? Why are these important?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
DRAFT
_________________________________________.
Why is there a need to assess one’s PECs in terms of characteristics, attributes,

lifestyles, skills and traits before starting a particular business?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
What is the significance of evaluating the PECs of a successful entrepreneur?

What helpful insights can you draw from this activity?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________.
How was your experience in answering the guide questions with your
classmates? Were you able to benefit from them? What are the insights that you have
realized?
Now, this time you’re going to study the different topics that will enrich your
knowledge of PECs. Carefully read all the important details about the succeeding
topic.
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Assessment of Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies (PECs) and
skills vis-à-vis a practicing entrepreneur or employee in a province.
The entrepreneurial competencies refer to the important characteristics that
should be possessed by an individual in order to perform entrepreneurial functions
effectively. In this module, you will learn some of the most important characteristics,
attributes, lifestyle, skills and traits of a successful entrepreneur in order to be
successful in a chosen career.
Below are few important characteristics/traits/attributes of a good entrepreneur:
• Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good

entrepreneur is hardworking. This means deligently working with
energy and commitment for a long period of hours. Hardworking people
keep on improving their performance to produce good products and or
provide good services.
DRAFT
• Self-confident: Entrepreneurs have trust in their own ability, quality,
and judgment. They exhibit self-confidence in order to cope with all
the risks of operating their own business.
• Disciplined: Successful entrepreneurs apply controlled behaviors by

always sticking to the plan and fighting the temptation to do what is
unimportant.
• Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility of

everything in his/her business. He/she pledges and dedicates himself
to make the business successful.
• Able to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change. Change

occurs frequently. When you own a business, you should be flexible
and thrive on changes. Capitalize on positive changes to make your
business grow.
• Creative: An entrepreneur should be original and innovative to stay in

the business and to have competitive edge over the other competitors.
• Proactive: An entrepreneur initiates changes rather than react to

event.. You must put yourself in a position where you are personally
responsible for the failure or success of your business.
• Profit-Oriented: You enter into the world of business to generate

profit or additional income. This shall become your bread and butter
and for your family as well. Therefore, you must see to it that the
business can generate income.
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Listed below are the important skills of a successful entrepreneur.
• Planner: Planning is a strategic thinking and setting of goals to achieve
objectives by carefully maximizing on all the available resources. A
good entrepreneur develops and applies step-by-step plans to realize
goals. A good entrepreneur knows that planning is an effective skill
only when combined with action.
• People Skills: Is a skill which is very important in order to be successful
in any kind of business. People skills refer to an effective and efficient
communication and relation to people working in and out of your
business. In day-to-day business transactions, you need to deal with
people. A well- developed people skills can spell out the difference
between success and failure of the business.
• Decision Maker: Successful entrepreneurs have the ability to think
quickly and make a wise decision towards the pre-determined set
objectives. No one can deny that the ability to make a decision is an
important skill that an entrepreneur should possess. Sound decisions
should spring out from given facts/information and should be towards
the pre-determined objectives.
DRAFT
In order to firm up what you have learned and to have a better appreciation of
the different entrepreneurial competencies, try to read the PECs checklist presented
below, and then answer the same.
Task 4: PECs Checklist

Directions: Using the PECs Checklist, assess yourself by checking the
column that best describes your strengths or development areas column. Interpret
the results by counting the total number of check marks in each of the columns. After
accomplishing the checklist, form a group and share your insights and experiences
why you come up with that personal assessment.
Table 1: PECs Checklist
Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies of Personal Assessment

an Entrepreneur in terms of:
Strength Development
Areas
Hardworking
Working diligently
Self-confident
Confidence in one’s ability
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Disciplined
Always stick to the plan
Committed
Solid dedication
Able to accept change
Adoptable to change
Creative
Innovative to have edge over other
competitors
Profit-oriented
Always looking for income
Planner
Strategic thinking and setting of goals
People Skill
effective and efficient communication and
relation to people
Decision Maker
make a wise decision towards the set
DRAFT
objectives
TOTAL
Interpretation/Insights:
____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
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How was your experience in discovering your strengths and the areas to
be developed? Did you gain valuable experience in exchanging insights with your
classmates? To learn more and deepen your understanding of PECs, do the Task 5
below.
Task 5: Interview
Interview a successful mason or entrepreneur in your province whose type of
business is related with masonry. Focus your interview on PECs and other business-
related attributes that help them become successful. Analyze the result of the interview
and reflect on the similarities and/or differences. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Sample Interview Guide:
Name of Proprietor/ Practioner_____________________________________
DRAFT
Age: _____________________Number of years in business: ____________
Business Name: ________________________________________________
Business Address: ______________________________________________
1. What are your preparations before you engaged in this type business/job?
2. What are your special skills/characteristics that are related to your business/
job?
3. How did you solve business-related problems during the early years of
your business operation?
4. Did you follow the tips from a successful businessman/practitioner before
you engaged in your business?
5. What are your best business practices that you can share with aspiring
students?
6. What are the salient characteristics, attributes, lifestyle, skills and traits that
made you successful in your business/job?
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Note: Write the answers culled from your interviewee in row 1. Put your PECS
in row 2
Personal
Entrepreneurial Characteristics Attributes Lifestyles Skills Traits
Competencies
Successful
Entrepreneur in
the province
My PECs
Using the information on the table above, analyze, and reflect on the similarities
and differences in your answers. Put your reflection on the table below. Write your
conclusion on the space provided below.
Personal
DRAFT
Entrepreneurial Similarities Differences
Competencies
Characteristics
Attributes
Lifestyles
Skills
Traits
Conclusion:
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
____________________ .
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After performing the activities on the importance of PECs, let’s determine
how much you have learned. Perform the Task 6 to determine how well you have
understood the lesson.
Task 6: Preparation of an Action Plan

Directions: Using the table below and the information generated from Task 5
(Interview), prepare an action plan that indicates how you would align your PECs to
the PECs of the successful entrepreneur masonry in your province.
Objective Area Activities Strategies Time Expected

Frame Outcome
DRAFT
To align
my PECs characteristics
with the
PECs of a
successful
ntrepreneur Skills
in masonry
Attributes
Traits
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Task 7: Essential Questions
Directions: Read and study the following questions below. You may use a
separate sheet of paper or your notebook to write your answers.
Why is there a need to compare and align your PECs with the PECs of a
successful entrepreneur?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
How does your action plan help sustain your strong PECs and/or address your
development areas?
_____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________.
What plan of action would you do to address your development areas?
_____________________________________________________________
DRAFT
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
FEEDBACK
Pre/Post Assessment
1. E
2. K
3. H
4. A
5. J
6. B
7. C
8. I
9. D
10. F
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ENVIRONMENT AND MARKET (EM)
Content Standards Performance Standards
The learner demonstrates The learner independently creates
understanding of environment and a business vicinity map reflective of
market in masonry in one’s province. potential market in masonry in a province.
Quarter I Time Allotment: 4 hours

Module 2
Environment and Market
Introduction
People who aspire to start a business need to explore the economic, cultural
and social conditions prevailing in the area. Needs and wants of the people in a certain
area that are not yet met may be considered as business opportunities. Identifying the
needs of the community, its resources, available raw materials, skills, and appropriate
technology can help a new entrepreneur in seizing a business opportunity.
DRAFT
To be successful in any kind of business venture, potential entrepreneurs
should always look closely at the environment and market. They should always be
watchful of the existing opportunities and constraints. The opportunities in the business
environment are those factors that provide possibilities for a business to expand and
make more profits. Constraints, on the other hand are those factors that limit the
ability to grow, hence reduces the chance of generating profit. One of the best ways
to evaluate the opportunities and constraints is to conduct SWOT analysis. These are
strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats.
SWOT analysis is a tool is used to assess the environment. It is also a

managerial tool that gathers important information, which in turn used in strategic
planning. Strengths and Weaknesses are internal in an organization. Basically they
relate to resources owned by organization, These are the things that you have control
over, and have the knowledge of the extent of its marketing.
Opportunities and Threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities

relate to the market, the development of new technologies, and the external factors
such as government policies, climate, and trends. Threats relate to the competition ,
as well as legal and other constraints.
Now that you have read some of the important considerations to become
successful in any business, you are now ready to explore more about the environment
and market.
To begin with, let’s first try to find out the competencies that you will master
after finishing this module.
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Objectives
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
• Identify what is of “value” to the customer;

• Identify the customer to sell to;
• Explain what makes a product unique and competitive;
• Apply creativity and innovative techniques to develop marketable
product; and
• Employ a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the product/service.
Now that you have an idea about the things you will learn, try to take the first
challenge in this module-- the pre-assessment.
Pre-Assessment
Task I: Multiple Choice
DRAFT
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. This is generated by examining what goods and services are sold outside
by the community.
A. business creation C. business concept
B. business pricing D. business idea
2. A process of making a new product to be sold to the customers.
A. Product Analysis C. Product Development

B. Product Conceptualization D. Product Implementation
3. These are luxuries, advantages and desires that every individual considers
beyond necessary.
A. wants C. requirements
B .desires D. needs
4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that

one product or service is different from and better than that of the competitor.
A. Unique Selling Plan C. Unique Pricing Policy
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Finding Value-Added
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5. In this stage, the needs of the target market are identified, review and
evaluated.
A. Concept Development C. Project Development

B. Economic Analysis D. Refine Specification
6. This is the introduction of new idea to make the product and service more
attractive and saleable to the target customers.
A. new Idea C. product development

B. creativity D. innovation
7. A managerial tool used to assess the environment to gather important
information used for strategic planning.
A. Environmental Scanning C. WOTS Analysis

B. SWOT Analysis D. Survey Analysis
8. A marketing practice of creating a name, symbol or designs that identifies
and diffrentiate a product from other product
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
DRAFT
9. This is a meaningful and unforgettable statement that captures the essence
of your brand.
A. Product Naming C. Branding
B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Tagline
10. These are the things that people cannot live without.
A. Wants C. Requirements
B. Desires D. Needs
Task 2: Guide Questions:

Directions: Answer the guide questions below. You may use a separate
sheet of paper to write your explanations.
1. How does one determine the product or services to be produced and/or to

be offered/delivered to the target customers?
2. How does one select an entrepreneurial activity?
3. When can one say that a certain product has a “value”?
4. Are innovation and creativity of your product/services important? Explain.
5. How can one effectively respond to the needs of the target customer?
6. Express from the viewpoint of a business owner the importance of scanning
the environment and market in generating a business idea.
7. Using self-assessment, explain your level of confidence in formulating a
business idea.
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After all the guide questions have been answered and skills have
been mastered, share those with your classmates. Discuss your insights, personal
knowledge of, and relevant experiences on the topic to make it more exciting and
engaging.
Learning Goals and Target

After reading and understanding the objectives of this module and having gone
through pre-assessment and answering the guide questions, you will be asked to set
your own personal goals. These goals will trigger you to further achieve the ultimate
objective of this module. In the end, these goals would motivate you to learn more
about Environment and Market.
Figure 2: Strategic process to reach the objectives of this module
Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
DRAFT
After setting your own personal goals and targets to achieve the objectives of
this module, you will have the opportunity to read and learn more about environment
and market. You, will also be given a chance to do practical exercises and activities to
deepen your understanding of the topic.
Product Development
When we talk of product development, we are referring to a process of making
a new product to be sold by a business or enterprise to its customers. The product
development may involve modification of an existing product or its presentation, or
formulation of an entirely new product that satisfies a newly defined customer’s needs
and/or wants.
The term development in this module refers collectively to the entire process of
identifying a market opportunity, creating a product to appeal to the identified market,
testing and modifying and refining the product until it is ready for production. This
product can be any item to be sold to the consumers.
There are basic, yet vital questions that you need to ask yourself about. When
you have found acceptable answers to these, you are now ready to develop a product
and/or render service. These are:
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1. For whom are the product/services aimed at?
2. What benefit will the customers expect from it?
3. How will the product differ from the existing brand? Or from their competitor?
Likewise, needs and wants of the people within the area should also be taken
into big consideration. Everyone has his or her own needs and wants. However,
people have different concepts of needs and wants. Needs in business are important
things that every individual cannot do without in a society. These include:
1. basic commodities for consumption

2. clothing and other personal belongings,
3. shelter, sanitation and health
4. education
Basic needs are essential to every individual so he/she may be able to live with
dignity and pride in the community of people. These needs can obviously help you
generate business ideas and subsequently, product development.
Wants are desires, luxuries and extravagance that signify wealth and an
expensive way of living. Wants or desires are considered above all the basic necessities
of life. Some examples are the eagerness or the passion of every individual which are
non- basic needs like; fashion accessories, shoes, clothes, travelling around the world,
DRAFT
eating in an exclusive restaurant; watching movies, concerts, plays, having luxurious
cars, wearing expensive jewelry, perfume, living in impressive homes, and others.
Needs and wants of people are the basic indicators of the kind of business that
you may engage into because it can serve as the measure of your success. Some
other good points that you might consider in business undertakings are the kind of
people, their needs, wants, lifestyle, culture and tradition, and social orientation where
they belong.
Hence, product development entirely depends on the needs and wants of the
customers. Nevertheless another important issue to deal with is the key concepts of
developing a product. The succeeding topic should enlighten you about the procedure
in coming up with a product.
Concepts of Developing a Product
Concept development is a very critical phase in the development of a product.

From this stage, the needs of the target market are identified and competitive products
are reviewed before the product specifications are defined. The product concept is
selected along with an economic analysis to come up with an outline of how a product
is being developed. On the next page is a figure 3 showing the stages of concept
development of a product.
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Figure 3: Concept Development
The process of product development follows the following steps:
A. Identify customer needs - Using a survey form, interviews, researches,
focus group discussions, and observations an entrepreneur can easily identify
customers’ needs and wants. In this stage, the information that can be possibly
DRAFT
gathered here are product specifications (performance, taste, size, color,
shape, life span of the product, etc.). This stage is very important because this
would determine the product to be produced or provided.
B. Establish target specifications - Based on customers’ needs and reviews
of competitive products, you may now establish target specifications of the
prospective new product and/or services. Target specifications are essentially
a wish-list.
C. Analyze competitive products - It is imperative to analyze existing competitive
products to provide important information in establishing product/services
specifications. Other products may exhibit successful design attributes that
should be emulated or improved upon in the new product/service.
D. Generate product concepts - After having gone through with the previous
processes, you may now develop a number of product concepts to illustrate
what types of product/service are both technically feasible and would best
meets the requirements of the target specifications.
E. Select a product concept - Through the process of evaluation between
attributes, a final concept is selected. After the final selection, additional market
research can be applied to obtain feedback from certain key customers.
F. Refine product specifications - In this stage, product/service specifications
are refined on the basis of input from the foregoing activities. Final specifications
are the result of extensive study, expected service life, projected selling price
and among others are being considered in this stage.
G. Perform economic analysis - Throughout the process of product development,
it is very important to always review and estimate the economic implications
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regarding development expenses, manufacturing costs, and selling price of the
product/services to be offered/provided.
H. Plan the remaining development project - In this final stage of concept
development, you may prepare a detailed development plan which includes
a list of activities, the necessary resources and expenses, and a development
schedule with milestones for tracking progress.
Finding Value
People buy for a reason, there should be something in your product/services
that would give consumers a good reason to come back and buy more. There must be
something that has to make you the best option for your target customers; otherwise,
they have no reason to buy what you’re selling. This implies further, that you offer
something to your customers that they will make them value or treasure your product/
services.
The value that you incorporate to your product is called value proposition. Value
proposition is “a believable collection of the most persuasive reasons to make people
notice you and take the action you’re asking for.” Value is created by fulfilling deep
desires and solving deep problems. This is what gets the people moving,to spend for
on product/service.
DRAFT
Innovation
Innovation is the introduction of something new in your product/services. This
may be a new idea, a new method or a device. If you want to increase your sales
and profit you must innovate. Some of the possible innovations in your products are
change of packaging, improved taste, color, size, shape and perhaps price. Some
of the possible innovations in providing services are application of new improved
methods, additional featured services and possible freebees.
Unique Selling Proposition (USP)

Unique Selling Proposition is the factor or consideration presented by a seller
as the reason that one product or service is different from and better than that of
the competition. Before you can begin to sell your product or service to your target
customers, you have to sell yourself on it. This is especially important when your
product or service is similar to those around you.
USP would require careful analysis of other businesses’ ads and marketing
messages. If you analyze what they say or what they sell, not just their product or
service characteristics, you can learn a great deal about how companies distinguish
themselves from competitors.
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Here’s how to discover your USP and use it to increase your sales
and profit:
• Use empathy: Put yourself in the shoes of your customers. Always
focus on the needs of the target customers and forget falling in love
with your own product or services. Always remember, you are making
this product or providing for the target customers to eventually to
increase sales and earn profit and not make this product or services
for yourself. Essential question such as “What could make them come
back again and again and ignore competition?” must be addressed
Most possible answers will be focused on the quality, availability,
convenience, cleanliness, reliability, and friendliness.
• Identify what motivates your customers. It is very important for you

to understand and find out what drives and motivates your customers
to buy your product/service. Make some effort to find out, analyze and
utilize the information that motivates the customers in their decisions
to purchase the product/services.
• Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy

your product instead of a competitor’s. Information is very important
in decision making. A competitive entrepreneur always improve their
DRAFT
products/services to provide satisfaction and retention of customers.
As your business grows, you should always consider the process of
asking your customers about important information that you can use
to improve your product/services.
In order to firm up your understanding of the topic previously presented, you

will be tasked to form a group and conduct an interview with a successful entrepreneur/
practitioner. You have to document this interview and present this to the whole class
for reflection and appreciation.
Task 3: Interview
Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur/practitioner. Conduct an interview by

using the set of questions below. Document the interview and present this to the
class.
1. How did you identify your customers?
2. What were your considerations in selecting your customers?
3. Explain how your product/services become unique in comparison to other
product/s.
4. Did you consult somebody before you engaged in this business? Cite
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sample insights that you gained from the consultation.
5. What were your preparations before you started the actual business?
6. What creative and innovative techniques did you adopt to your product/
services? What was the effect of the innovative techniques to the sales and
profits of your business?
7. What strategy did you consider to have a unique selling proposition about
your product/service?
Task 4: Video Viewing

In order to deepen your understanding of the lesson, perform the following
tasks:
1. Browse the internet on topics related to:
a. customers’ needs and wants;
DRAFT
b. techniques in identifying customers’ needs and wants;
c. creativity/innovations in products and services;
d. unique selling proposition; and
e. product development.
2. Prepare a short narrative report about the aforementioned topics. You may
highlight the aspect that intensifies your knowledge of product development.
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Task 5: Product Conceptualization
Direction: Using the figures below develop your own concept for your product/
services.
1. Identify
customer’s
needs
7. Prepare a 2. Target
Development Specification
Plan
DRAFT
6. Refine 3. Analyze a
Product competitive
Specification product
5. Select 4. Generate
a product Product
concept Concept
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
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Generating Ideas for Business
The process of developing or generating a business idea is not a simple
process. Some people can easily think of business ideas, while others find it difficult.
However, two problems may arise from these; first is the excessive generation of
ideas making it difficult for them to focus; and second is the inability to produce ideas,
disabling them to become entrepreneurs.
The best way is to have a systematic approach in generating and selecting

business ideas that can create a real business. Here are some basic, yet very important
considerations you may use to generate possible ideas for business:
1. Examine the existing goods and services. Are you satisfied with the
product? What do consumers say about it? How can it be improved?
Are there other ways of improving a product in terms of how it is made
packed and sold? Can you also improve the materials used in crafting the
product? Considering such, you introduce new ways of using the product,
making it more useful and adaptable to the customers’ many needs.
DRAFT
When you improve or enhance the product, you are doing an innovation.
Further more you can also do an innovation by introducing an entirely new
product to replace the old one. Business ideas may also be generated by
examining th goods and services sold outside the community. Very often,
these products are sold in a form that can still be enhanced or improved.
2. Examine the present and future needs. Look and listen to what the
customers, institution, and communities are missing in terms of goods
and services. Sometimes, these needs are already obvious and felt at
the moment. Other needs are not that obvious because they can only be
felt in the future, in the event of certain developments in the community.
For example, a province will have its electrification facility in the next six
months. Only by that time will the entrepreneur could think of electrically-
powered or generated business such as photo copier, computer service,
digital printing, etc.
3. Examine how the needs are being satisfied. Needs for the products
and services are referred to as market demand. To satisfy these needs
is to supply the products and services that meet the demands of the
market. The term market refers to whoever will use or buy the products or
service, and these may be people or institutions such as other businesses,
establishments, organizations, or government agencies.
There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolutely no supply to

a pressing market demand. Businesses or industries in the locality also have needs for
goods and services. Their needs for raw materials, maintenance, and other services
such as selling and distribution are good sources of ideas for business.
22
4. Examine the available resources around you. Observe what materials
or skills are abunduntly available in your area. A business can be started
out of available raw materials by selling them in raw form and by processing
and manufacturing them into finished products. For example, in a copra-
producing town, there will be many coconut husks and shells available
as waste products. These can be collected and made into coco rags/
doormats, and charcoal bricks and sold profitably outside the community.
A group of people in your neighborhood may have some special skills that can be
harnessed for business. For example, women in the Mountain Province possess loom
weaving skills that have been passed on from one generation to the next generation.
Some communities there set up weaving businesses to produce blankets, as well as
decorative and various souvenir items for sale to tourists and lowland communities.
Business ideas can come from your own skills. The work and experience
you may have in agricultural arts, industrial arts, home economics, and ICT classes
will provide you with business opportunities to acquire the needed skills which will
make you earn extra income, should you decide to engage in these activities. With
your skills, you may also tinker around with various things in your spare time. Many
products were invented this way.
5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new
DRAFT
products and techniques or advances in technology. You can pick
up new business ideas from Newsweek, Reader’s Digest, Business
Magazines, “Go Negosyo”, KAB materials, Small-Industry Journal. The
Internet serves as a library where you may browse and surf on possible
businesses. It will also guide you on how to put the right product in the right
place, at the right price, at the right time.
Listing of possible businesses to set up in an area may also be available from

banks or local non-government organizations.
Key Concepts on Selecting a Business Idea

Once you have embarked on identifying the business opportunities, you will
eventually see that there are many possibilities that are available to you. It is very
unlikely that you will have enough resources to pursue all of them at once. So how
will you choose?
You have to select the most promising one from among hundreds of ideas. It
will be good to do this in stages. In the first stage, you screen your ideas and narrow
them down to five choices. In the next stage, trim down the five choices to two options.
In the final stage, choose between the two and decide which business ideas worth
pursuing.
23
In screening your ideas, examine them in terms of the following factors:
1. How much capital is needed to put up the business?

2. How big is the demand for the product? Do many people need this product
and will continue to need it for a long time?
3. How is the demand met? Who are processing the products to meet the
need (competition or demand)? How much of the need is now being met
(supply)?
4. Do you have the background and experience needed to run this particular
business?
5. Will the business be legal, not going against any existing or foreseeable
government regulation?
6. Is the business in line with your interest and expertise?
Your answers to these questions will be helpful in screening which ones from
among your many ideas are worth examining further and worth pursuing.
Branding
DRAFT
Branding is a marketing practice of creating name, symbol or designs that
identifies and differentiates product/services from other products/services. It is also
a promise to your customers. It tells them what they can expect from your product/
services and it differentiate your offerings from other competitors. Your brand is
derived from who you are, who you want to be and who people perceive you to be.
Branding is one of the most important aspects of any business. An effective
brand strategy gives you a major edge in increasingly competitive markets
The features of a good product brand are as follows:
• delivers the message clearly

• confirms your credibility
• connects your target prospects emotionally
• motivates the buyer
• concretizes user loyalty
•
Here are some simple tips to publicize your brand.
• Develop a tagline. Write a meaningful unforgettable, and easy to

remember statement that captures the essence of your brand.
• Get a great logo. Create a logo suitable to your business and
consistent with your tagline and place it everywhere.
• Write down your brand messaging. Select key messages you want
to communicate about your brand.
• Be true to your brand. Deliver your brand promise.
• Be consistent. Be reliable and consistent every time.
24
In generating a business idea, you should first identify what type of business is
suited to your business idea. You should analyze and scan the potential environment,
study the marketing practices and strategies of your competitors, analyze the strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and the threats in your environment to ensure that the
products/goods and services you are planning to offer will be patronized within the
easy reach by your target markets/consumers.
Bear in mind these simple rules for successful SWOT analysis.
• Be realistic about the strengths and weaknesses of your business

when conducting SWOT analysis.
• SWOT analysis should distinguish between where your business is
today, and where it could be in the future.
• SWOT should always be specific. Avoid any grey areas.
• AlwaYs apply SWOT in relation to your competition i.e. better than or
worse than your competition.
• Keep your SWOT short and simple. Avoid complexity and over analysis
DRAFT
• SWOT is subjective.
25
Task 6: SWOT Analysis
Direction: In generating a business idea, environmental scanning is very
important. Utilize the SWOT analysis table below to list up all your observations.
Consider the strategies below to select the best business idea.
Strength (S) Weaknesses (W)
- -
Opportunities (O) Threats (T)
- -
- -
Strategize:
SW – Utilize the strengths to overcome the weakness
OS - Capitalize on the opportunities to eliminate the weakness
ST – Maximize on your strengths to eliminate the external threats
DRAFT
OT – Take advantage of the available opportunities to eliminate the external
threats.
Strategies/Activities:
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________.
Analysis:
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________.
My Best Business Idea:

___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________
In order to deepen your understanding of the topics previously discussed, you

will be asked to perform the following activities:
26
Task 7: Extra Readings and Video Viewing
Reading books and watching videos have been considered as one of the most
effective educational activities that help learners deepen their understanding of certain
topics. In this particular circumstance, you will be asked to conduct extra readings and
video viewings on the following topics.
A. Steps in selecting business idea

B. Criteria of a viable business idea
C. Benefits of a good brand
D. Ways on developing a brand
After successfully performing the assigned task, make a narrative report about
this and share it to the class.
Task 9: Making my own Logo
DRAFT
Direction: Generate a clear appealing product brand with logo and tagline.
Logo
Logo
Tag line
Feedback
D
C
A
B
A
D
B
C
D
D
27
PROCESS AND DELIVERY
Content Standard Performance Standard
The learner demonstrates The learner independently lays
understanding of the concepts and brick/block for structure based on job
underlying principles in laying brick/ requirements.
block for structure.
Quarter I Time Allotment: 36 Hours

Lesson: LAY BRICK/BLOCK FOR

STRUCTURE
DRAFT
28
INTRODUCTION
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on
Masonry. It includes instructions and procedure on how to prepare for laying brick/
block for structure, lay-out/establish brick/block structure location, perform laying brick/
block for structure, and complete laying of brick/block for structure.
Each learning outcome contains learning activities supported by information

sheets. Before you perform the instructions, read the information sheets and answer
the self-check and activities provided to ascertain yourself and your instructor that you
have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion of the particular
learning outcome.
Upon completion, report to your teacher for assessment to check your

achievement of knowledge and skills requirements of this learning competency. If you
pass the assessment, you will be given a certificate of completion.
LO1. PREPARE FOR LAYING BRICK/BLOCK FOR STRUCTURE .
• Interpret plan of a brick/block structure

• Select tools, materials and equipment
• Stockpile materials for laying brick/block structure
DRAFT
PRE/DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT
Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or
group of words. Write your answers on another piece of paper.
1.______________ is a flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or shaping

substances such as cement or mortar.
2.______________ is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials,

such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Shovels are the common tools used
extensively in agriculture, construction, and gardening.
3.______________ is used for guiding and marking vertical and horizontal

lines. Cords are very useful on laying out building lines, bricks and CHB including tiles.
4.______________ is a stick with straight edges used by a mason to check the

horizontal and vertical alignment of concrete and plaster.
5.______________ is a kind of trowel used to spread mortar on bricks, blocks

and tiles before laying.
29
INFORMATION SHEET 1.1
Importance of Plan
Plans give a visual presentation of the proposed structure when completed. It
also shows how it will be constructed.
Plans are important because:
• It shows the location and various features of the site and illustrate
details about the building, e.g. construction details for specific trades
people
• It shows the height, position and bulk of the building so that council
can determine compliance to its codes.
• It allows builders and trades people to prepare written quotations.
Remember written quotations (quotes) or contracts should only relate
to approved building plans. An estimate should be given prior to council
approval.
• It illustrates to trades people the structure to be built.
Reading and Interpreting Work Plans

A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of technical drawing,
DRAFT
documenting done by architecture or an engineering design. Generally, the term
“blueprint” refers to any detailed plan of a building.
A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the

documentation needed to build an engineering product or architectural plan.
Building plans and specifications form part of the working drawings needed in
any construction project.
A working drawing should include:
Classification of Work Plan
1. Floor Plan is a drawing showing the layout of a building taken at a level

plan through windows and doors approximately one meter up from the
floor. It shows the following:
• arrangement and names of the rooms
• location of all external and internal walls
• room sizes
• length and width dimensions
• position of doors and windows
• built-in furniture
• sectioning lines and labels in alphabetical order eaves lines
roof structure as shown by broken diagonal lines to represent hips and
valleys
30
DRAFT
Figure 1.1.1 Floor Plan
31
2. Elevation Plan is a scaled drawing of the front, rear or side of a building.
It includes dimensions that cannot be shown on a floor plan such as the
height dimension.
DRAFT
Figure 1.2. Elevation Plan
3. Foundation Plan
A. Details are working drawings that are drawn to the scale of 1:100, which is
rather small. It is not always possible to show important shapes, positions for
assembly, and dimensions of specific parts of a building. A separate drawing
is made using the larger scales of 1:5 or 1:10.
32
DRAFT Figure 1.3. Foundation Plan
B. Specification is a written document prepared by an architect which serves

as a set of instructions or guidelines that accompanies a working drawing. It
describes how certain aspects of building construction are to be done and
which materials are to be used. It also describes their desired quality and the
expected standard of work.
Knowing how to read and interpret a working drawing saves time, money and
effort in the construction of the building.
33
SELF CHECK 1.1
1. ________________ are working drawings that are drawn to the scale of

1:100, which is rather small. It is not always possible to show important shapes,
positions for assembly, and dimensions of specific parts of a building.
2. ________________ is a scaled drawing of the front, rear or side of a

building. It includes dimensions that cannot be shown on a floor plan such as the
height dimension.
3. _________________ essentially shows the location of a building or house

site.
4. _________________ is a written document prepared by an architect which

serves as a set of instruction or guidelines that accompanies a working drawing. It
describes how certain aspects of building construction are to be done and which
materials are to be used. It also describes their desired quality and the expected
standard of work.
DRAFT
5. _________________ is a drawing showing the layout of a building taken at
a level plan through windows and doors approximately one meter up from the floor.
INFORMATION SHEET1.2
Brick/block Laying Tools and Equipment
Trowels - A flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or shaping substances such
as cement or mortar. Trowels are as follows:
a. Pointing Trowel is a kind of trowel used in pointing or removing and

laying mortar in masonry joints.
b. Buttering Trowel is a kind of trowel used to spread mortar on bricks,
Miscellaneous Tools includes the following:
Spade or shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials,
such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore. Shovels are common tools that are
used extensively in agriculture, construction, and gardening.
34
Water container is a container suitable for hauling the water needed for the
mixture of concrete.
Mixing board Is used for mixing mortar for block laying, plastering and other small
mixing operations that are done by hand. A mason needs a small mixing board for his
mortar mixing that is ready and accessible to the work.
Plastic or Nylon Cord is used for guiding and marking vertical and horizontal lines.
Cords are very useful in laying out building lines, bricks and CHB including tiles.
Aligning Stick is a stick with straight edges used by a mason to check the horizontal
and vertical alignment of concrete and plaster.
Materials used in brick/block laying activities:
1. Concrete Hollow Blocks (CHB) Concrete hollow blocks are the most widely
used masonry materials for all types of construction such as walls, partition
and fences. Concrete blocks are building modules resembling large bricks
molded from concrete (see fig.1). Comercial sizes of CHB are as follows:
0.10 m x 0.20 m x 0.40 m;
DRAFT
0.125 m x 0.20 m x 0.40 m; and
0.15 m x 0.20 m x 0.40 m
2. Bricks are manufactured from clay and other minerals processed into a
workable consistency, molded to sizes and fired in kiln for stronger, more
attractive products.
Other materials include sand and gravel, deformed reinforcement bars, tie wire
and other materials used in general masonry works which has been already discussed
in grade 9 learning modules.
35
SELF CHECK 1.2
1. ________________is used for guiding and marking vertical and horizontal

lines. It is very useful on laying out building lines, bricks and CHB including tiles.
2. ______________ is a flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or shaping

substances such as cement or mortar.
3. ______________ is a kind of trowel used to spread mortar on bricks, blocks

4. ______________ is a kind of trowel used in pointing or removing and laying

mortar in masonry joints.
5.______________is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials,

such as soil, coal, gravel,snow, sand, or ore. Shovels are common tools that are used
extensively in agriculture, construction, and gardening.
DRAFT
36
Chemical Composition and Its Function of Brick Clay
The chemical composition of brick clay is as follows:
Silica - 55% Alkali and Organic Matter - 1%
Alumina - 30%
Iron Oxide - 8%
Magnesia - 5%
Lime - 1%
Silica:
Silica is present in brick clay as the chemical composition of alumina and
forming silicate of alumina. Sometimes silica is present in pure form termed as flint.
Silica prevents shrinking, cracking and warping of brick clay. A high amount causes
uniform texture.Too much presence of silica can cause brick to be brittle and weak.
Alumina:
DRAFT
Alumina imparts plasticity to brick clay which is very important
in molding. It also imparts density. Excess alumina can cause a
brick to crack and warp during drying and very hard when heated.
Iron oxide:
The presence of iron oxide increases impermeability and durability of brick.
The color of the brick depends upon iron oxide and color changes from light yellow to
orange and red as iron oxide goes up to 8%.
Magnesia:
Presence of small quantity of magnesia decreases shrinkage and gives a
yellowish tint.
Lime:
Lime melts silica in burning and binds the particles of brick
together. It also reduces the shrinkage of brick during drying.
Excess amount of lime can cause the brick to fuse and lose its shape.
Alkali and Organic Matter:

A small quantity of alkali and organic matter assists burning of brick clay. They
also reduces the fusion point. If excess amount is present and not burned properly the
brick would be porous.
37
SELF CHECK 1.3
Directions: Complete the table below with the chemical composition of brick.
Percent Composition
Silica 55%
Alumina
Iron Oxide
Magnesia
Lime
Alkali and organic matter

Cement, Gravel and Sand Ratio
Concrete hollow blocks are formed through the mixture of cement, gravel and
DRAFT
sand. Commercial hollow blocks have a ratio of one is to eleven(1:11), where 1 bag
of a 40 kl cement is mixed with 11 cu. ft. of gravel and sand, usualy 1” diameter. Sizes
of concrete hollow blocks vary depending on size of the form used in molding these.
Curing period before the material is ready for use is at least seven (7) days.
SELF CHECK 1.4
Directions: Fill in the missing word or group of words to complete the

paragraph below.
Concrete hollow blocks are formed through the mixture of __________,

_________and ________. Commercials hallow blocks have a ratio of one is to
eleven(1:11), where 1 bag of ___________ is mixed with 11 cu. ft. of gravel and sand,
usualy 1” diameter. Sizes of concrete hollow blocks vary depending on size of the
form used in molding these. Curing period before the material is ready for use is at
least ___________ days.
38
Effects of Heat and Fire on Building Materials Masonry
Brickwork and blockwork cope well in a fire within a dwelling or commercial

property. Extreme heat can cause masonry to expand and crack but this would be after
a substantial time from evacuation of a building. Fire is used in a kiln to harden bricks
so they are more than capable of staying stable in a fire. Smoke does, however, cause
blackening to the surfaces of bricks and blocks. This can, to some degree be washed
out but may leave a permanent stain that requires decoration internally and power
washing externally. Water as we have seen previously when combined with a frost or
freezing conditions causes spalling to the surface of the brickwork or the breakdown
of the mortar joint due to weathering.
Concrete
Concrete can spall under the influence of fire. If the reinforcement lie near
the surface of the concrete and this heats up, it will expand at a different rate to the
surrounding concrete and expand. This expansion can cause cracking to the concrete
structure. Concrete is fairly resilient to water damage and will dry out after wetting. If
the water contains contaminants, this can lead to the chemical attack of the cement
within the concrete.
Timber
DRAFT
Heat and the presence of oxygen cause the combustion of timber by fire. The
surface chars and eventually breaks down the structural integrity of the timber until
it is burnt right through. Smoke damage can discolor timber which will then require
decoration, if it has not caught fire and has charred. Water can damage timber by
wetting which then expands hygroscopic material and causes dimensional change to
the timber with eventual rot if wetting persists.
Metal
Metal does not react well in a fire. As it heats up, the molecular structure
weakens and it loses up to half its strength at over 500 degrees. This can cause
the collapse of structures as the steel melts slightly and warps under extreme heat.
However, this might take some time and may not affect the evacuation of a structure.
Water reacts with exposed metal as we have seen to form rust. Surface rust is no
harm but continual exposure to the elements of unprotected metal will result in severe
corrosion
39
SELF CHECK 1.5
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong.
1. Metal does not react well in a fire. As it heats up the molecular structure, it
weakens and looses up to half its strength.
2. Heat and the presence of oxygen cause the combustion of timber by fire.
3. Concrete do not spall under the influence of fire.
4. Extreme heat never cause masonry to expand and crack but this would be
after a substantial time from evacuation of a building.
5. Brickwork and blockwork copes well in a fire within a dwelling or commercial

property

Proper Handling and Storing Materials
DRAFT
Where practicable, unload bricks mechanically and directly to a
prepared, level, and hard-base. Leave banding or wrapping in place and take
care to minimise chipping, soiling or breakage, particularly with bricks of special
shapes. Protect these from rain, splashing by vehicles and mortar mixing.
It is recommended that bricks should be stored not more than

1 meter high, so with concrete hollow blocks. Storing more than
this height would cause breakage and the stockpile might collapse.
Proper storage of materials is vital. Always follow the manufacturer’s

instructions in order to avoid distortion and deterioration of materials and components.
(NOTE: Also refer to Grade 9 Learning Material.)
SELF CHECK 1.6

Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong.
_______1. Proper storage of materials is vital.
_______2. Unload bricks mechanically and directly to a prepared, level and

hard base.
_______3. Ignore the manufacturer’s instructions in order to avoid
distortion, and deterioration of materials and components.
40
_______4. Leave banding or wrapping in place and take care to minimise
chipping, soiling or breakage, particularly with bricks of special
shapes.
_______5. Bricks can be stored not more than 1 m high, so with concrete
hollow blocks.

Soil Testing
Soil testing assesses the suitability of the soil for your construction project with
vital data for informed decision making and planning.
The quality of the soil on your site plays a key role in your construction projects.
As a result, you need to identify the characteristics of the soil to determine its ability to
support your structure. Soil testing, enables you to assess the suitability of the soil by
providing you with vital data for informed decision making and planning.
Soil testing services examine your soil’s chemical and geotechnical properties,
DRAFT
enabling you to:
• determine the suitability of the soil and assess whether it can

accommodate your construction project;
• identify the different types of soil on your site and their location;
• test your soil for strength, density, compaction, contamination, organics
and sand content, and assess their impact on your construction project;
• gain the data you need to compile technical and safety data reports
to support planning permissions and license applications, thus, a
requirement for securing building permit for high rise buildings;
• get precise results and observe the development of the soil throughout
your construction project for maximum quality and safety
41
SELF CHECK 1.7
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement
is wrong.
_______1. You need to identify the characteristics of the soil to determine its
ability to support your structure.
_______2. Building can be raised in any type of soil even without the need for
soil testing.
_______3. Soil test enables you to test your soil for strength, density,
compaction, contamination, organics and sand content, and
assess their impact on your construction project.
_______4. Soil test is not a requirement for securing building permit for high
rise buildings.
_______5. Soil test enables you to gather precise results and observe the
development of the soil throughout your construction project for
maximum quality and safety.
•
DRAFT
LO2: LAYOUT/ ESTABLISH BRICK/ BLOCK STRUCTURE
• Identify reference building lines

Establish location of brick/block structure based on reference building
lines
• Layout brick/block structure according to job specification
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong. Use another sheet of paper for your answers.
_____________1. Excavation line indicates the center of wall footing if

dimensions are measured from center to center.
_____________2. Guide lines/string serve as guide for the straightness and

levelness for laying bricks/blocks.
_____________3. Center of building lines serves as guide in performing

excavation activities.
_____________4. It is very important to prepare the tools and materials needed

in laying out bricks/blocks before starting the activity.
_____________5. Plans and details of work are not important in any masonry
activity.
42
Building Lines and Horizontal Guide Lines for Laying Bricks
1. Center of building lines indicates the center of wall footings if dimensions

are measured from center to center.
2. Excavation line serves as guide in performing excavation activities.
3. Guide lines for laying bricks/blocks serve as guide to maintain the
strainghtness and levelness while laying bricks/blocks.
DRAFT
43
SELF CHECK 2.1
Directions: Label the illustrations below. Write your answers on another sheet
of paper
1.
2.
3.
DRAFT
Procedure in Laying Bricks/Blocks
• Prepare the tools and material needed in laying out

• Study carefully plans and details
• Mark the center of building as the reference line
• Layout the excavation line for wall footing
• Perform laying bricks/blocks
SELF CHECK 2.2
Directions: Arrange the procedures in laying bricks/blocks in chronological

order. Write your answers on another sheet of paper
.______ Mark the center of the building as the reference line.
______ Layout the excavation line for wall footing.
______ Study carefully plans and details.
______ Perform laying bricks/blocks.
______ Prepare the tools and material need in laying out.
44
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.1
Lay Out Bricks/Blocks According to Job Specification
Tools:
• Spade
• Digging bar
• Measuring tape
• Lumber
• Nails
• String
Direction: Layout the given plan and details.
DRAFT
Tick (/) the column that best describes your performance.
Assessment Guide YES NO

The learner was able to:
Interpret plans and details as per job requirement
Select and use PPE in line with job requirements
Select and prepare materials, tools and equipment
consistent with job requirements
Demonstrate knowledge of linear measurement
Layout excavation line according to job specifications

Bricks According to Design/Specification
Bricks are designed according to bonds or with respect to its arrangement as

it is being laid.
Mortar bond refers to the adhesion of the joint mortar to the masonry units or
to the reinforcing steel. Pattern bond refers to the pattern formed by the masonry units
and mortar joints on the face of a wall. The pattern may result from the structural
bond, or maybe purely decorative and unrelated to the structural bond, running,
common or American, Flemish, stack and English cross or Dutch Bond.

45
The running bond is the simplest among the six
patterns consisting of all stretchers. Because the bond has no headers, metal
ties usually form the structural bond. The running bond is used largely in cavity wall
construction, brick veneer walls, and facing tile walls made with extra wide stretcher
tile.
DRAFT

In laying out any bond pattern, be sure to start the corners correctly. In a
common bond, use a three quarter closure at the corner of each header course. In
the Flemish bond, each course consist of alternating headers and stretchers. The
headers in every other course center over and under the stretchers in the course in
between. The joints between stretchers in all stretcher courses allign vertically. When
headers are not required for structural bond patterns, bricks called blind headers are
used. You can start the corners in two different ways. In the Dutch corner, a three-
quarter closure starts each course. In the English corner, a 2-inch or quarter closure
starts the course.The English bond consists of alternating courses of headers and
stretchers. The headers center over and under the stretchers. However, the joints
between stretcher courses do not align vertically. You can use blind headers in courses
that are not structural bonding courses. The stack bond is purely a pattern band, with
no overlapping units and all vertical joints aligning. The English Cross or Dutch bond
is a variation of the English bond. It differs only in the joints between the stretchers
in the stretcher courses align vertically. These joints center in the courses above and
below. When a wall bond has no header courses use metal ties to bond the exterior
wall bricks to the backing courses.
46
Types of Brick Joints/Bond
SELF CHECK 2.3

DRAFT
Directions: Name the different illustrations below: Write your answers on
another sheet of paper.
1. LO2. LAY-OUT/ESTABLISH
2. BRICK/BLOCK STRUCTURE
3.
Identify reference building lines
Establish location of brick/block structure based on reference building lines
Lay-out brick/block structure according to job specifications
4. 5. 6.
47
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT- QUARTER I
I. Directions. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or group
of words. Write your answers on another piece of paper.
1. _____________is a stick with straight edges used by a mason to check the

horizontal and vertical alignment of concrete and plaster.
2. _____________is a kind of trowel used to spread mortar on bricks,

blocks and tiles before laying.
3. _____________is a flat-bladed hand tool for leveling, spreading, or

shaping substances such as cement or mortar.
4. _____________is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials,

such as soil, coal, gravel,snow, sand, or ore. Shovels are
common toolls that are common
5. _____________ is used for guiding and marking vertical and horizontal

lines. It is very useful in laying out building lines, bricks
and CHB including tiles.
II. Directions. In the organizer below, fill-in the boxes with the procedure in stockpiling
the materials for laying bricks/blocks.
DRAFT
48
III. Explain why is it that any structure cannot be completed without a plan?
IV. Directions: Label the illustrations below. Write your answers on another sheet o
paper.
DRAFT
V. Directions: Arrange the sentences below in chronological order. Write your answers
on another sheet.
1. Mark the center of the building as the reference line.

2. Layout the excavation line for wall footing.
3. Study carefully plans and details.
4. Perform laying bricks/blocks.
5. Prepare the tools and materials needed in laying out.
49
QUARTER II Time Allotment: 36 Hours
LO 3. PERFORM LAYING BRICK/BLOCK FOR STRUCTURE
1. Install horizontal/vertical guide for brick/block structure

2. Install reinforcing bar/dowel
3. Spread mortars on the base edge of brick/block
4. Position brick/block according to design, specification and location
5. Check plumbness during brick/block laying
6. Perform housekeeping
7. Use appropriate PPE
DRAFT
50
Directions. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is wrong.
Use a separate sheet for your answers.
______________1. Straight lumber is ideal for vertical guide.
______________2. The guide remains stable even in the absence of
braces.
______________3. The plumbness of the vertical guide must be checked
carefully to ensure alignment.
______________4. Mark measurements using pencil in which the string
is tied to serve as guide.
______________5. Drop .20 m from the offset measurement to
determine the different layers of CHB.
DRAFT
51
Procedure in Installing Horizontal and Vertical Guide for Brick/
Block
1. Select lumbers with straight edges which will serve as your vertical guide.
2. Set these lumbers vertically on both ends of partition line.
3. Firmly add braces to make it stable.
4. Check carefully the plumbness of the vertical guide.
5. Offset at least 1 m above the floor line on one of the vertical guide and
using a hose level, transfer this height on the opposite guide. In doing so,it
determines the levelness of your horintal guide.
6. Drop .20m from the offset measurement to determine the layers of the the
block(CHB).
7. Mark measurements using nails in which the string is tied to serve as
horizontal guide.
DRAFT
Figure 3.1 Horizontal and Vertical guide for Brick/Block
52
SELF CHECK 3.1
Direction: Arrange the procedure systematically in installing vertical and horizontal
guide for laying bricks/blocks. Write your answers on a separate sheet.
1. Check carefully the plumbness of the vertical guide.

2. Set these lumbers vertically on both ends of partition line.
3. Select lumbers with straight edges which will serve as your vertical guide.
4. Offset at least 1 m above the floor line on one of the vertical guide and
using a hose level, transfer this height on the opposite guide, doing so
determines the levelness of your horintal guide.
5. Drop .20m from the offset measurement to determine the layers of the the
block(CHB).
6. Firmly add braces to make it stable
7. Mark measurements using nails in which the string is tied to serve as
horizontal guide.
DRAFT
53
ACTIVITY 3.1
Installing Vertical and Horizontal Guides for Laying Bricks/Blocks
Tools and Equipment:
• Claw hammer
• Level hose
• Spirit level
• Pencil
• Measuring tape
• PPE
оо Safety shoes
оо Hard hat
оо Cover all
оо Gloves
оо Dust mask
Materials:
• Lumbers
• Assorted Nails
Directions: Install vertical and horizontal guides for laying concrete hollow blocks for
DRAFT
a fence 2.4 m long and 1.2 m high.
Tick (/) the column that corresponds to your observation.

Select lumbers with straight edges which will served as
vertical guide
Set these lumbers vertically on both ends
Determine the plumbness and levelness of horizontal
guide
Determine the layers of the the block(CHB).
Mark measurements using nails in which the string is
tied to serve as horizontal guide
Demonstrate knowledge of accident prevention
54
Reinforcement Bars and Dowels
Steel Reinforcement is the most widely used reinforcing material in most

constructions. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and
compression stresses. Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger than concrete in
resisting compression load hundred times stronger in tensile stresses.
The most commonly used reinforcement bars in brick/blocks are 10 mm and 9

mm DRSB as shown in figure 3.2.2 depending on the area of the section. Standard
spacing of reinforcement bar is 0.60 m for both vertical and horizontal as shown in
figure 3.2.1
DRAFT
Figure 3.2.1: Spacing of Vertical and Horizontal Reinforcement Bars
Figure 3.2.2: Vertical and Horizontal Reinforcement Bars
55
SELF CHECK 3.2
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement wrong.
Write your answer on separate sheet of paper.
________1. The most common sizes of vertical and horizontal reinforcement

bars are 16 mm and 20 mm.
________2. The standard spacing of vertical and horizontal reinforcement

bars is 0.60 m X 0.60 m.
________3. Steel is equally strong with that of concrete in resisting compression

load but a hundred times stronger in tensile stresses.
________4. Steel reinforcement is the most widely used reinforcing material in

most constructions.
________5. Steel reinforcement is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting

both tension and compression stresses.

Brick/Block Laying
• Prepare the tools needed for brick/block laying activities.
DRAFT
• Get the building blocks that are right for your construction project. Concrete
blocks come in many different shapes, sizes and concrete ratios. Here are
some points that you should keep in mind.
оо Standard rectangular blocks can be used for most building projects.
You can combine them with half-blocks to add square or curved
corners at the edges of a block wall or pavement. You can also
use single or double corner bricks to smooth the edges or corners.
оо The measurement for standard blocks is shown as 8 inches (20
cm) but their actual width is about half an inch less. The half-inch
gap is made on purpose since the mortar between the blocks also
takes some space.
оо Use jamb joist blocks around doorway frames. Sash blocks can be
used when you want to create casement windows with an opening.
Put header blocks at the top of a wall if you need to create space
for roof supports or other construction supports.
оо You can buy specialty blocks or even customize your building
blocks to add a personal touch to your project.
• Set the vertical and horizontal guide.
• Pour the base concrete known as footing.
оо The depth of the footing should be at least twice of the wall
thickness. For example, the footing of a wall using 0.2 m CHB
should be at least 0.4 m.
оо Make openings in footing for gas, water and power lines if ever
there are.
оо Check the levelness of the footing.
оо Position the vertical reinforcement bars with the required spacing.
56
• Lay the first layer using a string for alignment and levelness
DRAFT
• Adjust string guide for the next layer.
• Spread mortar accordingly maintaining at least 25 mm thickness
• Lay the second layer.

• After the sixth layer, allow block to settle and harden, over laying may
cause the newly installed block to collapse.
57
• Do the same manner until the last layer.
• Check plumbness regularly.
• Always use PPE and practice safety work habits.
• Perform housekeeping.
DRAFT
Note: Lay up to six layers successively and wait until mortar and block
has set firmly, then continue
58
SELF CHECK 3.3
Directions: Fill in the blocks with the procedure in laying brick/block.
Use another sheet of paper for your answers.
DRAFT
59
Activity 3.3
Brick/Block Laying
Materials:
• Bricks/block
• Cement
• Sand
• Lumber
• Assorted Nails
• Deformed reinforcement bars, 10 mm dia.(spaced at 0.60 m X 0.60 m)
Tools and Equipment:

• Trowels
• Spade
• String
• Plumb bob
• Hose Level
• Claw Hammer
DRAFT
• PPE
Direction: Construct a fence following the given specifications.
60


Stockpile materials at designated places
Install vertical and horizontal guide accurately
Apply mortar according to job requirements
Layout and Bricks/Blocks according to job specifications
Demonstrate knowledge of accident prevention.
DRAFT
LO4. COMPLETE LAYING OF BRICK/BLOCK FOR STRUCTURE
• Cast-in place concrete structures that are constructed according to
design and job specifications.
• Inspect the work to ensure conformity with requirements.
• Use appropriate PPE.
61
ACTIVITY 4.1
Checking/inspecting the work to ensure conformity with the
design and job specifications
Sample Checklist for activity 3.3
Tick (/) the column that corresponds to your observation
The following requirements was met: YES NO

Plans and details as per job requirement
Design and Specifications as per job requirement

Materials are consistent as per job requirement
Bricks/blocks
Reinforcement bars

Cement, Sand and Gravel Proportion
DRAFT
Mixture
Bag of Gravel in
Class Cement:Aggregate Sand per
Cement per cu. m.
Ratio cu. m.
m3 at 40 kg
AA 1:1.5:3 12 0.5 1.0

A 1:2:4 9 0.5 1.0
B 1:2.5:5 7.5 0.5 1.0
C 1:3:6 6 0.5 1.0
Table 4.1.1: Various Concrete Proportions
Example:
Given a pavement with a thickness of 0.1 m, a width of 2 m with a length of 7.5

m, determine how many bags of cement as well as the volume of sand and gravel are
needed using a) class C mixture and b) class A mixture.
Solution:
v=t*w*l
v = 0.1 * 2 * 7.5
v = 1.5 cu.m.
62
Refer to table 3.1
Class C:
cement = 1.5 * 6 = 9 bags
sand = 1.5 * .5 = 0.75 cu.m.
Gravel = 1.5 * 1.0 = 1.5 cu. m.
Class A:
cement = 1.5 * 9 = 13.5 bags
sand = 1.5 * .5 = 0.75 cu.m.
Gravel = 1.5 * 1.0 = 1.5 cu. m.

CHB, Cement, Sand and Gravel Proportion
CHB
Size(cm)
10 x 20 x 40
DRAFT
Bag of Cement/100 blocks at 40 kg
B
4.200
C
3.152
D
2.624
Sand in
cu. m./100
blocks
0.350
15 x 20 x 40 8.104 6.072 5.064 .675
20 x 20 x 40 12.000 9.000 7.504 1.000
Table 4.1..2: Quantity of Cement and Sand for Mortar
per 100 Blocks of CHB.
Example:
Determine the number of bags of cement and the volume of sand

needed for wall with a length of 5 m and a height of 3 m using 10 x 20 x 40 CHB at
Class B mixture.
Solution:
Area = 5 m x 3 m = 15 sq. m.
Note: 12.5 pcs of CHB is needed for every square meter
CHB= 15 sq. m. x (12.5 CHB/sq.m.)
CHB= 188 pcs
63
at 100 blocks;
188/100 = 1.88
Using Table 3.2;
Cement = 1.88 x 4.20 = 7.89 = 8 bags
Sand = 1.88 x 0.350 = 0.658 cu. m.
SELF CHECK 4.1

Direction: Perform the following word problems on the proportion of concrete.
1. You are asked by your neighbor the number of bags of cement and how
many cu. m. of sand and gravel she needs in the concreting of their
pavement having a thickness of .15 x 1.5 x 12 meters using class C mixture.
2. Determine the amount of concrete materials needed to complete a 3.2 x 5

meters partition using 10 x 20 x 40 using class D mixture.
3. Determine the amount of concrete materials needed to complete a 2.8 x 6
DRAFT
meters partition using 10 x 20 x 40 using class C mixture.
4. Complete the table with the missing data.
Area: 26 sq. m.
Mixture using Bags of Cement Sand in cu. m.

10 x 20 x 40 CHB
B
64
5S of Proper Housekeeping
Good housekeeping is one of the surest ways to identify a safe workplace. You
can tell how workers feel about safety just by looking at their housekeeping practices.
Good housekeeping isn’t the result of cleaning up once a week or even once a day.
It’s the result of cleaning-up all the time. It’s an essential factor in promoting safety
program, promoting safety, health, production, and morale.
Seiri: Sorting out. Remove unnecessary items.
Seiton: Systematic arrangement. Prefix a place for everything and put

everything in place.
Seiso: Spic and span. Cleaning not for beautification but with a sense of
purpose. Cleaning the workplace.
Seiketsu: Serene Atmosphere /sanitizing. Environmental cleanliness.
Shitsuke: Self-discipline/training. Create awareness of all 4S and train to

implement. Doing things spontaneously without being told.
DRAFT
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
I. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is wrong.
______________1. The plumbness of the vertical guide must be checked

carefully to ensure alignment.
______________2. Mark measurements using pencil in which the string
is tied to serve as guide
______________3. Straight lumber is ideal for vertical guide.
______________4. Drop .20 m from the offset measurement to
determine the different layers of CHB.
______________5. The guide remains stable even in the absence of
braces.
II. Directions. Fill in the blocks with the procedure in laying brick/block. Use another
sheet for your answers.
65
III. Essay.
DRAFT
A. Why do we need to observe the use of PPE and practice safety work habits at
all times?
B. What are the importance of performing housekeeping?
Rubrics
Was able to state at least 4 of what is asked 95 %
Was able to state at least 1 of what is asked 75%
IV. Performance
Brick/Block Laying
Materials:
• Bricks/block
• Cement
• Sand
• Lumber
66
• Assorted Nails
• Tools
• Trowels
• Spade
• String
• Plumb bob
• Hose Level
• Claw Hammer
• PPE
Direction: Construct a fence following the given specifications.
DRAFT
67
Quarter III

The learner demonstrates The learner independently
understanding of the concepts plasters concrete/masonry surface
and underlying principles in based on job requirements.
laying brick/block for structure.
Time Allotment: 36 Hours
Lesson: PLASTER CONCRETE/MASONRY SURFACE
DRAFT
INTRODUCTION
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on masonry.
It includes instructions and procedure on how to prepare concrete/masonry surfaces
for plastering, prepare for plastering concrete, perform plastering work and complete
plastering work. Each learning outcome contains learning activities supported by
information sheets. Before you perform the instructions, read the information sheets
and answer the self-check and activities provided to ascertain yourself and your
instructor that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion
of the particular learning outcome.

68
LO1. PREPARE CONCRETE/MASONRY SURFACES FOR
PLASTERING
• Select tool, materials and equipment
• Perform wall surface preparations
1. _____________ is done to enhance the appearance of the building, to level out

irregularities of alignment of the blocks, to achieve uniformity and surface continuity
of concrete blocks to provide alternative attractive textures or additional resistance to
intrusion of moisture.
2. _______________ is used for scraping dirt, paints, and mold on concrete surface.
3. _______________ is a tool, with a handle, usually made of wood or plastic, or

occasionally bone, and a brush. The brush is usually made from a large number
of steel wire bristles also used for scrubing dirt, paints, and mold on concrete surface.
4. _______________ is used for propelling very fine bits of material at high-velocity to
DRAFT
clean or etch a surface.
5. _______________ is used in cleaning surfaces using a sheer force of water at

pressures between 10,000 and 20,000 psi, or even ultra high- pressure water blasting
up to 40,000 psi.

Plastering and its Purpose
At some point or another, a home owner may be faced with the task of
plastering concrete walls to change the appearance of the wall, make it resistant to
moisture, and eliminate unsightly cracking or to add texture. Plastering walls is easy
and the finished wall will be able to withstand abrasion.
Cement plaster may be applied over the surface of concrete block walls for
a variety of reasons. It may be to enhance the appearance of the building, to level
out irregularities of alignment of the blocks, to achieve uniformity and continuity of
surface where concrete blocks and other construction materials, to provide alternative
attractive textures or additional resistance to intrusion of moisture. Concrete blocks
provide an excellent base for cement plaster because of the solidity and integrity of
block walls and freedom from some of the problems associated with wood framing.
Application of cement plaster over concrete block walls contributes to resistance

of walls to absorption or intrusion of water, because of greater density and slower
rate of absorption of moisture into cement plaster, compared with concrete blocks. In
addition, the membrane of plaster is extremely beneficial in deflecting rain.
69
Masonry walls, like concrete, provide a stable base for plaster because of its
virtual freedom from shrinkage, expansion, warping or subsidence; any or all of which
may occur in wood framing.
Plaster that is bonded directly to blocks generally does not suffer from shrinkage
cracking which may occur over open frame construction. Also, plaster applied over a
block base generally is not affected by structural stresses which may cause cracks in
plaster over wood framing. However, stress from a problem in the concrete block base
wall could be transferred to an overlying plaster membrane.
SELF CHECK 1.1

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement
is wrong. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
______1. Plastering concrete walls changes the appearance of the wall,

make it resistant to moisture, and eliminate unsightly cracking or
to add texture.
______2. Application of cement plaster over concrete block walls does not
contribute to resistance of walls to absorption or intrusion of
DRAFT
water, because of greater density and slower rate of absorption of
moisture into cement plaster, compared with concrete blocks.
______3. Plaster, that is bonded directly to blocks, generally suffers from
shrinkage cracking which may occur over open frame construction.
______4. Masonry walls, like concrete, provide a stable base for plaster
because of virtual freedom from shrinkage, expansion, warping or
subsidence; any or all of which may occur in wood framing.
______5. Stress from a problem in the concrete block base wall could be
transferred to an overlying plaster membrane
70
Tools for Wall Surface Preparation
Spatula is used for scraping dirt, paints, and mild on concrete surface.
Wire brush is a tool consisting of a handle, usually made of wood, plastic, or

bone, and a brush. The brush is usually made from a large number of steel wire bristles
also used for scrubing dirt, paints, and mold on concrete surface.
DRAFT
Sand blasting equipment is used in propelling very fine bits of material at
high-velocity to clean or etch a surface.
71
Hydro-blasting equipment is used in cleaning surfaces using a sheer force of
water at pressures between 10,000 and 20,000 psi, or even ultra high- pressure water
blasting up to 40,000 psi.
SELF CHECK 1.2

DRAFT
1. _______________ is a tool consisting of a handle, usually wood or plastic,
occasionally bone, and a brush. The brush is usually made from a large number
of steel wire bristles also used for scrubbing dirt, paints, and mold on concrete surface.
2. _______________ is used propelling very fine bits of material at high-

velocity to clean or etch a surface.
3. _____________ is applied over the surface of concrete block walls for

a variety of reasons. It is done to enhance the appearance of the building, to level
out irregularities of alignment of the blocks, to achieve uniformity and continuity of
surface where concrete blocks and other construction materials, to provide alternative
attractive textures or additional resistance to intrusion of moisture.
4. _______________ is used in cleaning surfaces using a sheer force of water

at pressures between 10,000 and 20,000 psi, or even ultra-high- pressure water
blasting up to 40,000 psi.
5. _______________ is used for scraping dirt, paints, and mold on concrete

surface.
72
Tips for Wall Surface Preparation
• Clean the wall surface thoroughly. See to it that there is no oil spilled
on the surface.
• Paint must be removed for painted surfaces. Removal may be
accomplished by sandblasting or hydro-blasting. An alternative to
removal of the paint coating is installation of metal lath over the wall.
• Sealant should be inserted into gaps prior to application of the first
coat of plaster, so that caulking will be protected from weather.
• If mold is present on the surface, the spores of mold must be killed
in accordance with the article on mold and mildew, after which all
vestiges of mold must be hydroblasted from the walls.
SELF CHECK 1.3

True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement
is wrong. Write your answer on the space provided before each item.
________1. Sealant should be inserted into gaps prior to application of the

first coat of plaster, so that caulking will be protected from weather.
DRAFT
________2. Clean thoroughly the wall surface. See to it that there is no oil
spilled on the surface.
________3. Painted wall surfaces can be plastered even without removing

the paint first.
________4. Hydro-blasting and sand blasting are not recommended for wall
surface preparation.
________5. The spores of mold must be killed in accordance with the

article on mold and mildew, after which all vestiges of mold
must be hydroblasted from the walls.
Activity 1.3
Wall Surface Preparation
Tools:
• Spatula
• Wire Brush
• Pail
• PPE
Material:
• Water
73
Direction: Measure 1.5m x 1.5m on your school perimeter fence. Prepare the surface
ready for plastering.

Select and prepare materials, tools and equipment consistent

with job requirements
Prepare surface ready for plastering
DRAFT
74
LO2. PREPARE FOR PLASTERING CONCRETE
• Interpret plans and details
• Select tools, materials and equipment in line with job requirements
• Store/stockpile materials for plastering
1. _______________ is used to smooth or make textured surface on cement

or plaster.
2. _______________ is used for finishing corners or other intricate plastering

works.
3. _______________ is used in plastering to produce a fine grained texture

in sand finishes.
4. ______________ is a gray to white mineral , technically a hydrous calcium

sulfate. It can be used as a fertilizer, and is the main
constituent in many forms of plaster.
DRAFT
5. _______________ has long been acknowledged to be a superior anti-
stripping additive for asphalt pavements.

Plastering Tools, Materials and Equipment
TOOLS:
Trowels are flat hand tools used for applying, spreading and shaping plaster/
mortar to produce relatively smooth finish on concrete surfaces in the final
stages of plastering. See Information Sheet 1.1 on brick/block laying tools and
equipment.
Floats are flat tools with handle at the back classified as:
• Common Float is used to smooth or make textured surface on cement

or plaster.
75
• Carpet Float is used in plastering to produce a fine grained texture in
sand finishes.
• Angle Float is used for finishing corners or other intricate plastering

works.
DRAFT
•
Edger is used for finishing the edges of fresh concrete to form a
rounded corner

76
• Brush is used to make final finishes even
Miscellaneous tools such as shovel, water container, string, and other tools. As
discussed earlier in grade 9 learning material.
Materials:
Cement and sand are the materials commonly needed for plastering. Lime,
cement-lime, gypsum, gypsum-lime, and stucco are among others.
Lime is added to low quality soils to produce a usable base and sub
base. Hydrated lime has long been acknowledged to be a superior anti-stripping
DRAFT
additive for asphalt pavements. It also helps resist rutting and fracture growth at
low temperatures, reduce age hardening, and improve the moisture resistance and
durability.
Gypsum is a gray to white mineral , technically hydrous calcium sulfate. It

can be used as a fertilizer. It is the main constituent in many forms of plaster and
is widely mined. A massive fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum,
called alabaster, has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient
Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, Byzantine empire and the Nottingham
alabasters of medieval England. It is the definition of a hardness of 2 on the months
scale of mineral hardness. It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product
of anhydrite.
SELF CHECK 2.1

1. _________________ has long been acknowledged to be a superior anti-

2. _________________ is used for finishing corners or other intricate plastering

works
3. ________________ is used to smooth or make textured surface on cement

or plaster
77
4. ________________ is a gray to white mineral , technically hydrous
calcium sulfate. It can be used as a fertilizer. It is the main constituent in many forms
of plaster and is widely mined.
5. _________________ is used in plastering to produce a fine grained texture

in sand finishes.

Plans and Details
It is very important to study the plans and details of work before performing
any masonry activity. In plastering for instance, it is essential to note the openings of
doors and windows so that when finishing these with plaster, exact dimension shall
be attained. This is applied specifically for pre-fabricated doors and windows such
as aluminum, and sliding doors and windows. A difference of two (2) to three (3)
millimeter on the finished openings may be tolerable.
Sample:
DRAFT
78
Storing Plastering Materials
• Do not lay bags of cement directly on the floor.
• Protect from rain, water splash by vehicles and mortar mixing.
• Always follow manufacturer’s instructions in order to avoid deterioration
of materials.
• Stockpile sand in area not much exposed to dust, leaves and other
impurities.
SELF CHECK 2.3

DRAFT
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong. Write your
answers on a separate sheet.
___________1. In plastering for instance, it is essential to note the openings

of doors and windows so that when finishing these with plaster,
exact dimension shall be attained.
___________2. A difference of two (2) to three (3) millimeter on the finished

openings may be tolerable.
___________3. Bags of cement could be stocked and laid directly on the

ground.
___________4. Always follow manufacturer’s instructions in order to avoid
deterioration of materials.
___________5. Aggregate, such as sand, can be stored anywhere even in

places prone to dust and other impurities.
___________6. Always protect cement from rain.
79
LO3. PERFORM PLASTERING WORK
• Determine the required thickness, plumbness, squareness, levelness.
and alignment of structure.
• Distribute mortar/coating on the wall surface.
• Observe safety precaution.
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong. Write
your answers on a separate sheet.
___________1. The thickness of wall plaster should only be 7 mm.
___________2. Always check the plumbness of your string guide before

applying the mortar for plaster.
___________3. The flatness of wall plaster is checked using a stick with
straight edges.
___________4. Never dampen wall surfaces that are to be plastered.
DRAFT
___________5. Apply the first coat or the base coat with at least 5 mm in
thickness.

Procedure in Setting Guide for Plastering a Concrete Wall
• Drive a concrete nail on the four corners of the wall to be plastered.

• Stretch a string along the nails; corner to corner and its diagonal.
• Determine the required thickness of the plaster and set the string on
it, at least 13 mm.
• Check the plumbness of the string on both side ends. The upper and
lower ends will follow, together with the diagonal.
80
SELF CHECK 3.1
DRAFT
Directions: Fill in the ladder below with the guide for setting plastering concrete wall.
81
ACTIVITY 3.1
Setting Guide in Plastering a Concrete Wall
Materials:
• Nails
• String
Tools:
• Measuring Tape
• Pencil
• Plumb Bob
• Claw Hammer
• PPE
Direction: Follow the procedure in setting guide for plastering concrete walls; lay
out a 1m x 1.5m guide for plastering on your school perimeter fence.
DRAFT
Select and use PPE in line with the job requirements
Install vertical and horizontal guide
Check the plumbness and levelness of the guide
Set the required thickness of plaster
Demonstrate knowledge of accident prevention
82
Procedure in Plastering a Concrete Wall
•
Mix thoroughly the sieved sand and water into a paste form ready
for plastering. It is very important to remember various concrete
proportions discussed earlier in the previous grade level.
Class AA : 1 bag cement (40 kg) is to 11/2 cu. ft. of sand
Class A : 1 bag cement(40 kg) is to 2 cu. ft. of sand
Class B : 1 bag cement(40 kg) is to 3 cu. ft. of sand
• Dampen the wall with water.

• Apply the first coat or the base coat with at least 5 mm in thickness.
• Allow the base coat to settle before applying the succeeding coats.
• Check the flatness using a straight edge.
• Smooth the surface but this can only be done when the plaster has
hardened slightly but is still pliable. Move the wooden float in rotary
motion to make the surface completely flat.
• Remove the string and clean around the edges of the wall with a wet
paintbrush to remove lumps and lines of plaster.
• Add a thinner skim of more plaster to fill holes and even out depressions.
DRAFT
SELF CHECK 3.2
Directions: Fill in the blocks with the procedure for plastering a concrete wall.
83
Activity 3.2
Plastering Concrete Wall
Tools:
• Trowels
• Floats
• Spade
• PPE
Materials
• Sand
• Cement
• Water
Direction: Plaster the perimeter fence in your school where you did the activities on
surface preparation and setting guide for plastering.
Assessment Guide: YES NO

The learner was able to …………..
DRAFT
Interpret plans and details as per job requirement.
Select and use PPE in line with job requirements.
consistent with job requirements.
Dampen the wall with water.
Apply the first coat or the base coat with at least 5 mm in
thickness.
Allow the base coat to settle before applying the
succeeding coats.
Check the flatness using a straight edge.
Smooth the surface but this can only be done when the
plaster has hardened slightly but is still pliable. Move
the wooden float in rotary motion to make the surface
completely flat.
Remove the string and clean around the edges of the
wall with a wet paint brush to remove lumps and lines of
plaster.
Demonstrate knowledge of linear measurement.
84
LO4. COMPLETE PLASTERING WORK
• Complete plastering work according to job specification.
PRE- DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT

Direction: Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is wrong. Write your
answers on a separate sheet.
____________1. Leave the plaster to dry for around 30 to 40 minutes.
____________2. The plaster can be polished. Wet the face of your float and
flick water onto the wall with a large paint brush. The idea
is to provide just enough lubrication for your trowel to float
over the surface and fill tiny holes and imperfections. Work
in regular sweeping strokes and finish with long continuous
strokes across the wall.
____________3. Apply a thin layer of grout, at least 10mm (mixture of water

and cement).
DRAFT
____________4. Leave your tools on the workplace right after the work is
done.
____________5. Housekeeping is not applicable in plastering concrete wall.

Complete Plastering Work According to Job Specification
1. Leave the plaster to dry once more - for around 30 to 40 minutes.
2. The plaster can be polished. Wet the face of your float and flick water
onto the wall with a large paint brush. The idea is to provide just enough
lubrication for your trowel to float over the surface and fill tiny holes and
imperfections. Work in regular sweeping strokes and finish with long
continuous strokes across the wall.
3. Apply a thin layer of grout, at least 2mm (mixture of water and cement).
4. Finally, finish by brushing the surface with a paint brush or sponge dipped
in water.
5. Wash your mixing board and tools as soon as you finished the work.
6. Perform Housekeeping.
85
SELF CHECK 4.1
Directions: Arrange the procedure in completing plastering work. Write your answers
on a separate sheet.
1. Apply a thin layer of grout, at least 2mm (mixture of water and cement).
2. Perform Housekeeping.
3. Leave the plaster to dry once more - for around 30 to 40 minutes Apply a
thin layer of grout, at least 2mm (mixture of water and cement).
4. The plaster can be polished. Wet the face of your float and flick water
onto the wall with a large paint brush. The idea is to provide just enough
lubrication for your trowel to float over the surface and fill tiny holes and
imperfections. Work in regular sweeping strokes and finish with long
continuous strokes across the wall.
5. Wash your mixing board and tools as soon as you’ve finished work.
6. Finally, finish by brushing the surface with a paint brush or sponge dipped
in water.
ACTIVITY 4.1
Completing Plastering Work
Tools:
DRAFT
• Floats
• Paint brush/Sponge
Materials:
• Cement
• Water
Fill tiny holes and imperfections.
Apply a thin layer of grout, at least 2mm.(mixture of water
and cement).
Finish by brushing the surface with a paint brush or
sponge dipped in water.
Wash mixing board and tools as soon as he finished
working.
Perform Housekeeping.
86
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT-QUARTER III
I. Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or group
1. _______________ is used in cleaning surfaces using a sheer force of water

at pressures between 10,000 and 20,000 psi, or even ultrahigh- pressure
water blasting up to 40,000 psi.
2. _______________ is done to enhance the appearance of the building, to

level out irregularities of alignment of the blocks, to achieve uniformity and
continuity of surface where concrete blocks and other construction materials
and to provide alternative attractive textures or additional resistance to
intrusion of moisture.
3. _______________ is a tool, consisting of a handle, usually made of wood,

plastic, or bone, and a brush. It is usually made from a large number
of steel wire bristles also used for scrubbing dirt, paints, and mold on
concrete surface.
4. _______________ is used for scraping dirt, paints, and mold on concrete

surface.
DRAFT
5. _______________ is used propelling very fine bits of material at high-
velocity to clean or etch a surface.
6. _______________ is used forfinishing corners or other intricate plastering

works.
7. _______________ is used for plastering to produce a fine grained

texture in sand finishes.
8. _______________is a gray to white mineral , technically hydrous calcium

sulfate. It can be used as a fertilizer, is the main
constituent in many forms of plaster and is widely
mined.
9. _______________has long been acknowledged to be a superior anti

10. _______________ is used to smooth or make textured surface on cement

or plaster.
87
II. A. Directions: Discuss the tips for wall surface preparation. Write them on the
organizer below.
No. Tips for wall surface preparation
B. Directions: Fill in the ladder below with the procedure in setting guide for plastering
concrete wall.
DRAFT
88
C. Directions: Fill in the blocks with the procedure for plastering concrete wall.
DRAFT
III. Application: Plastering Concrete Wall
Directions: Measure one square meter of wall in your school perimeter fence. Prepare
the surface and apply plaster.
Tools:
• Trowels
• Floats
• Spade
• PPE
Materials
• Sand
• Cement
• Water
89

Observe the procedure in setting vertical and horizontal
guide.
Dampen the wall with water.
Apply the first coat or the base coat with at least 5 mm in
thickness.
Allow the base coat to settle before applying the succeeding
coats.
Check the flatness using a straight edge.
Smooth the surface but this can only be done when the
plaster has hardened slightly but is still pliable. Move
the wooden float in rotary motion to make the surface
DRAFT
completely flat.
Remove the string and clean around the edges of the wall
with a wet paintbrush to remove lumps and lines of plaster.
Fill tiny holes and imperfections.
Apply a thin layer of grout, at least 2mm (mixture of water
and cement).
Finish by brushing the surface with a paint brush or sponge
dipped in water.
Perform housekeeping.
90
The learner demonstrates The learner independently installs
understanding of the concepts and pre-cast balusters and handrails based on
underlying principles in installing pre- job requirements.
cast balusters and handrails
Quarter IV Time Allotment: 36 Hours

LESSON: INSTALL PRE-CAST BALUSTERS AND HANDRAILS
DRAFT

INTRODUCTION
This module contains information and suggested learning activities on masonry.

It includes instructions and procedures on how to prepare for installing pre-cast
balusters and handrails, perform pre-cast baluster and handrail installation, complete
installation of pre-cast baluster and hand rail. Each learning outcome contains learning
activities supported by information sheets. Before you perform the instructions, read
the information sheets and answer the Self-check and Activities provided to ascertain
yourself and your instructor that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to
perform the skills of the particular learning outcome.

91
LO1. PREPARE FOR INSTALLING PRE-CAST BALUSTERS AND
HANDRAILS
• Interpret plans and drawings.
• Select tools, materials and equipment.
• Stockpile materials.
• Establish location of pre-cast balusters based on a given task.
Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or group of
words. Write your answers on another piece of paper.
1. __________ a moulded shaft, square or of lathe-turned form, one of various

spindle in woodwork or made of stone, wood or metal.
2. __________ used to cut balusters made of cement, stone, or marble.
3.___________ is used to drill holes in installing threaded balusters.
4. Balusters should be stored not more than __________________high.
5. To avoid distortion, it is always recommended to follow ___________.
DRAFTInformation Sheet 1.1

Plans and Details of Balusters
A baluster also called spindle or stair stick, is a moulded shaft, square or
of lathe-turned form, It is one of various forms of spindle in woodwork, made of stone
or wood and sometimes of metal that stands on a unifying footing, and support s
the coping of a parapet or the handrail of a staircase. Multiplied in this way, they
form a balustrade. Individually, a baluster shaft may describe the turned form taken
by a brass or silver candlestick, an upright furniture support, or the stem of a brass
chandelier, etc.
92
During the preparation for installing pre-cast baluster and handrails, interpreting
plans and details of drawing is very important. It guides the mason to accomplish the
task correctly and in accordance with the job requirement or specification.
Here are sample plans and details of drawing:
DRAFT Figure: 1.1.1 Sample Detailed Baluster Plan
Figure 1.1.2: Sample Balustrade to Atic
93
Figure 1.1.3: Balustrade for Terrace
DRAFT
Tools, Materials and Equipment for
Installing Precast Balusters and Hand Rails
The tools, materials and equipment used for installing pre-cast balusters and
hand rails are the same with the tools, materials and equipment used in laying bricks/
blocks and also in plastering such as trowels, floats, string, hose level, plumb bob,
shovel, etc. Generally a mason must have these these tools, materials and equipment,
a mason must have in order to perform all kinds of masonry works. Additional to these
are the angle grinder, which could be used to cut balusters, and a portable electric
drill with bits of different sizes which is used to drill holes in installing treaded balusters
and handrails.
Angle Grinder
94
Electric Drill and Bit
Safety Tips in Operating the Angle Grinder
DRAFT
and Portable Electric Drill
1. Wear safety glasses when operating the angle grinder and portable electric
drill.
2. Disconnect them from the electrical supply when installing blades and bits.
3. Clamp stock so it will not move during the grinding and drilling operation.
4. lign the blade and bit properly.
5. When drilling deep holes with a twist drill, move the bit up and down
6. several times while drilling to remove cuttings and reduce overheating in
the bit.
7. Apply moderate even pressure during the grinding and drilling operation.
8. Maintain good balance at all times during the grinding and drilling operation.
SELF CHECK 1.2

I. Directions: Enumerate at least five (5) tools that a mason must have in
order to perform all kinds of masonry work. Write your answers on a
separate sheet.
II. Directions. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong.
_________1. Clamp stock so it will not move during the grinding and drilling
operation.
_________2. Proper alignment of the blade and bit is not important.
_________3. Apply a very hard and uneven pressure during the grinding and
95
drilling operation.
_________4. Wear safety glasses when operating with the angle grinder and
portable electric drill.
_________5. When installing blades and bits, it is safer not to disconnect

these from power supplies.

Proper Handling and Storing Balusters
Handling and storing balusters is similar to that of the other masonry materials.
In doing these, one must unload balusters mechanically and directly to a prepared,
level, and hard base. You also need to leave banding or wrapping in place and take
care to minimize chipping, soiling or breakage, particularly with balusters of special
shapes. It is also important to protect from rain, splashing by vehicles and mortar mixing.
It is recommended that balusters should be stored not more than 1 meter

high. Storing more than this height would cause breakage and the stockpile
might as well collapse.
DRAFT
Proper storage of materials is vital. Always follow the manufacturer’s
instructions in order to avoid distortion and deterioration of materials and components.
SELF CHECK 1.3

I. Directions. Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is
wrong.
____________1. Unload balusters mechanically and directly to a prepared,

level and hard base.
____________2. The manufacturer’s instruction need not be followed in
order to avoid distortion and deterioration of materials and
components.
____________3. It is important to protect balusters from rain, water splash
by vehicles and mortar mixing when storing them.
____________4. Balusters can be stored over 1 meter or ever higher.
____________5. Handling and storing balusters is similar to that of the other

masonry materials.
96
LO2. PERFORM PRE-CAST BALUSTER AND HANDRAIL
INSTALLATION
• Lay-out and mark pre-cast baluster according to job requirements.

• Align pre-cast baluster and handrail according to job requirements.
• Apply mortar to pre-cast baluster and handrails.
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is wrong.
Use a separate sheet to write your answers.
____________1. Standard distance in between balusters must be eight inches.
____________2. Balusters must always be of equal distance.
____________3. Forms are not used in baluster installation.
____________4. Always check the alignment of balusters during

installation.
DRAFT
____________5. Always know the dimension of the run and size of the
baluster to determine equal distances.

Layout of Balusters
In performing pre-cast baluster and handrail installation, it is important to
know how to determine the equal distance in between balusters. Here are some
recommended computations to come up with the equal distance of balusters.
Step 1: Determine total length of run, 520 cm for example.
Step 2: Deduct width of newels at each end of run and add one baluster width.
Step 3: Divide result of step 2 by desired spacing between balusters plus the
width of one baluster.
i.e. desired spacing = 10 cm

baluster width = 6 cm
10 + 6 = 16 cm
Step 4: If the answer obtained in step three has a decimal, round off the
number up to the next whole number.
Step 5 Divide result of Step 2 with the result of Step 4 then subtract one
baluster width from the answer obtained and you have the correct
even spacing between balusters.
97
Example 1: You are constructing a guard rail which will has a 10 cm newel post at
each end. The guardrail will be supported in the field by 6 cm balusters.
The code requirement for spacing between balusters is 10 cm
What equal spacing between balusters would be necessary to maintain

the 10 cm code requirement.
Step 1: 520 cm
Step 2: 520 cm
- 20 cm newel widths
DRAFT
500 cm inside dim.
+ 6 cm one baluster width
506 cm
Step 3 Code spacing = 10 cm + 6 cm (baluster width) = 16 cm
506 cm ÷ 16 cm = 31.6
Step 4 Round 31.6 to 32
Step 5 506 cm ÷ 32 = 15.8 cm
15.8 cm – 6 cm = 9.8 cm//Equal Distances of Balusters
98
SELF CHECK 2.1
1. Fill in the blanks below based on the following information:
• Balustrade run is 840 cm;
• 15 cm wide newel posts at each end; and
• 10 cm balusters and spacing between balusters of no more than 10
cm.
Total run ________
Distance between newels _________
Distance between newels plus one baluster width _________
Maximum code spacing plus one baluster width __________
Number of balusters __________
Actual spacing between balusters __________

• 15 cm wide newel posts at one end and rosette at other end; and
• 8 cm balusters and spacing between balusters of no more than 10 cm.
Number of balusters ___________
Actual spacing of balusters __________
DRAFT

• 15 cm newel posts will be placed at each end and in the center of the
run;
• Balusters are 10 cm wide and may not be spaced more than 12 cm
apart.
Actual spacing of balusters __________
99
Procedure in Installing Pre-cast Balusters and Hand Rails
• Fabricate formworks for installing pre-cast balusters and hand rails.
Using example 1:
Size of the base of baluster: 10 cm

Distance in between balusters: 9.8 cm
Note: Invert form for upper portion
• Prepare the area where to install pre-cast balusters and hand rails.
DRAFT
• Install formwork in place.
• Check alignment and levelness.
• Fix braces on forms.
• Put in place the balusters.
• Double check alignment and levelness.
• Dampen the base.
• Insert or pour mortar on forms.
• Allow mortar to settle for about two to three days.
100
SELF CHECK 2.2
Direction: Arrange the procedure in installing pre-cast baluster and hand rails.
Write the number on the space provided. Use a separate sheet.
No.
Double check alignment and levelness.
Prepare the area where to install pre-cast balusters and hand rails.
Fix braces on forms.
Fabricate formworks for installing pre-cast balusters and hand rails.
Allow mortar to settle for about two to three days.
Put in place the balusters.
Dampen the base.
Install formwork in place.
DRAFT
Insert/pour mortar on forms.
Check alignment and levelness.
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.1

Fabricating Formworks for Installing Pre-Cast Balusters
Tools:
• Claw Hammer
• Cross-cut Saw
• Rip Saw
• Measuring Tape
• Try Square
• Chalk line
• 1” chisel
• Pencil
Materials:
• 8 pcs - 2” x 2” x 10’ lumber
• 1pcs – 1/8” x 4’ x 8’ plywood
• Assorted nails
101
Direction: Fabricate formworks with the given specifications:
Size of baluster: 7.5 cm
Space in between balusters: 12 cm

The learner was able to :
DRAFT
Fabricate formworks with conformity to the job
requirements.
Perform Housekeeping.
ACTIVITY SHEET 2.2

Installing Pre-Cast Balusters
Tools:
Claw Hammer Measuring Tape

Cross-cut Saw Try Square
Rip Saw Chalk line
Plumb Bob 1st chisel
Level Hose Pencil
Spirit Level Trowers
Floats String
PPE
Materials
Balusters sand
Cement water
102
Direction: Install the fabricated formworks in Activity 2.2 then put the balusters in
place.
Size of baluster: 7.5 cm

Space in between balusters: 12 cm
Thickness of base: 10 cm
Thickness of top: 5 cm
Finished Height: 90 cm
DRAFT
Follow the procedure in installing pre-cast balusters and handrails.
a. Prepare the area where to install pre-cast balusters and
hand rails.
b. Install formworks.
c. Check alignment and levelness.
d. Fix braces on forms.
e. Put in place the balusters.
f. Insert/pour mortar on forms.
103
LO3. COMPLETE INSTALLATION OF PRE-CAST BALUSTER AND
HAND RAIL
• Conduct final checking to ensure conformity with job requirements.
• Conduct final installation of pre-cast baluster and handrail.
Directions: Write True if the statement is correct and False if the statement is wrong
Use a separate sheet to write your answers.
__________1. Plans and details should be followed as per job requirement.
___________ 2. After balusters have been installed, forms should be stripped

carefully for future use.
___________3. Plaster uneven areas so it will look presentable.
__________4. Materials must be consistent as per job requirement.
DRAFT
Conduct Final Installation of Pre-Cast Baluster and Handrail
After the installing pre-cast balusters, conduct final installation following the
necessary steps below.
• Strip formwork carefully.

• Plaster uneven areas so it will look presentable.
ACTIVITY 3.1
Conducting Final Installation of Pre-Cast Baluster and Hand Rail
Tools:
• Claw hammer
• Wrecking bar
• Trowels
• Floats
• Spade
• String
• Paint brush/Sponge
Materials:
• Sand
• Cement
• Water
104
Strip formwork carefully.
Plaster uneven areas so it will look presentable.
ACTIVITY 3.2
Conducting Final Checking to Ensure Conformity with Job Requirement
After the project has been completed, it is very important to assess or to

conduct final inspection and checking to ensure conformity with the job requirement.
Sample Checklist:
Tick (/) the column that corresponds to your observation
The following requirements was met: YES NO

Plans and details as per job requirement.
Design and Specifications as per job requirement.
Materials are consistent as per job requirement.
DRAFT
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT-QUARTER IV
I. Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words or group
1. Balusters should be stored not more than __________________high.
2. To avoid distortion, it is always recommended to follow ___________.
3. __________ used to cut balusters made of cement, stone, or marble.
4. __________ is used to drill holes in installing threaded balusters.
5. __________ a moulded shaft, square or of lathe-turned form, one of various

spindles in woodwork or made of stone, wood or metal.
II. Problem solving: Solve the given problems below on distances of balusters.
• Balustrade run is 955 cm

• 15 cm wide newel posts at each end
• 5 cm balusters and spacing between balusters is
not more than 12 cm
Total run ________
105
Maxium code spacing plus one baluster width __________

• 12.5 cm wide newel posts at each end
• 6 cm balusters and spacing between balusters is not more than 10 cm

Total run ________
DRAFT
• 12.5 cm wide newel posts at each end
• 5 cm balusters and spacing between balusters is not more than 10 cm

Total run ________


• 6 cm balusters and spacing between balusters of no more than 10

Total run ________
106
• 5 cm balusters and spacing between balusters or no more than 10 cm
Total run ________

III. Explain why do interpreting plans and drawing details should be the important
skills of a mason?
IV. Application
Tools: Materials
Claw Hammer Balusters

Cross-cut Saw 8 pcs - 2” x 2” x 10’ lumber
Rip Saw 1pcs – 1/8” x 4’ x 8’ plywood
Plumb Bob Assorted nails
Level Hose
DRAFT
Spirit Level
Measuring Tape
Try Square
Chalk line
1” chisel
Pencil
Trowels
Floats
String
PPE
107
Direction: Layout 10 pcs of baluster with 10 cm in between

1. Interpret plans and details as per job requirement.
2. Select and use PPE in line with job requirements.
3. Select and prepare materials, tools and equipment
4. Follow the procedure in installing pre-cast balusters and handrails.
a. Prepare the area where to install pre-cast balusters
and hand rails
b. Install formworks
c. Check alignment and levelness
d. Fix braces on forms
e. Put in place the balusters
5. Demonstrate knowledge of linear measurement.
6. Perform housekeeping.
7. Demonstrate knowledge of accident prevention.
TECHNICAL TERMS
DRAFT
Aggregate - These are inert materials such as sand and gravel. There are fine and
coarse aggregates. Aggregates smaller than ten millimeter in diameter
are classified as fine, while aggregates bigger than ten millimeters in
diameter are coarse.
Blasting - The method of applying a very high pressure to clean out dirt and oil
spills on conrete surface before plastering.
Blue Print - A type of paper-based reproduction usually of a technical drawing,
or documenting, done by architecture or an engineering designer.
Generally, the term “blueprint” refers to any detailed plan of a building.
Bricks - Manufactured from clay and other minerals that is being processed into
a workable consistency, molded to sizes and fined in kiln for stronger,
more attractive products
Concrete/Hollow Blocks – a prefabricated concrete, a mixture of cement, gravel
and sand typically used for walling.
Constrete - The artificial stone as a result of mixing sand, gravel and water.
Dampen - To wet the surface of concrete so that plasters or mortars can be pasted
easily and thoroughly.
Distortion - To change in physical form such as length due to stress like tensil and
torsion forces.
Dowel - Serves as fastener for two or more sections joined together.
108
Flint - A hard gray rock consisting of nearly pure chert, occurring chiefly as nodules
in chalk
Fusion - The process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single
entity
Grout - Serves a fillers and sometimes fasteners in between concrete materials
such as tiles, bricks and concrete hallow blocks.
Kiln - a wood that underwent the process of mechanical drying
Lime - a substance used to reduce the shrinkage of brick during drying
Mason - a person who possesses the knowledge, skills, and attitude in masonry
which includes, basic masonry, block laying, plastering and laying balusters.
Mortar - a fresh concrete, mixture of cement, gravel, sand and water.
Plaster - a fresh concrete, mixture of cement, sand and water
Plumbness – refers to the vertical alignment of surfaces such as walls, columns,
and others.
REFERENCES
Fajardo, Max Jr. 1995, Simplified Construction Estimate, 3rd Edition: 5138
Merchandizing
DRAFT
view-source:http://engg-material.blogspot.com/2011/03/chemical-composition-and-
its-function.html
h t t p : / / w w w. p e a r s o n s c h o o l s a n d f e c o l l e g e s . c o . u k / F E A n d Vo c a t i o n a l /
WorkBasedLearning/BuildingServices/Level3CarpentryandJoinery/Samples/
CarpentryandJoineryLevel3CandidateHandbook2ndEdition/CandJL3_CH6_
pp168_169.pdf
http://www.thinkbrick.com.au/why-are-bricks-sustainable-4/
http://www.bcito.org.nz/sites/default/files/imagecache/qualification_slider/dsc_0802.
jpg
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/images/construction.jpg
https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTfVgPDeKjDiF6O_
Whj6vrmlMTRcWofGk8HmFheMAVLqd_J1d5IIw
http://welshstonework.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/repairs_tools.jpg
view-source:http://engg-material.blogspot.com/2011/03/chemical-composition-and-
its-function.html
http://www.allaboutbricks.co.uk/tutorials/good-site-practice/exercise-site-safety
http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14043/css/14043_234.htm
http://www.wikihow.com/Lay-Concrete-Blocks
109
http://www.bernardiprecast.com/i/baluster-to-code.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster
h t t p : / / w w w. d o i t y o u r s e l f . c o m / s t r y / p l a s t e r i n g - c o n c r e t e - w a l l s # . U w x 3 b _
QW28Y#ixzz2uKY8ZlcL
http://www.stuccoguru.com/resources/article.cfm?articleID=B-06150&resourceID=2
http://www.cphire.com/images/equipement/_float.jpg
http://d.lib.ncsu.edu/adore-djatoka/resolver?rft_id=unccmc00145-002-ff0003-003-
047_0008&svc.level=5&svc_id=info%3Alanl-repo%2Fsvc%2FgetRegion&svc_val_
fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajpeg2000&url_ver=Z39.88-2004
http://images.meredith.com/diy/images/2009/06/p_100195705.jpg
h t t p : / / w w w. b r i t i s h - h i s t o r y. a c . u k / i m a g e - t h u m b .
aspx?compid=67576&pubid=746&filename=fig2.gif
Alfredo Alcala Jr.
DRAFT
Alcala Design Studio
110
DRAFT
111
DRAFT
112

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Personal Entrepreneurial

Time Allotment: 4 hours

1. You will have a first-hand experience in educational activities leading to

Entrepreneurs are agents of economic change; they organize, manage and

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Task 1: Matching Type

A. Explain why entrepreneurial activities are important to social development and

Goals and Learning Ultimate Goal

Figure 1: Strategic process to achieve the objectives of this module

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

What is the importance of assessing one’s PECs before engaging in a particular

Why is there a need to assess one’s PECs in terms of characteristics, attributes,

What is the significance of evaluating the PECs of a successful entrepreneur?

Below are few important characteristics/traits/attributes of a good entrepreneur:

• Hardworking: One of the important characteristics of a good

• Disciplined: Successful entrepreneurs apply controlled behaviors by

• Committed: A good entrepreneur accepts full responsibility of

• Able to accept change: Nothing is permanent but change. Change

• Creative: An entrepreneur should be original and innovative to stay in

• Proactive: An entrepreneur initiates changes rather than react to

• Profit-Oriented: You enter into the world of business to generate

Task 4: PECs Checklist

Table 1: PECs Checklist

Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies of Personal Assessment

Sample Interview Guide:

Name of Proprietor/ Practioner_____________________________________

Business Name: ________________________________________________

Business Address: ______________________________________________

Task 6: Preparation of an Action Plan

Objective Area Activities Strategies Time Expected

What plan of action would you do to address your development areas?

Quarter I Time Allotment: 4 hours

SWOT analysis is a tool is used to assess the environment. It is also a

Opportunities and Threats exist in the external environment. Opportunities

• Identify what is of “value” to the customer;

Task I: Multiple Choice

A. Product Analysis C. Product Development

4. This is the factor or consideration presented by a seller as the reason that

A. Unique Selling Plan C. Unique Pricing Policy

B. Unique Selling Proposition D. Finding Value-Added

A. Concept Development C. Project Development

A. new Idea C. product development

A. Environmental Scanning C. WOTS Analysis

Task 2: Guide Questions:

1. How does one determine the product or services to be produced and/or to

Learning Goals and Target

Figure 2: Strategic process to reach the objectives of this module

Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

1. basic commodities for consumption

Concepts of Developing a Product

Concept development is a very critical phase in the development of a product.

Unique Selling Proposition (USP)

• Identify what motivates your customers. It is very important for you

• Discover the actual and genuine reasons why customers buy

In order to firm up your understanding of the topic previously presented, you

Directions: Select a successful entrepreneur/practitioner. Conduct an interview by

Task 4: Video Viewing

1. Browse the internet on topics related to:

a. customers’ needs and wants;

The best way is to have a systematic approach in generating and selecting

There is a very good business opportunity when there is absolutely no supply to

5. Read magazines, news articles, and other publications on new