Article

Advanced Science,
Copyright © 2017 American Scientific Publishers
Engineering and Medicine
All rights reserved Vol. 9, 1–7, 2017
Printed in the United States of America www.aspbs.com/asem

Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered

Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19
T. K. Sreeja1
∗ , B. C. Brightlin2 , S. Balamurugan2
∗ , and J. Jaya Kumari1
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,
Thuckalay, Kumaracoil 629180, India
2
Advanced Nanomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Nanotechnology, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,
Thuckalay, Kumaracoil 629180, India

In this article we proposed a novel dense dielectric layered patch antenna prototype for multiband
operating from 3.2 GHz–20 GHz by designing with nanocrystalline BaFe12 O19 materials sand-
wiched between two FR4 substrates. The antenna filled with BaFe12 O19 materials show improve-
ment in return loss. The measured dielectric constant and loss tangent values of BaFe12 O19
materials are found be 5.54 and 0.002, respectively. To improve the percentage bandwidth, defected
grounded structure (DGS) has been introduced. The performance of four antennas has been
compared which includes a single microstrip patch antenna (MSA), layered MSA, MSA using
DGS module, and layered MSA with DGS. The proposed antenna module operates over four
(3.3–4.5 GHz/8.7–10.5 GHz/13.6–14.6 GHz/19–20 GHz) frequency bands with 100% efficiency.
The antenna structures were simulated by using the momentum simulation method of the software
Advanced Design System. The designed antenna has been fabricated and the return loss perfor-
mance was measured using Agilent ENA network analyzer. The simulated result shows that the
antenna has wide bandwidth, less return loss and maximum efficiency.
Keywords: Multiband, Patch Antenna, Nano BaFe12O19 , MSA, DGS.

1. INTRODUCTION decided by permittivity and permeability of the substrate.

As compared to the ferromagnetic materials, the fer-
rites have high electrical resistivity and high dielectric
properties.1
2 For technologies like RADAR, microwave,
communication etc., the materials should have high satu-
ration magnetization, high magnetic anisotropy, excellent
chemical stability and high natural resonant frequency.1
Interestingly, the barium hexaferrites, BaFe12 O19 have all
these rich properties which made researchers to investi-
gate intensively during the last few years and become one
of the most high-tech materials.3 The dielectric property
of BaFe12 O19 materials has extensively been studied by
researchers which is suitable for high frequency charac-
teristics as it has high value of relative permittivity and
low loss tangent.4–9 The BaFe12 O19 materials in different
forms are widely used as permanent magnets,10–16 mag-
netic recording media,10–13
15–19 microwave devices,14
15
20
microwave absorbers,11
13
21
22 and electromagnetic wave
shielding.22 The performance and the patch geometry are
∗
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
The desired properties of magneto-dielectric substrates can
be achieved by varying the composition of the magnetic
inclusions in the parent material.23
In the previous work, Brightlin and Balamurugan24
reported the design and radiation characteristics of
BaFe12 O19 materials sandwiched FR4 substrate based
microstrip patch antenna for a rectangular patch. The
nanocrystalline BaFe12 O19 materials used for designing
this antenna was prepared by mechano-thermal synthesis
method using BaCO3 and Fe2 O3 as starting materials.25
The outcome of the work motivated us to design a patch
for high efficient multiband antenna with a new structure.
Therefore a study has been conducted by us to estimate
the performance of conventional FR4 patch antenna with
BaFe12 O19 materials inclusions which prepared by citrate
sol–gel combustion method.
Design of multiband antenna for mobile communication
systems has become the attractive area of recent research.
Accommodating several systems of various frequencies
into limited area, including antennas, circuit components

Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 2017, Vol. 9, No. xx 2164-6627/2017/9/001/007 doi:10.1166/asem.2017.1975 1

Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19 Sreeja et al.

are mainly required to be multiple-frequency, efficient

and compact. There are several multi-band antenna design
methods for compact handheld devices in the past litera-
tures. Amongst them, the perceptive method is to propose
the antenna by adding multiple resonant paths or many
resonant elements in the significant frequency bands.26–29
The DGS along with MPA is reported for the perfor-
mance enhancement of the patch antenna.30–33 The cross-
polarization level is suppressed by MPA with DGS.30
Circular polarization with dual band in all planes has
been obtained with truncated ground structure MPA.31 The
impedance bandwidth is improved up to 50% by using
rotated square-shape defect in the ground plane and the
gain varies from 3 to 6 dBi.32 Enormous studies has been
projected for DGS with Microstrip-line.34–37 A microstrip-
line-fed patch antenna using DGS is designed for Ku-band
applications.36 The ground plane consists of a circular
shaped defect structure. The equivalent circuit model of
Figure 2. Surface morphology of nanocrystalline BaFe12 O19 materials
Microstrip filter including DGS has been developed.37 used for designing the patch antenna.
A Hybrid Fractal planer monopole antenna to cover multi-
bands for wireless communications using MIMO tech-
nique for handheld mobile phones is proposed.38 It is
noticed that the antenna operates in one WiMAX band
and the efficiency achieved is 83%. A novel structure with
printed star-triangular fractal Microstrip-fed monopole
antenna using semi-elliptical ground plane is introduced
for super-wideband (SWB) applications, with 1.4 dBi
gain.39 A dual band antenna using RT-Duroid substrate
is designed for single WiMAX band. It is noticed that
enhanced gain and efficiency is obtained by increasing the
size of antenna with −22.77 dB return loss. Hence enrich-
ment of gain and bandwidth of microstrip patch antenna
(MPA) has become a demanding recent research area.40–42

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

In our recent studies, we have prepared the nano-
structured hexagonal ferrites, BaFe12 O19 materials under

Figure 1. Phase formation of good quality BaFe12 O19 materials

obtained by citrate sol–gel method. Both experimental and theoretical Figure 3. Dielectric constant (a) and loss tangent (b) of BaFe12 O19
XRD patterns are shown for comparison. materials as a function of frequency measured at room temperature.

2 Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 9, 1–7, 2017

Sreeja et al. Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19
different synthesis conditions including ball milling,25
coprecipitation,43
44 and citrate sol–gel combustion.45 In
the present work we have used BaFe12 O19 powder as
substrate which was prepared by citrate sol–gel auto
combustion followed by high temperature heat treatment
method.45 The quality and phase formation of BaFe12 O19
materials were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction
method using Cu K radiation. Figure 1 illustrates the
phase formation of good quality BaFe12 O19 materials
which was used to fabricate the patch antenna in this study.
Both the experimental and theoretical XRD patterns are
shown for comparison in Figure 1. The average crystalline
size (D) was calculated as 39.94 nm for the BaFe12 O19
phase materials by the Debye-Scherrer equation.45 The sur-
face morphology of the BaFe12 O19 powder sample was
analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope
which reveals the thin plate-like flakes morphology with
moderate agglomeration of nanoparticles with the size in
the range of ∼100–200 nm (Fig. 2). The variation in
dielectric constant and loss tangent of BaFe12 O19 mate-
rials as a function of frequency measured at room tem-
perature is shown in Figures 3(a), (b). The real part of
permittivity is found to vary from 414 to 4.07 for the fre-
quency range 100 Hz to 15 GHz (see Fig. 3(a)) whereas
the loss tangent remains constant value of 10 from 100 Hz
to 7 kHz (Fig. 3(b)). Further the value decreases logarith-
mically and is in the order of 10−3 from 1 MHz to 15 GHz.
From Figure 3 we observe that the increase in frequency,
the permittivity and the loss tangent decrease for the syn-
thesized BaFe12 O19 materials which match well with the
literatures.3–9
3. ANTENNA DESIGN
Figure 4 illustrates the design of the antenna proposed in
this paper. The prototype antenna is classified into four
cases, namely simple MSA design (case 1), layered MSA
Figure 4. Design of the proposed antennas.
Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 9, 1–7, 2017
Figure 5. Isotropic views of various layers in the proposed antenna
(case 4 in Fig. 4).
design (case 2), MSA with DGS design (case 3) and
layered MSA with DGS design (case 4). The isotropic
view of various layers in the proposed antenna (case 4)
is pictured in Figure 5. The circuit simulations of proto-
type are done by Advanced Design System (ADS) full-
wave Method of Moment (MoM) technique. The various
parameters (L, W , l1 , l2 , R, g1 , g2 , g3 , h1 , h2  of the
proposed antenna and their values are given in Table I.
Figure 6 shows the configuration of the designed patch
antenna. This figure represents the top (Fig. 6(a)) and bot-
tom (Fig. 6(b)) views of the proposed antenna. The side
view of the antenna looking along the x-direction is shown
in Figure 6(c). In this side view, the dielectric thickness
of FR4 is h1 = 08 mm and BaFe12 O19 is h2 = 04 mm.
These structures are designed and fabricated on FR4 sub-
strate with the thickness, h1 of 0.8 mm, dielectric con-
stant of 4.5 and loss tangent of 0.0012. The additional
layer is added by using synthesized BaFe12 O19 materials
with the dielectric constant of 5.54 and loss tangent of
0.002 and the optimized BaFe12 O19 substrate height, h2 is
0.4 mm. The coaxial feed circular shaped patch of radius,
R = 11 mm is connected with a rectangular shape patch
of length l1 = 10 mm and width g3 = 1 mm which is
designed on the top layer as shown in Figure 6(a). In the
ground plane (Fig. 6(b)), the gap between each segment
is g2 = 05 mm. In the side view of the designed mod-
ule (Fig. 6(c)), the height of both dielectric substrates are
h1 = 08 mm for FR4 and h2 = 04 mm for synthesized
BaFe12 O19 materials.
Table I. Various parameters and their values of the designed antenna.
Parameters Values (mm)
L 32
W 28
l1 10
l2 5
R 11
g1 0.5
g2 0.5
g3 1
h1 0.8
h2 0.4
3
Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19
Figure 6. Configuration of the patch antenna: (a) Top view of the pro-
posed antenna, (b) Bottom view of the proposed antenna, and (c) Side
view of the antenna looking along the x-direction. The dielectric thick-
ness of FR4 is h1 = 08 mm and BaFe12 O19 is h2 = 04 mm.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 7 reveals the comparison of return loss for the four
designed antennas, for example case 1, case 2, case 3
and case 4 from 3 GHz to 20 GHz. Table II summa-
rizes the frequency band, bandwidth, return loss, gain,
directivity, efficiency and radiation power performance of
the present four designed antennas. Case 1 consists of
only microstrip patch antenna (MSA), which shows that
the antenna resonates at four bands, such as 3.06–3.87
GHz/8.01–8.41 GHz/11.45–11.95 GHz/17.61–18.22 GHz
with the return loss of −25.36 dB, −10.83 dB, −24.55 dB,
and −11.24 dB, respectively. The antenna attains 100%
efficiency at all the bands. To improve the return loss and
gain values additional BaFe12 O19 layer is added with MSA,
that is given in case 2. Like the case 1, the case 2 antenna
also exhibiting four bands including 4G bands with the
enhanced return loss and gain (see Table II). In case 3
Figure 7. Comparison of return loss for designed antennas from 3 GHz
to 20 GHz.
4 Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 9, 1–7, 2017
Sreeja et al.
antenna MSA is designed with DGS to improve the band-
width. From case 3 results, we observe that the bandwidth
of the antenna increased with DGS structure. The case 4
antenna attains −60 dB return loss at 3.3–4.5 GHz band,
−36 dB at 8.7–10.5 GHz band, −32 dB at 13.6–14.6 GHz
band, and −15 dB at 19–20 GHz band. From these results
we note that the magnitude of return loss increases for first
three resonance response, when we include DGS and lay-
ered antenna structure. But in the upper resonance band
the frequency band shifts from 17.3 GHz to 19 GHz due
to the layered structure. However the gain, directivity and
bandwidth values are improved slightly for case 4 antenna.
To achieve the desired characteristics, the length (L) and
width (W ) of patch is chosen in a method that, the sum-
mation of length (l2 ) and width (W ) of the patch in the
antenna structure is approximately a quarter wavelength
of the guided wave (g ) at the favorable cutoff frequency
using the approximate effective dielectric constant rela-
tion W + l2 = g . Therefore, the center cutoff frequency
at 3.5 GHz (WiMAX band) is offered by the patch width
W = 28 mm and length l2 = 5 mm this corresponds to the
quarter of guided wavelength equivalent to the resonant
cutoff at 3.5 GHz. The length of a segment of patch l2 con-
trols the second and third resonant responses at 9.5 GHz
and 14 GHz. The highest frequency band is varied by
the summation length g1 , g2 , and g3 of the bottom con-
ducting plane. This total length (g1 + g2 + g3 ) is nearly,
the quarter length of guided wave at 20 GHz. The simu-
lated radiation patterns of the proposed antenna at 3.4 GHz
are shown in Figures 8(a)–(d). This comprises the pat-
terns of: gain, directivity, efficiency and radiated power
(a), E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns (b), circular
and linear polarizations (c) and 3-D view of radiation pat-
tern (d). It is noted from Figure 8 that, the gain and direc-
tivity is unique over the frequency response. The antenna is
highly directive over the operating frequencies, practically,
due to dielectric losses and conductor losses, the overall
radiation will not only in the desired direction but also
negligible radiation will be along other directions. There-
fore the overall antenna gain may reduce. The antenna gain
and directivity are closely related with antenna efficiency.
Directivity is defined as, amount of radiation accumulation
along a particular desired direction than other directions.
Therefore if the designed antenna is 100% efficient, then
the gain would be perfectly equal to antenna directivity.
The gain would be always measured from main lobe or
from direction of maximum radiation. The cross polariza-
tion level in the radiation characteristics is slightly high
in the proposed antenna. This is because of the multi-
band operation of the antenna, thin substrate material and
arrangement of radiating patches. The relative permittiv-
ity, substrate thickness and the antenna arrangement are
the critical parameters in deciding the cross polarization
level. However there is no proper relationship among sub-
strate permittivity and cross-polarization level.47 Increased
Sreeja et al. Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19

Table II. Performance comparison of four prototype antennas.

Designed Frequency band Bandwidth Return loss Gain Directivity Efficiency Radiated power
model (GHz) (%) (dB) (dB) (dB) (%) (W)

Case 1 3.06–3.87 2388 −2536 224 22 100 00025

8.01–8.41 487 −1083 494 49 100 00028
11. 45–11.95 427 −2455 512 501 100 00028
17.61–18.22 340 −1124 72 71 100 00036
Case 2 3.48–4.489 2532 −2718 26 253 100 00026
8.93–10.55 1668 −2292 52 52 100 000289
13.88–14.59 498 −2585 512 51 100 000297
18.94–20 544 −169 723 72 100 000365
Case 3 3.27–4.28 272 −337 2827 27 100 00026
8.73–9.33 66 −1124 562 56 100 000289
14.39–14.99 4 −1197 59 582 100 000297
17.22–18.1 49 −2865 746 74 100 000365
19.95–20 02 −1097 763 76 100 000621
Case 4 3.3–4.5 4692 −60 283 2827 99.975 000251
8.7–10.5 1872 −36 576 5753 99.878 000291
13.6–14.6 98 −32 592 5928 100 000301
19–20 513 −15 795 7946 100 000376

relative permittivity can strengthen the electrical length radiation can be less. Therefore, the cross-polarization
between the ground and microstrip line, hence high energy level can be diminished by thinning the substrate. How-
is discharged. But the geometrical dimension of microstrip ever, antenna mechanical behavior will be affected if the
line reduces due to more relative permittivity, hence the substrate thickness is very less. The bandwidth becomes

Figure 8. Continued.

Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 9, 1–7, 2017 5

Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19 Sreeja et al.

Figure 8. Radiation characteristics of the proposed antenna at 3.4 GHz: (a) Gain, directivity, efficiency and radiated power, (b) Simulated radiation
patterns of E-plane and H -plane, (c) Circular and linear polarizations and (d) 3-D view of radiation pattern.

narrow in circularly polarized antenna due to difficulty in
adjusting the correct excitation conditions for pure polar-
ization, which results in degrading the axial ratio. This
problem can be cancelled by using wide impedance band-
width patch antenna with thick substrate or low dielectric
constant material.46 Therefore stacked antenna structure is
employed in this design. The photo image of the fabricated
antenna top view is shown Figure 9. The antenna is fabri-
cated and simulated values are measured by using Agilent
ENA network analyzer. Figure 10 shows the compari-
son of proposed antenna with measured values. The mea-
sured values are almost matched with the simulated values
for the first three bands whereas the fourth band seen in
the high frequency region, the simulated pattern is not

Figure 10. Comparison of return loss of proposed antenna with mea-

Figure 9. Photograph of fabricated patch antenna. sured values.

6 Adv. Sci. Eng. Med. 9, 1–7, 2017

Sreeja et al. Multiband Layered Patch Antenna Using Nanoengineered Dielectric Substrate, BaFe12 O19
matching with the measured pattern. We may be able to
tune the fourth band by optimizing other parameters.
5. CONCLUSION
In this investigation, a new dense multilayer nanoengi-
neered wide band antenna has been designed by incorpo-
rating the synthesized BaFe12 O19 materials as an additional
dielectric layer, which operates in four bands, such as
3.3–4.5 GHz/8.7–10.5 GHz/13.6–14.6 GHz/19–20 GHz/,
this includes 4G communication band. It is found that
changing the ground plane area and layered structure
mainly affects the impedance matching, while the cen-
tre frequency is slightly shifted. Simulated and measured
responses are in good synchronization, and they show
that the desired operating bandwidths, gain, and radiation
patterns for WiMAX and satellite K, Ku band applica-
tions can be achieved. The antenna is of reasonably small
dimensions (32 × 28 × 08 mm3 ). The designed antenna
can be an excellent selection for wireless communication
applications due to its small size, maximum efficiency,
multiband characteristics, and unidirectional radiation pat-
tern over the desired aforementioned resonance bands.
Acknowledgments: The authors are thankful to Noorul
Islam Centre for Higher Education for encouragment. The
SRM University, India is acknowledged for FESEM image
of BaFe12 O19 material.
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Received: 12 January 2017. Accepted: 21 February 2017.
7