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Solucion de Libro de Analisis Numerico
Solucion de Libro de Analisis Numerico
Solucion de Libro de Analisis Numerico
Richard L. Burden
Youngstown State University
J. Douglas Faires
Youngstown State University
Prepared by
Richard L. Burden
Youngstown State University
J. Douglas Faires
Youngstown State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
© 2011 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning ISBN-13: 978-0-538-73563-6
ISBN-10: 0-538-73563-5
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Equationsiii...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8941
2
1
2
3 4
88
9.65 .
3
Numerial Solutions of Nonlinear Systems of Equations 19920
Exerise Set 10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2
3 4
4
7
Boundary-Value Problems for Ordinary Differential Equations v
1 3
2 6
3 19
4 2
1 5 25
ntains ative exerises that have been worked out in detail for all niques and
bak f epresenbook, the re ults list in this Stu y Guide generally go well tho thosein book.
For this edition we have adddisus number exerises to the xt that involve the use of a ompu er
the algorit ms in this book. However, any of ommon omputer alg ialAnalysissystems,suh Mathemlgebratia,
ourse we have found that understood theonepts better when beyondworked through the algorithms
It has been our pratiedomaintolude strutured algorithms in ur Numerial Analysis book for all
MATLAB, and
prog ram ming lang uag e, b ystudentsts with even
he publi syst m, Sage, an be used with satisfation. In our reent teahing of mi imal a mount of prog ra mming ex pertise.
tehniqustep,disussed in the ext. The algorithms are given inomputationfrmthat an be od d in any appropriatthe
At the website for the book, supple eth avex erisdtheM apr eg ularlyawar eNum erialents,e,andPas al,sug g estionsM ATLof,toapprreasAC,welletnal ysisB,priateJa va anyb easd.
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modipakageMathematiaYouyThehttp://wwwillationswebandalsondtoofthe.qitodethatu.Forndthemathestionsontainsnumerousmightftehniquesthis.deysuallfromeditionin.beedu/additionalthethelpshangmadealgorithmsusers.formwefaires/Numerial.haveofForofthatinformationtheworksheetsexample,haverewrittenbookbeenonernin-aboutAnalysis/weforallmadetheeditionswilltheprogrammingthengtoMomputerplaebook,thisinterpretplesystemthereandprograms
appliationsrespons es ∼
vii
viii Prefae
Mathematial Preliminaries
Exerise Set 1.1, page 14
2. . Find intervals that a solutionxmusttotheexistequationin(4, 5) with 0 = f (x) = x − (ln x) .
x
1. d.SOLUTION:ShowthattheIt isequationnotpossible to lgebraially hasatsolveleastfornethesolutionin the in erval x −(ln x )=0 [4, 5].
problem, we must show only that a solution exists. Let x , butthis is not required in the
0 x | |
1 1 −2
≤ ≤
x < 0,we f (x ) < 2x + k
−
′ ′
5. IfandUsef(cthe)=Intermediate0ndf(c ) Value=0forT someoremc 1.11=c,andthenRolbylTheor'sTheor 1.there7,erem1.7to showexitsthatanumberthegraph pbetweenof c
max{|f (0)|, |f (ln 2)|, |f (1)|} = max{1/3 (2 ln 2)/3, (4 − )/3} = (2 ln 2)/3.
3
providedss of the value of the onstant .
we have have <0, that x< 1 k . Simil rly, for , x>0
f (x) > 2x + kHowever,>0provided that x > − 2 k. By Theorem 1.11, there exists number with c
.
(c) = 0
.
f (c) = 0
1
2 Exerise Set 1.1
tob. P2(0.5)
f (0.5) nd an bound for upper |f (0.5) − P2(0.5)|
()
9. aFindUsethe seond Taylor polynomial for f (x )= x cos x about , and:
x 0 =0
we have x
f′(x) = e (cos x − sin x),
f ′′(x) = −2e (sin x),
x and f ′′′(x) = −2e (sin x + cos x),
x
f (0 ) = 1 , , and So
′
f (0 )= 1 f ′′ (0 )= 0 .
ξ
a. We have P2(x) = 1 + and R2(x) = −2 (sin ξ + cos ξ) x3.
3!
(0.5)2 3
[0 , 0 .5]
, rst note that Dx x x
, for all in
(sin x + cos x) = 2e cos x > 0 x
1
all
3
1 1 x2 1
3
Z
d. From part (b), Z0 f (x) dx ≈ 0 1 + x dx = x+ 2 0 = 2 .
Z Z Z
Sine 0 |R2(x)| dx ≤ 0 3
e1(cos 1 + sin 1)x3 dx = 0 1.252x3 dx = 0.313.
the at ualZ0
1 x 1 = 2 (cos 1 + sin 1) − 2 (1 + 0) ≈ 1.378,
x iscos x dx = e2 (c os x + sin x ) 0
e 1
Mathematial Preliminaries
14. approximateUsetheerror term of a Taylor polynomial to estimate the error involved in using sin x x to
3 radians. W e have
SOLUTION: First.we need to onvert the degree measure for the sine funtion to ≈
sin 1◦
180◦ = π
given by
radians, so 1 = we have
◦ π
180
radians. Sine f (x) = sin x, f (x) = cos , f (x) =
, and
′
The
′′
− sin x, and is
x/
f ( ) = e 2 sin x
.
a Use Maple to determi 3
e third Malaurin polynomial
b. Find P3(x) .
(4)
SOLUTION: a .andDeboundne the error f (x ) |f (x ) − P 3 (x )| on . [0, 1]
f (x) by
x sin x
f := exp 2 the three term s of the Taylor s eries with
3
Then nd
rst
· (1/2)x 1
f := sin 3 x
g := taylor(f, x = 0, 4)
Ex trat the third M alaurin polynomial with
g := 1 3x +
1
6x2
+ 23 648 x 3 + O x 4
f 4 := diff (f, x, x, x, x)
fourth points .
[0, 1]
54 E
F ind th e fth derivative.
119 1 5 1
f 5 := diff (
4, x)
See if the derivative has any ritial in 3x
5 := − 2592 E(1/ 2x) sin 3 x + 3888 E(1/ 2x ) cos
199 1 61 1
p := fsolve (f 5 = 0, x, 0..1)
The extreme values of the fourth derivative will ourat p := .604 7389 076
x= 0 1 , , or p.
4 Exerise Set 1.1
c1 := ( (x = p, f 4))
c1 := .09787176213
c2 := ( (x = 0, f 4))
c2 := .09259259259
c3 := evalf(subs(x = 1, f 4))
The maximum absolute value of c3 := 09472344463
funtion
error (4)
(x) is c1 and the error is given by
:= c1/24 error
24. In Example 3 it is stated that := .004077990089
a Show tha for all x we have | sin x| ≤ |x|. Use the following to verify this statement.
f (x ) is non- forallvaluesfuntion,ofand in partiular that
dereasing x
a.
Showf∈thatC[a, ] 1 and x2 are in [a, b].
with c1 and c are positive onstants. Show that a number ξ exists between x and x
2 1 2
c1 + c2
aSOLUTION:.Thenumber c1 6=−c2 .
1
2 (f (x1) + f (x2))
Mathematial Preliminaries
Theoremistheaverage1.11ofthere f(x 1)
existandnumber,so it lies between these two values of
f (x2)
1 1 1
b. Let f (ξ) = 2 (f (x1) + f (x2)) = 2 f (x1) + 2 f (x2).
f (x) = x ,
+ 1 x1 = 0 x2 = 1 c1 = 2 , , , and c = −1. Then f (x) > 0 for all values of x, but
2
.
SOLUTION: We need p∗ must lie to approximate 2 with relative error at most 10 √
−4
5. e. Use three-digitp √ √
p∗√−2
∗
omp√u2(0te .9999), 2(1.0001) .
that is, 2 ≤ 10−4, so p∗ − √2 ≤ √2 × 10−4;
∗ − 2 ≤ 2 × 10− .
must be in the interval
rounding arithmeti to
13 6
SOLUTION:anddetermineUsingtheabsolutethree-digitandrelativeroundingerrors. 14 − gives 7,
2 − 5.4
14 7
13 6
14 − 7 = 0.07 20 and 2e − 5.4 = 5.44 − 5.40 = 0.0400.
1
6 Hene Exerise Set 1.2
3 6
The orret value is approximately 1. 14 − 7 = 0.0720 = 1.80.
954, so the absolute and relative errors to three digits are
2e − 5.4 0.0400
|
1.80 1.954 = 0.154 | 1.80 − 1.954 = 0.0788,
7. respetivelySOLUTION:.RepeatExerise.Using5(e)threeusing-diitthreehopping-digithoppingarithmetiandarithmetigives.
| − | 1.954
,
13
14 7
= 0.928
6
= 0.857 , and So e = 2.71.
1
3 6
Hene 14 − 7 = 0.07 0 and 2 − 5.4 = 5.42 − 5.40 = 0.0200.
| − | 13 6
onsiderably1.954
The orret value is approximately 1. 14 − 7 = 0.0710 = 3.55.
954, so the absolute and relative errors to three digits are
2 − 5.4 0.0200
− 3 5 1 2 1 3
The absolute and relative errors are, respeti
π= 4 2
arctan + arctan 3 ≈ 3.145576.
v ely,
ex pon
12. Let | −
π 3.145576
|≈
3.983
×
10−3
and |π − 3.145576|
π ≈
1.268
×
10−3.
| |
x −x
a Find f (x) = e − e .
x
b.With three-digit rounding arithmeti we have e 0.100 = 1.11 and e −0.100 = 0.905 , so
. The third Malaurin polynomialsf(0.100)give= 1.11 − 0.905 = 0.205 = 2.05.
0.100 0.100
1
2
1 and 1
2
1
3
so ex ≈ 1 + x + 2 x + 6 x3 −x ≈1−x+ 2 x − 6x ,
mahine
f (x) ≈
1+x+ 1 x2 + 1 x3
x
1 x + 1 x2 1 x3
= 2x +
x
1 x3
= 2 +3x.
3 1 2
+ 21023−1023 1+ 2 + 2 + 2 +2 !
1 2 1 4 1 7 1 8
+
deimal= 2 1 + 4 + 16 + 128 256 = 1 + 256 = 1.32421875.
0 1 1 1 1 83
16. . Find the equivalents of the next lar gest and next sma llest oating-point mahine number to
0 01111111111 0101001011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
b. Use three-digit ari hmeti and the formula given in the statement of part ( ) to evaluate
. Redo .the alulatiapproximationsroundingpart(b) using the
f (1 .53 )
esting form of
SOLUTION:d.Comparethe. Sine in parts (b)annd (). f (x) that was found in part (a).
, we
enx = (ex)
n
write
b. Using f (x) = ((((1.01)ex − 4.62) x − 3.11) ex + 12.2) ex − 1.99.
1.53
= 4.62 gives e2(1.53) = (4.62)2 = 21.3 ,
e3(1.53) = (4.62)2(4.62) = (21.3)(4.62) = 98.4, e4(1.53) = (98.4)(4.62) = 455
= 1.01(455) − 4.62(98.4) − 3.11(21.3) + 12.2(4.62) − 1.99
and . So f (1.53)
. We have
= −61.2 + 56.4 − 1.99 = −4.80 − 1.99 = −6.79.
dk+1 > 5.
dk+1 ≤ 5, we have
When y f (y) = 0.dk+1 . . . × 10
n−k
0.5 × 10−k = 0.5 10−k+1.
−y 0.d1 ... ×
10n≤ 0.1 ×
− 0.d1 . . . ×
10n 0.1 ×
inequality holds
Mathematial Preliminaries
28. SOLUTION:areShowonsisthatentbothwithForsetsthetheofinitialideatagdata,ivenslawwein.thehaveopening appliation for this hapter an give values of that
9 T
Sine ◦
atual19 292.16
286.61 ≤ T ≤ 293.72.
temperatCelsiures=is kelvin,we are again within the bound. In either ase it is possible that the
2i−1
∞ i+1 x
X −
to the . series
b. How many terms are required 4P (1) π < 10−3
| − |
n
series
10 auray for an approximation to ?
∞ 1
Xi −
1)i+1
thealternatenextterminsign,.Totheensureerrorsigniproduedantauray,bytrunatingweneedthe
π = 4 arctan 1 = 4 (
− 2i 1
to hooseatany term is less than the magnitude of
=1
n so that
onvergent approximation
4 or
−3
So 2(n + 1) − 1 < 10 4000 < 2 + 1.
b. In this≥2000ase,. we need
4 10 or
Clearly, a more rapidly method is needed for this
< 10 − n .
> 20,00 0,000,0 00 .
2( + 1) − 1
10 Exerise Set 1.3
5.
so that the X
Another formula for omputing π an be dedued from the identity
π−
m
1 X
ed to ensur
1
e an
.
determine
approximation to
− i
Determine the number of terms that4must=4beactansum 5 − arctan 239
.
SOLUTION: The identity implies that
π to within 10−3
∞ 1 ∞ 1
alulations
. We have
st term of the rst sum is less than 10
i+ 1 −3
, = = = 2.56 × 10−
aSo.How3iter:= 1 : 51(1) = 5 3
i = 2 : 5 (3) 375 and =3: 55(5) 15625 .
b.sumSOLUTION:Re.-express thea. Forserieseahin a way that will redue theai j? of alulations needed to determine this
n inner − 1 additions required
=1 j=1
rewriting
n(n + 1)
ultipliations and n
n(n + 1)
Xi X
=1 i=1
The nal total is: alulation are , wefornowthe neednalsum.i−1 additions to sum
j signi antly
(n + 1) (n + 2)(n 1)
2 2
ipliations
Theprodutstotal. bj 1 n mult ai −1
X
i i n i
X X X
bj = ai bj
=1 j=1 i=1 j=1
X
i (n + 1)
=1
ad'sitiarenssummed,bythismethwe still by the additions of the
d from
1 , but the number of has
2 n(n + 1) o n.
Mathematial Preliminaries 11
10. Devise an algorithm to ompute the real roots of a quadrati quation in the most efient manner.
SOLUTION: The following algorithm uses the most effetive formula for omputing the roots of a
quadrati equation.
INPUTOUTPUT , . A BC
Step 3 If D = B − 4AC. 2
Step 4 If STOP.
x1
b= −D/(2A)
a = −B/(`COMPLEX(2A); CONJUGATE ROOTS');
x1 = a + bi
OUTPUT ; x2 = a − bi
d=B+ D
x1 = −2C/d;
else set x2 = −d/(2A)
d = −B +
√ ;
D
x1 = d/(2A);
Step 6 OUTPUT x2 = 2C/d.
15. SupposeSTOPthatas. (x1, x2);
x approahes zero,
α β
Let F1(x) = L1 + O (x ) and F2(x) = L2 + O x .
c1 and c2 be nonzero onstants, and dene
γ
F (x) = c1L1 + c2L2 + O (x )
12 SOLUTION: |x | we have positive o nsta nts k 1 and k 2 independent of
Exerise Set 1.3
γ
Suppose for sufiently small
b. G(x ) = 1 + L2 + O (x )
x , for whih
α β
Let |F1(x) − L1| ≤ K1|x| |F2(x) − L2| ≤ K2|x| .
a. Wec=havemax (|c1|, |c2|, 1), K = max (K1, K2), and δ = max (α, β).
≤ || | γ
for sufi ntly small cK x γ 1 + x δ−γ Kx ,
b. We have . Thus, ≤ || ||
γ . ≤ ||
|x| F (x) = c1L1 + c2L2 + O (x )
≤ || | γ
for sufiently small Kcδ xγ 1+ x δ−γ K′′ x ,
≤ | | γ | | ≤ | |
16.
Dene
Consider the Fibonai .sequeneThus, de ned |x | G( x )= L 1
by
+ L2 + O (x )
.
F0 = 1, F1 onverges,=1andFn+2 = Fn+1 + Fn
, if . n ≥ 0
is the golden
ratio: x n = F +1/F n . Assuming that n→∞ x n = x
lim
show that the limit
SOLUTION: x =1 + √
5 .
/2
→∞ n→∞ xn
1
qu adratiwhih impliesisthat
2
√
a riteM apleM aple
Fn ≡ Fn = 5 " √ ! 2
n − −2
√ ! n#.
1 1+ 5 1 5
proedure to alulate˜
b. Use with the default value of F100
Digits.followed by evalf to alulate
fromevalfresultparttofrom
the
the resultwhenfrompartyouuse(a)(b)themoreobtainedommandauratemoresimplifythanrapidlytheinsteadthanresultof
˜
F100?
Mathematial Preliminaries termsstepinofonethelinesequene.Mapleare:would13
lineswewill.TheshowproeduretheMaplefor outpalulatingforeahthe
SOLUTION:produethisoutputa.Toonsaveparatspae
n := 98; f := 1; s := 1
for n := 98 f := 1 s := 1
i from to do 1 n
l := f + s; f := s; s := l; od :
l :=2 f := 1 s := 2
l :=3 . f := 2 s := 3
F 100 :=
evalf
(5)
F 100 := √ 5
2 −2 +2
2
√5 −2
! −2 √5 !
100 100
1 1 1 1 1
(F 100)
de..omput.TheTherresultdsingispartt het enpart- sam e(a)digit(a) sreqasroomputedthendingiredresulttr aversi ngusi ngrithm etipart exat(a) .loop.int eg er98tim esa rithmeti,.21 and t he result in part (b) is
0.3542248538 × 10
14 Exerise Set 1.3
Solutions of Equations of
1
Sine f (a2) = −0.17048 < 0, f (b2) = 0.45970 > 0, and p2 = 2 ( 2 + b2) = 0.75.
1
2. a. Let p3 = 2 (a3 + b3) = 0.625.
x2 1 22222222222222 01 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
f
(x) 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 111 0 2 01 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1
22
x
1
21 0 2 1 2 3
ross neary = x and y = tan x are shown in the gure. From the graph it appears that the
x = 4.5.
y
10 Y=X
5
x
10
b. Beause Y = TAN X
210
Using Alg rig ismontinuous2.1gives on [4.4, 4.6] gives us reasonable interval to start the bisetion proess.
.
11. Let
p16 = 4.4934143, whih is au ate to within 10−5
for the following intervals? 3 . To whih zero of does the Bisetion method
.SOLUTION:
[−3, 2.5]
[−1.75,1.5]Sine
f (x).
x 1 22 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
x11 22222222 0 111111111111111111
x 222222222222 0 11111111111111
)
a. The interval 2 3
(x 1 2222222222222222 0 1111111111
x2 2 22222222222222222222 0 111111
f
(x) 22220 111 0 222 0 111 0222 0 111111
23 22 21 0 1 2 3 x
f (a , and , with .
2) < 0 2 = b 1 = 2.5
b f (b 1) > 0
Solutions of Equations of One Variable
.The n we assign
= (− 1.75 + 1.5 ) /2 =
1
−0.
= −1.75
.
>0 , and
17
. Then we assign
andHene p 2
= (−0.25 + 2.5)/2 = 1.125 and f (p2) < 0
3
= 1.125 , with f( 3) <0 ,
Bi tion method ,towiththis funtion on the i terval 2 has √ as its only zero. Applying the
[1, 2] 3≈ 14 = 1.7320
| − | 2
n
2
n
×
divergent armoni armon onvergent
However, example
17. Dene
L = 10 |pin−
12
|
p = 1.37 87
X
partialwhoseofThenalyzethepopproxsummanttheConsetermsfofpartialthegoolthetoprofo zero,sumnblemthistobuofseries,i snotrootathenotbasedseriestheanyrapidlyfatalulusonserienoughthenotherondition.thistextThepartiulshouldisproduebasedthgriveonsaseriesqueneattheleastisdiverges,thetwoserieslassi.TOnet.itproofThereisthatwillaretestofsimplyisathenyforriesproofs an
k=1 →∞
SOLUTION:{p }Sinediverges.
of the
is given by the formula 3
water to
1/ 2i
Determine the depth of the 12.4 = 10 0.5π − arcsin h − h 1 − h2
18 Exerise Set 2.2
SOLUTION: Applying the Bisetion Algorithm on the interval [0, 1] to the funtion
h 1/ 2i
gives f (h) = 12.4 − 10 0.5π − arcsin h − 1 − h2
Exerise3.Thef llowingSet2.methods2,page,areso64proposedthedepth tois ompute feet.
h ≈p 13 = 0.16 17 r − h ≈ 1 − 0.1617 = 0.8383
spe dof onvergene, assuming 211/3 . Rank in order, based on their apparent
them
a p0 = 1.
20pn−1 + 21/pn2−1
2
b. p = n
1
p3 −1 − 21
. pn = pn−1 − 3pn2−1
pn4−1 − 21pn−1
d. pn = pn−1 − p2 −1 − 21
SOLUTION: a. 1/ 2
2
1
p= pn−1
Sine
20x + 21/x2 20 1
and pn = 20pn−1 + 21/pn2−1 , we have g(x) = = x+ 2 ,
21 21 21 x
20 2 20 2 6
b. Sineg′(x) =
21 − x3 . Thus, g ′
211/3 = 21 − 21 = 7 ≈ 0.857.
2 7 2 1 1
. Sineg′(x) =
3 −x3 . Thus, g′ 211/3 =
3 −3 = 3 .
= 0.33 3
we have pn 4 −1 − 21pn−1
pn = pn−1 − pn2−1 − 21 ,
and
2
− x − 21 x2 − 21 x2 − 21
(x − −
5 4 3 2
= −2x + x + 84x − 63x .
(x2 − 21)2
Solutions of Equations of One Variable
xed approximation √3 that is aurate to within
19
dThus.Sineg′ 21 1/3
≈ 5.706 > 1 .
21 1/2 21 1/2 √ 21
and p = pn−1 , we have g( ) = x = x1/2 ,
√
Realling onverg ene
′ − 21 . Thus, 1 .
9. TheUseo rdera of- 2x
()= ′ 211/3 = − 2
3/2
numerous 3
then add 0=x −3 2
as x= x ,
x to both sides of the latter equation and divide by 2. This gives g(x) = 0.5 + 3 , and for
12. . , we have
0 = 1.0 √3 ≈ p 4 = 1.73205
x
are possibilities: .
SOLUTION: There3x2 − x that is aurate to within
=0 −5
10
[4, 5]. So weneed a different xed-andpoint funtion. If we note that x = tan x implies that
For g (x ) = q 3 2 [0, 1] with p 0 , we
=1 p12 = 0.91 0015 .
1x
14. Use a xed-point iteration method to determine,havea solution aurate. to within g(x) = ln 3x [3, 4] p0 =4 p16 = 3.733090
18. suf p3 p4 agree |g′ (x)| ≤ k is replaed by the statement “g (x) ≤ k < 1, for all ′
1 1 1 1
we again with x = tan x and dene g(x) = x + t x − x
1
and.Useto
19. p = 2
b. thatt if
in (a)
. Show
0< x 0<
2
Suppose, as is the, soassumption given.Also,in
1/x
where
x0 1
and
0
Thus,
Thus
so
2 p
b. Consider
p= ±
0 < x0 < 2
so
0
2
Solutions of Equations of One Variable
that if , whih imphaslmpliesathat -p
g x ed int at , that
p g , and that
C[a, b ] g ′
21
exists in . Show (a, b )
p =p
the equene move away fromapproximation gets p, but is not equal to p, the sueeding terms of
p0 is hosen so that 0 < | − p 0| < δ , we have by the Mean Value Theorem that
for some |p − p| = | 1 (p0) − g(p)| = | ′
(ξ)||p0 − p|,
SOLUTION: Let
2
f (x) = x − 6
and
p0 = 1
. Use Newton's method to nd
.
p2
pn2 −1
−6 .
With p =p f (pn−1) =p
n n−1 −
f ′(pn 1) n−1 − 2pn 1
− −
p0 = 1, we have
−
3 2
f (p2) − f (p1) − (−0.24 − (−2) − 1.76
pa2reassignment=2.4andf (ofp2) = −0.24. Sine f (p1) < 0 and f (p2) < 0, the method of F lse Position requires
p1. Then p1 so that , with , and , with 0 p 1 =3 f (p 1)= 3 p 2 = 2.4
f ( 2) = −0.24. We alulate p3 by
. √ is hanged toapproximations
5.
approx 6 ≈ 2.44949
Newton's
SOLUTION:
within
With. x − cos x = 0 in the interval [0, π/2] that is aurate
−4
10
f (x) = x cos x , we have ′
f (x ) = 1 + sin x
−
For =p pn−1 − cos p −1 .
n −1 − 1 + sin p −1
Using the endpoints of the intervals as p0 and p1, we have the entries in the following table.
n pn
0 0
1 1.5707963
2 0.6110155
3 0.7232695
4 0.7395671
5 0.7390834
9. aurate.Apply the method of False Position to nd approximationssolution to 6 0.739085 1
−4
10
n pn
0 0
1 1.5707963
2 0.6110155
3 0.7232695
4 0.7372659
5 0.7388778
6 0.7390615
13. App y Newto 's method to nd a solution, aurate towithin 7 0.739 082 5
the losest point on the graph of 10−4 , to the value of that produes x
2 2 2 4 2
Bea se a derivative is needed to nd the ritial points of (x )= (x 1) +(x 0)= x +x − 2x + 1.
d
2 4 2
whose minimum will our at the same value of f( x )= [d(x )] = x +x − 2x + 1,
as the minimum of . To minimize we
need
′
(x) = 4x3 + 2x
x d(x ) f (x )
x so that 0=
2.
−
2
(0.589755, 0.347811).
24
16.
Exerise Set 2.3
Use Newton's method to solve for roots of
ThefuntionwithequivExplresultssmallinlentandwhyformmagnitude,othenotderivative.Withiterationindiatewhihaveequationinreasesfastthe,theonvsameforsequenethergenerootsSeantround.doesAu-offmethoduallywenoterrorapprassonverge.shouldiatedahnotrinwiot,200behweNewton'susediterationsareindividingthemethod.algebraiallybybeausenumbersthe
f (p 1)pn 2 f (p 2)pn 1
SOLUTION:andThisdenominatorformulanumerator when =
the
−
− − ofnearly equal nu bers in bo
− − .
the
f (p −1) − f (p −2)
subtration
22. AlgoUsepMapleferrithmthee
sub tratsto approahdeter mineo rretion.how manyf ro miterati onsresult ofthat Newton' s areshouldnea rlydo minmethodeq u
p −1 and pn−2
form g ive
alte.withThethealulations t
in.This
e Seantisalways
inorporates
root of p 0 = π /4 are needed tond
SOLUTION: We rst dene .
f (x) = cos x x to within −100
10
−
f (x) and f (x) with
′
f := x− > os(x) − x
and f := x → cos(x) − x
p7 = .73908513321516064165531208767387340401341175890075746496 whih is
aurate to 56806357732846548835475945993761069317665319,
10−100 .
Solutions of Equations of One Variable 25
approximation 2 within
th smallest positive
0.4x
zero.has an innite numb er of zeros.
he alulations, and ()
by ln 2
+1 . However, when x
0.4x dominates
wh f (x) will be z ro approximately
p0 = 24.5 . A aurate
suf iently approximation ; to the 25th smallestis positivepsitive, zero is
when integthis m makes no o tribution; tha is,
a
Graphs
rminecosπxinitial=0. This ours whenprodx =esn/the2 llowingpositiveresults: er n. Using this nformation to ; andparts to g ive
y y y
12 600 30000
400 20000
8
200 10000
4
26. Determine the inimal annual interest rate 12 16 20
4 6 x x
24 22 2 x 4 8 16 210000
2200
24 220000
1500
P
No ie that f ( ) = A − [(1 + )n − 1] = 750000 − (i/12) (1 + i/12)(12)(20) − 1 i .
n
ated.67%..The Seant
method would a likely . The minimal annual is approximatelyisompli6
f
26 Exerise Set 2.3
to a patient produes a onentration the blood stream given
28. A drug t/3
by
SOLUTION:0 baonen..25Assuming WhatWhenm g/mL? radministeredamountb etionshouldgiven?75%a.1shoulda nTheoft hemaximumb eoriginal.hoursinjet edmo untaft ero nent rationamouto rea hb eunitsisadmi nistered,t hishaveo urssafebeenlevel,whenifadminist eredinita ndt heis admi nisteredwhenseo nd.do esTheinjetion,thismaxim umwheno ur? whentlev elsafesho ulddropsat hirdto
−
c( ) = Ate A
0 = c′( ) = A 1 − 3 e− /3.
, we
need to administer =3 hours, and sine the onentration at this time will be c(3) = 3Ae −1
A= 1e
1
This ours when 0.25 = c(t) = 3 te−t/3.
when
. We need to nd is 11 hours and 5 minutes; that is,t = 11.083 t hours.
14 minutes
3 +1 2
f (x) = 3 −7·5
ba. UsePlot the Maple omm nds.solve and fsolve to ry to nd all roots of f .
initialto nd the zeros ofto ro ts of .
. Newton's ndmethod f(x ) approximations f
.
d. Find the solu ions of f to within 10−16
f (x) = 0
exat
:= x > 33x+1 7 52x
ln (3/7)
− ln (27/25)
The pro dure solve gives the exatfsolvesolution,(3 and −fsolve75 fails=beause0,x) the negative
asymptote for the graph of x -axis is an
f (x).
Solutions of Equations of One Variable
b. Using the Maple ommand plot({f (x)}, x = 9.5..11.5) produes the following graph.
y
27
15
. Dene 3 X10
2 X1015
1 X1015
10.5
11 11.5 12 x
for i from 1 to 5 dousing
′(x)
p1 := evalf(p0 − f (p0)/f p(p0))
p := x− > (D)(f )(x)
Digits f p := x → 3 3(3x+1) ln(3) − 14 5(2x) ln(5)
:= 18; p0 := 11 Digits
:= 18
p0 := 11
i pi |pi − p −1|
1 11.0097380401552503 0.0097380401552503
2 11.0094389359662827 0.0002991041889676
3 11.0094386442684488 0.2916978339 10−6
4 11.0094386442681716 0.2772 10−12
d. We have 5 11.0094386442681716 0
Thus (3x + 1) ln 3 = ln 7 + 2x ln 5.
7
and 3x ln 3 − 2x ln 5 = ln 7 − ln 3, x(3 ln 3 − 2 ln 5) = ln 3 ,
ln 7/3 ln 7/3 ln 3/7
This agrees with part (a). x =
ln 27 ln 25 = ln 27/25 = − ln 27/25 .
−
Exerise28 Set 2.4, page 85 Exerise
Set 2.4
1. wherea.Use Newton's method to nd a solution aurate to within 10−5 for x2 − 2xe−x + e−2x = 0,
SOLUTION:0≤x≤Sine1.
or
aSOLUTION:.RepeatExer se 1(a)
p13 = 0.567135
Exeriseaurate to within 10−5
Continuingimprovement,we havespeed
f (p ) 2 2p −pn−1 + −2pn−1
−
−1 n−1 −1
= p −1 − −
f ′(p −1) = pn−1 2p −1 − 2e−p + 2pn−1 −1 −pn−1 − 2e− p n−
With 0 = 0.5
manner,
in this 1 = 0.5 − (0.01134878)/(−0.3422895) = 0.5331555.
3. auraythemodiovedr -1? . in Eq. . . Is there
− 2 .
pn = pn−1 [f ′(p −1)] − f (p −1)f
′′
(pn−1)
lim 1 = 0. Sine
n→∞ n
pn+1 p 1/(n + 1) n
the onvergene is .To
lim | have − | = lim = lim = 1,
n > 20 .
29
8. Show that:
b The sequene
a pn = 10−2
n nverges quadratially to zero;
k>1 .
SOLUTION:a.Sine pn = 10−n k does not onverge to zero quadratially, regardless of the size of
→∞ →∞
l m
sequene | − | onvergent
,
k>1
diverges. So the sp +1
0 10−(n+1)k 10−(n+1)k k k
−
lim | |
= lim = lim k = lim 102n −(n+1)
n→∞ |pn − 0|2 n→∞ 10−n
k
2 →∞ 10−2n n→∞
mf (x)
expression x = p gives
have f ′(x) = m(x p)
m−1
q(x) + (x p) q′(x),
m
− −
m
whih redues to g( ) = x − mf (x) m(x − p) q(x)
=x ,
f ′′′
f ′(x) −
m(x p)m−1q(x) + (x p)m ′(x)
− −
Differentiating this andg(xevaluating)=x at m(x − p)q(x) .
− ′
−
mq(x) + (x )q (x)
If g′( ) = 1 mq(p)[mq(p)] = 0.
2
− [mq(p)]
are loseisontinuouenoughto,theTheontinuouslutionrem2.9implies that this sequene produes onvergene one we
k ≤m ,
k
k dj (x − p)m
X
(k)
f (x) = j q(k−j)(x)
j=0 j dx
(m − 1) th Taylor of about polynomial f ex panded p:
k
Thus, for = j=0 j m(m − 1)· · ·(m − j + 1)(x − p)m −j q(k −j)(x).
k
f ( −1)(p)(x − p) −1
′ m m m m
f (x) =f (p) + f (p)(x p) + . . . + + f ( )(ξ(x))(x − p)
− (m 1)! m!
(m) −
mf (ξ(x))
where =(x − p) m! ,
14. ShowisthatzerotheofSeantmethod onverges. of order
p multipliitym
is ontinuous, let
ξ(x) is between x and p. Sine f (m)
m
Then f ( )(ξ(x))
q(x) = .
m!
m
SOLUTION: Let sufiently
f (x) = (x − ) q(x) and
lim q(x) =
n , n+1
|e nα
| ≈ λ|e | . Thus
f ( )(p)
= .0
, the golden ratio.
So
x p
m! 6
→
| ≈ λ−1 |en|1 .
α /α /α
|en| ≈ λ|en−1| and |en−1
,where
α α= 1 + √ 5 /2
n = pn − p. If
then for large values of lim |e +1| = λ > 0,
α
n→∞ |e |
Solutions of Equations of One Variable
The hypothesis that for some onstant C and sufiently large n we have
31
|p +1 − p| ≈ C|p − p| |pn−1 − , gives
|
Sine the powersof λ e
α Ce λ−1/αe 1/α, so e α Cλ−1/α−1 1+1/α.
| n| ≈ | n| | | | | ≈ | n|
| n| must agree, √
Exerise2.ThisApplynumber,Newton'sSet2the.5,method Ratioto90approximate,α=1+ina1numerousroot/αofand α = 1+
in 5 . and in art.
page
2x x
Generate terms until
x
f (x) = 6 + 3(ln 2)2 − ln 8 4 − (ln 2)3 = 0.
| n+1 − p | < 0.0002, and onstrut the Aitken's 2
sequene {pˆn}
Aitken's 2 Applying
3. onvergeLet quadratiallysequene, beausewehave sufisenta aurayrootwi.h pˆ 6 = −0.18 338 7. Newton's method fails to
0 = 0 requires nding p16 = −0.182888 . For the
SOLUTION: Newton's method wih
there multiple .
− 0.8961867 2(0.5403023) + 2
p(0) be?
SOLUTION: Steffensen's method uses the formula
1
0 2 0
p2 − 2p1 + p0
32 Exerise Set 2.5
0
p(0) p(0)
2 0
p(1)
approx imate
10−5 of x = 0.5(sin x + cos x) ,
2 2
− (0)
(0) − 1
1 p1(0) − 1
Thus 0.75 = 1 , that is, 0.25 = (0) .
3 − 2p1 + 1 4 − 2p1
(0) (0)
1 (0) (0) 2 (0) (0) 2 (0)
p2 − 2p1 + p0
p1(1)
p 2
=g p0(1)
1 = 0.
= 0.707085363, 2
(1) =g p(1)−
704939584,
p2 − 2p1 + p0
p1(2) =g p0(2) = 0.704815431,
p2 1 = 0. 2
p p p
2 1
sequene.
14. a a
10−5
b. Show that the {p } with order onverges superlin arly to .
1
α> 1 p
nn
λ = lim |pn+1 − p| .
α
|pn − p| n→∞
Solutions of Equations of One Variable
33
Hene
+
1 +1
This
l that
−
p
= lim | p
− α | p·n+1| p
− p α−1 =λ
· 0 =0 and lim −
p
= 0.
n→∞ p p →∞ pn p | n→∞ pn p
− | −
| −
= = · 0 = 0.
n→∞ (1 + 1/n)n n + 1 e
α> 1 , we have
n
n n(α−1)
m n+1 n+1
=
n→∞
b. Let xed x, show that p = P (x) satises the hypothe thisof Theorem 2.14. n
x=1
, and use Aitken's 2 method to generate se quenepˆ0, pˆ1, . . . , pˆ8 .
SOLUTION: . 2 method the in situation?
n 1 xk
pn = Pn(x) =
k!
k =0
X
x ξ
wherehave p p = P (x) e = −e xn+1,
n −n − (n + 1)!
Further,
ξ is between and . Thus, 0 x pn − p 6= 0 , for all . n≥0
ξ
−e 1 xn+2 (ξ1 ξ)
p n+1 − p (n+2)!
e − x
where = ξ = ,
pn p −e xn +1 n+2
− (n+1)!
ξ1 is between 0 and 1. Thus
λ= lim e(ξ −ξ)x
1
= 0 < 1.
n→∞ n+2
34 Exerise Set 2.6
b. The sequene has the terms shown in the following tables.
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 10− need p 7 8 9 10
within method gives quite an improvement for this problem. For example, pˆ is aurate to 6
7 Exerise2.b.Use Newto n' sSet2.6,.m etho dWe to 1 00approximat e,tohav ethistoa uraywithin.
4. approximatelyb.UseM¨uller's0method.58356±to1.nd49419the real. p0 = 1
and omplex zerosgivofs the sufiently aurate approximation
lists approximation
2 2
−2 −3
−4 points p5 = −3.548233
and use his information to sketh (thex) = x4 −f2 3 − 5 2 + 12x − 5, zeros of.
5. b. Find the zeros and ritial four of f f (0) < 0 f (1) > 0 (2) < 0
in intervals lim x→∞ f (x ) = ∞ and , implies that these zeroslie
lim →−∞ f (x) = ∞
approxima ons these ,intervals , giv ,rosandthe . Applyingzeros:Newton's method,and various initial
(−∞ 0) (0,1) (1 , 2) (2, ∞) for
nd
ritial we need the ze of
points, approximate , ,
0.5798 1.521 2.332 , and −2.432. To
f ′(x) = 4x3 − 6x2 − 10x + 12.
to ndxthe= other1isquitetwo easilyzeros:seen to be a zero of f ′(x), the ubi equation an be redued to a quadrati
and to .
A
x = 0.5 ± 39/6
f is given below.
y
60
9. Find a solution, aurate to within 40
20
22
x
23 21 1 2 3
220
0.25 m than the radius nd the material f r the side must be ongerSinethan the volume is givenofbythe an. Minimize the amount of material that is r quired.
0 SOLUTION: ml .25
we have onstrut for . The amount f material req uired for the t
≈
V = 1000 = πr2h,
p of the an is
similar a mount is needed for the botto m. To onstrut the side of the an, the
needed, is
(Fibonai) approximation
Solving M ′ (r) = 4π(r + 0.25) − 2000/r2 − 500/(πr3).
materialMneeded (r)=to0 ′
givesthean: Evaluating at this value of gives the minimal
r 5.3638 58 . M () r
tehniq uethatOmarisk nownKhay y´for approx imating toa mex ist,This.isleastthethis mostinEurope,ro otaur atefr om bef orethe apprwriting sthesix teeof thetoenturyg re atanirr ationPersi an.