FN 121 THU Prof.

Cabigas
Alaba, Jaimie B. Study Guide 4
Malubay, Francesca Raphaella Q. Muscular Tissues & System

Muscular Tissues
Types of Muscular Tissue sarcomere → overlap → I band & H zone narrow &
● Skeletal disappear
● Cardiac ● Width of A band & lengths of thin & thick filaments
● Smooth dont change
● Myology: study of muscles ● Tf slides inward → Z discs get close → sarcomere
shortens → muscle fiber shortening → shortening
Type Description Function of muscle
Skeletal - Striated: alternating - muscles that move
light & dark protein bones of skeleton
bands
- Voluntary: controlled
by neurons (part of
somatic division of
nervous sys)

Cardiac - only in heart - forms most of heart

- Striated
- Involuntary: autonomic
division of nervous sys
- Autorhythmicity: built
in rhythm of heart
Smooth - Nonstriated aka
smooth
- Involuntary
- Has autorhythmicity
- both regulated
Functions of Muscular Tissue
1. Producing body movements
2. Stabilizing body positions
3. Storing and moving substances within body
4. Generating heat (Thermogenesis)
Properties of Muscular Tissue
1. Electrical excitability
● Responding to certain stimuli by producing muscle
action potentials (impulses)
2. Contractility
● Contract forcefully when stimulated
● Contraction → tension → movement
3. Extensibility
● Stretch, w/n limits, w/o damage
● Smooth muscle = greatest amount of stretching
4. Elasticity
● Return to its original length & shape
wall
- for constant beating
of heart
The Contraction Cycle
- in walls of hollow 1. ATP Hydrolysis
internal structures ● Myosin head hydrolyzes ATP to ADP & becomes
(blood vessels, energized & oriented at 90o angle
airways, organs, skin 2. Attachment of myosin to actin
hair follicles) ● Myosin head binds with actin & forms cross-bridge
● One head binds only
3. Power stroke
● Myosin head pivots to 45o angle relative to thick &
thin filaments
● Pulls tf past thick toward center of sarcomere →
tension
● ADP release from myosin head
4. Detachment of myosin from actin
● Cross-bridge still attached to actin until it binds to
other ATP
● ATP binds → myosin head detaches from actin
*Repeats as long as there’s ATP and Ca2+ near tf

The Sliding Filament Mechanism

● Muscle contraction: Myosin heads attach & walk
along thin filaments (tf) at ends of sarcomere →
pull tf to M line → tf slide inward at center of

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human
Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling
● ↑ Ca2+ in sarcoplasm = muscle contraction
● ↓ Ca2+ in sarcoplasm = stops contraction
● Relaxation = very low Ca2+ in sarcoplasm
● Sarcoplasmic reticulum = many Ca2+
● Muscle action potential propagates along
sarcolemma & into T tubules → Ca2+ release from
SR to sarcoplasm → muscle contraction
● Occurs in tirads of skeletal muscle
● Triad = transverse (T) tubule + 2 opposing terminal
cisterns of SR
● Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
○ in T tubules
○ In tetrads
○ Voltage sensors that trigger opening of Ca2+
release channels
● Ca2+ release channels
○ In terminal cisternal membrane of SR
○ Large amts of Ca2+ released to thin & thick
filaments
● Ca2+ -ATPase pumps
○ Use ATP to transport Ca2+ from sarcoplasm
to SR
● Calsequestrin
○ Protein that binds to Ca2+
○ Allows Ca2+ to be stored in SR

Length-Tension Relationship

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human
Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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 ● Forcefulness of muscle contraction depends on
sarcomere length before contraction
● At 2-2.4 ℳm, optimal zone overlap & tension
● Max tension (100%): zone of overlap of thick &
thin filament extends from edge of H zone to end of
thick.
● Sarcomeres at longer length → zone of overlap
shortens → few myosin heads attach to tf
● Optimal length of muscle = no overlap of thin and
thick
● No myosin heads bound to filaments = 0 tension
● Shorter sarcomere than optimum = ↓ tension

Muscular System
Muscles of the Head That Move the Tongue and Assist Uses of the tongue:
in Mastication and Speech
↑: elevates
Tong ↓: depresses
←: draws posteriorly
Mastific speech →: draws anteriorly
Taste Deglutit

Suprahyoid muscles Infrahyoid muscles

Tongu
Digastric ↑ hyoid Omohyoid ↓hyoid
bone bone
extrinsic intrinsic ↓mandible

Stylohyoid ↑← hyoid Sternohyoid ↓hyoid

bone bone
Moves Alters
tongue tongue
Extrinsic tongue muscles
Mylohyoid ↑ hyoid Sternothyroid ↓hyoid
bone and bone and
Genioglossus Depresses tongue;
floor of larynx
responsible for protraction
mouth cartilage
Styloglossus Elevates tongue; responsible ↓mandible
for retraction
Geniohyoid ↑→ hyoid Thyrohyoid ↓hyoid
Hyoglossus Depresses tongue; draws bone and bone
down on sides tongue ↑ Thyroid
Palatoglossus Elevates posterior portion of ↓mandible cartilage
tongue; draws soft palate
down

Muscles of the Anterior That Assist in Deglutition and Speech

● Supra-:located superior to hyoid bone
● Infra- : located inferior to hyoid bone

Legend:

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human
Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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Neuromuscular Junction
Mouth
-site of signal exchange

Orbicularis oris Closes and protrudes lips;

Muscular
shapes lips
action
Zygomaticus major Draws angle of mouth
superiorly and laterally
Neuromuscu (smiling)
lar junction
Zygomaticus minor Elevates upper lip

Levator labii superioris Elevates upper lip

Synaptic
cleft Depressor labii inferioris Lowers lower lip

Depressor anguli oris Draws angle of mouth

neurotransm laterally and inferiorly (open
itter mouth)

Levator anguli oris Draws angle of mouth

laterally and superiorly
Muscle fiber
Buccinator Presses cheek against teeth
Nerve Stimulation and Muscle Contraction and lips (sucking); assists in
mastication.

Risorius Draws angle of mouth

laterally (grimacing)

Mentalis Elevates and protrudes lower

lip (pouting)

Neck

Platysma Draws outer part of lower lip

inferiorly and posteriorly
(pouting)

Orbit and Eyebrow

Orbicularis oculi Closes eye

(1) (2) (3) (4) Corrugator supercilii Draws eyebrow inferiorly;
*if nerve impulse releases more acetylcholine, (2) and (3) wrinkles skin on forehead
repeat. vertically
*if no more action potentials, AChE breaks down ACh in
synaptic cleft Mastication

Actions of Major Muscles

Massester Elevates mandible (close
Scalp
mouth)

Frontal belly Draws scalp anteriorly;raises Temporalis Elevates and retracts

eyebrows; winkles skin of mandible
forehead
Medial pterygoid Elevates and protracts
Occipital belly Draws scalp posteriorly mandible; moves mandible

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human
Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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 side-side Brachioradialis Flexes elbow joint; initiate
supination and pronation of
Lateral pterygoid Protracts mandible (open forearm.
mouth); moves mandible
side-side Pronator teres Pronates and flexes forearm

Thoracic Flexor carpi radialis Flexes and abducts the hand

at wrist joint

Trapezius Elevate scapula; pull scapula Flexor digitorium Flexes proximal joint of 2nd
medially; pull medial border superficialis to 5th digits. Flexes the wrist
of scapula downward
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexes and adducts hand at
Deltoid Flexing arm at shoulder; wrist joint
medial rotation
Thigh and leg
Pectoralis major Adductor and medial rotator
of the upper limb
iliacus Flexes the thigh; if thigh is
Serratus anterior Protractor and rotator of fixed, flexes the trunk on the
whole upper limb thigh

Rectus abdominis Moves vertebral column Psoas major Flexes the thigh; if thigh is
fixed, flexes the trunk on the
External oblique Moves vertebral column thigh

Back and gluteal region Pectineus Flexes and adduct the thigh
at hip joint

Infraspinatus Abductor and lateral rotator Sartorius Flexes, abducts and laterally
of arm rotates the thigh at hip joint.
Flexes and medially rotates
Teres minor Adductor and lateral rotator the leg at the knee joint
of arm
Vastus lateralis Extends leg at knee joint
Teres major Adductor, medial rotator and
extensor of arm Rectus femoris Extends the leg at knee joint;
flexes thigh at hip joint
Latissimus dorsi Extensor, adductor and
medial rotator of arm Vastus medialis Extends leg at knee joint

Gluteus medius Abducts and medially Gastrocnemius Plantarflexes foot at ankle

rotates the thigh joint; raises heel during
walking; flexes leg at knee
Gluteus maximus Extends thigh and assists in joint
lateral rotation
Soleus Plantarflexes foot at ankle
Tensor fasciae latae Abducts and medially joint; steadies leg on foot
rotates the thigh
Tibialis anterior Dorsiflexor and invertor of
Arm and forearm foot

Adductor magnus Extends thigh (hamstring

Biceps brachii Supinator of forearm; flexor
portion)
of elbow joint; weak flexor
of shoulder joint Semitendinosus Extends the thigh, flexes the
leg; medial rotator of the leg
brachialis Flexes elbow joint
Biceps femoris Extends the thigh, flexes the
Triceps brachii Extends elbow joint

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human
Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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 leg; lateral rotator of the leg

Semimembranosus Extends the thigh, flexes the

leg; medial rotator of the leg

Plantaris Plantarflexes foot at ankle

joint; flexes leg at knee joint

Synthesis
The muscular system is directly related to bodily
functions used in movement, response, and living itself.
Therefore, muscle function is undoubtedly affected by
nutritional environment. Proper nutrition is vital to the growth,
development and maintenance of the muscular system and the
structures that come along with it.
Without proper nutrition, we would find our bodies
abnormally fatigued, prone to spasming, and susceptible to
muscle damage. It is important to remember to practice BMV
to supply the body of the nutrients it needs. Aside from that, it
is equally important to pair proper nutrition with adequate
physical activity because as shown in the study guide, the
muscular system functions on a series of relaxed and
contracted states. Maintaining a sedentary lifestyle will only
advance muscle degradation and bring forth many more
complications. So regular movement and exercise should be
given priority as well.

References: Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2017). Principles of anatomy and physiology 15th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Netter, F. H. (2010). Atlas of Human
Anatomy 5th Edition. Saunders.
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