PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Ethnosymbolism 2. Mainland Origins Theory in Southern China (Peter

• Group of people occupying a specific territory; Bellwood, K.C. Chang)
• Interaction with the environment. • Moves southward towards Pacific Ocean (Taiwan
• The idea of the “Pinakamakapangyarihan.” area)
• Strong sense of identity – preservation of homeland. • Yangtze River, South of China
• Distinct community, practice, passed down. o Rice cultivation and riverine cultures
o Interaction with stimulus. § Water transportation
§ Internal or external stimulus. § Natural products (rice)
• ↑ food ↑ population
CHAPTER 1 • Southwards: Myanmar, Indonesia, Taiwan,
How the Earth Was in the Beginning Philippines
1. Bible • Also South America (Chile, Argentina)
2. Mythology – shapes the cycle of a group (Dundees, o Moana has archaeological evidence.
1984). 3. Island Origin Theory (Wilhelm Solheim II)
3. Scientific – naturally-occuring. • Plants and animals move South; Eastern side of
• Uniformitarian Theory – laws of nature have Africa;
remained constant. • Similar language in Southeast Asia (Taiwan,
o Condensation and precipitation.
Philippine & Indonesia)
• Catastrophism Theory – major disasters.
o Volcanism and erosion.
• “Nusantao”
4. Continental Drift Theory o nusan - water/marine; tao – humans
4. Core Population Theory (Felipe Landa Jocano)
• Alfred Wegener (Pangaea) postulated that South
America and Africa drifted apart over millions of • Fossil evidences (Java, Borneo, Australia)
years. • Sense of identity; “we created our own
• Arthur Holmes proposed the convection currents culture/history.”
within the earth’s mantle driven by radioactive • Common culture: base culture.
heat caused the mechanism for continental drift. • Austronesians – similar fashion, common food
o Tectonic Plate Theory and language.
§ Lithosphere (outer layer of
earth) moves sideways above Geography of the Philippines
the asthenosphere (extreme LOCATION:
pressure).
• Western Pacific Ocean
Geological Foundation • 4°23’-21°25’N latitude; 116°-127°E longitude.
Terms: • North – Taiwan; West – South China Sea and
• Typhoon – Pacific Ocean Vietnam; East – Pacific Ocean; South – Celebes
• Hurricane – Atlantic Ocean Sea and Indonesia; Southwest – Malaysia and
• Cyclone – Indian Ocean Singapore.
1. Pacific or Magmatic Theory • Philippines – Crossroads of the Pacific.
• Eruptions of volcanoes beneath the Pacific Ocean Landforms
in remote epochs. 1. Philippines – archipelago (kapuluan)
o Explanation of the cores of the mountain 7107 islands.
systems similar to the ones beneath the Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
ocean. • Amihan – land ➝ sea (N to S)
2. Asiatic or Land Bridges Theory • Habagt – sea ➝ land (E to W)
• Once part of Continental East Asia. 2. Luzon (3 major mountain ranges)
o Submerged lands after Ice Age (South
East Asia). • Sierra Madre (Aparri ➝ Quezon Province)
o Eastern coast of Luzon
Origin of the Filipinos o Aparri ➝ Isabela, Cagayan and Aurora
1. Migration Theory (Dr. H. Otley Beyer) Provinces
• People with distinct cultures already inhabited the • Cordillera Mountains (Ilocos ➝ Cordillera ➝
islands. La Union)
• Waves of migration. o Western part of Northern Luzon.
o Parallel to the Sierra Madre
Dawn Man ➝ Negritos ➝ Indonesians ➝ Malays o Cagayan Valley in the middle.
• Dawn Man – dawn of time. o Mt. Pulag – second highest peak in the
• Negritos – pygmy group. country.
• Indonesians – A/B; more advanced culture. o Location of the most productive gold
• Malays – Iron Age Culture. and copper mines in the country.
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
• Caraballo Mountain Range
o Near Nueva Ecija and Nueva Vizcaya.
o Crosscuts Sierra Madre and the
Cordilleras.
o South: Central Plain in Luzon.
• Zambales Mountain Range (Western
Pangasinan ➝ Bulacan and Bataan ➝
Zambales)
3. Bikol/Bicol – south of Luzon.
4. Cagayan Valley – large flat area between
Cordillera and Sierra Madre.
5. Plains of Pangasinan and Pampanga
6. Mt. Arayat in Pampanga, Mt. Makiling in Laguna,
Mt. Banahaw in Laguna/Quezon, Taal in
Tagaytay, Mt. Mayon in Legazpi, Mt. Bulusan in
Sorsogon
7. Islands – Panay, Negros, Cebu, Squijor, Bohol,
Leyte and Samar, Mt. Kanlaon in Negros,
Chocolate Hills in Bohol.
8. Diwata Range and Tago Apo Range – Mt. Apo,
Davao del Sur.
• Surigao – Siargao waves.
• Mariana’s Trench – deepest ocean body.
Waterforms
1. Rio Grande de Cagayan – longest river.
• Caraballo ➝ Nueva Ecija ➝ Nueva Vizcaya
2. Pasig River that connects Laguna Lake with Manila
Bay.
3. Samar and Leyte – San Juanico Bridge
4. Lake Lanao flows – Maria Cristina Falls.
• Powers hydroelectric plants in Northern
Mindanao.
5. Tubbataha Reef in the Philippine Sea.
CHAPTER 2
Pre-Spanish Era: Cultural Evolution
Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Period
• Era of crude stone tools and weapons for hunting.
• Cagayan Valley – no fossil evidence (migration)
• Core tools – naturally sharp-edged stones.
• Pebble tools – rounded stones in the riverbeds.
• Cobble tools – bigger than pebble tools.
• Flake tools – skillfully edged and shaped.
• Tabon Cave Complex – adaptation.
New Stone Age or Neolithic Period
• Agricultural Revolution
• Striking stones made fire by ancient settlers.
• Production of baked clay pots – implication of the
utilization of fire.
• Kilning – manufacture of pottery using fire.
• Burial Practices
o Jars as burial coffins – Manunggul jar.
o Bone washing and bone painting with
sappan wood or red dye wood and
hematite for protection from decay.
o Pabaon or funerary offerings.
Early Metal Age
• Tools and weapons were made of metal, replacing
stone tools – copper.
• Raw copper – pounded into ornaments.
• Bronze – interisland movements of people.
• Consisted mainly of beads – jade, stones, glass,
shells, seeds, twigs and stems.
• T’boli tribe wore body ornaments to please the gods
and to signify the status of the wearer.
Developed Iron Age
• Utilization of improved iron tools.
• Tin-smithing, jewelry making and utilization of
resources.
• Early Filipino-made metal implements: knives,
sumpak (blowguns), kalikot and gongs.
Age of Contact
• Period of trading relations with neighboring islands
by Asian traders.
• Community life: trade and craftsmanship.
• Southeast Asians – highly nomadic because of
water transportation.
• Natives had to improve on seamanship and boat-
building skill.
• Balangay – early wooden watercrafters; plank boat
driven by a sail or paddling.
• Malay – principal language of Southeast Asians.
Literature
• Baybayin or Alibata – syllabic writing; 3 vowels,
14 consonants (horizontal writing from left to right).
o Sipol – writing instrument; pointed iron.
§ Butuan silver strip, Butuan ivory
seal, Calatagan jar.
• Kavi – first script artifact with writings on copper
materials; Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI).
o Old Javanese writing system.
o Similar to: Sanskrit, Old Tagalog, Old
Javanese and Old Malay.
CHAPTER 3
Spanish Era: The Philippine Story
The Middle Ages (1300-1500)
• Europeans established commerce with the Orient
through trade routes for spices to enhance the taste
of food and to preserve meat during winter.
The Fall of Constantinople (1453)
• Emergence of the Ottoman Turks closed former
trade routes to the east.
• Discovery of new trade routes across the seas.
o Portugal before Spain.
• Cape of Good Hope (1487)
o Prince Henry, the Navigator, of Portugal.
o African coast to the East.
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
Age of Exploration (1492-1682)
• End of Reconquistas (war against the Moors).
• Discovery of the New World (America)
o Christopher Columbus – reaching East by
sailing West.
Inter caetera – Pope Alexander VI
• Attempt to settle rivalry between Portugal and Spain
by issuing a papal bull.
• Treaty of Tordesillas allowed Portugal to claim
Brazil while Spain was given the rest of America.
Magellan Expedition (1480-1521)
• 1517: Renounced his Portuguese citizenship
because of his proposal to King Manuel to travel
westward to Moluccas or Spice Islands (Indonesia).
• 1518: Captain General of the Expedition.
• 1519: Left Spain with five ships:
o Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San
Antonio and Victoria.
• 1521: Islas Ladrones (Island of Thievs) ➝
Marianas in honor of Queen Maria Ana of Austria.
Voyage to the Philippines
• Islas de San Lazaro (1521) – Samar.
o Landed on the small uninhabited islet of
Homonhon at the mouth of Leyte Gulf.
• Rajah Kolambu in Mazaua.
o Mazaua could be Limasawa, Leyte or
Masao in Butuan.
• Blood Compact Ceremony (Kasi Kasi)
o March 29, 1521, Good Friday.
• First Mass on Mazaua’s shore.
o March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday.
o Reverend Father Pedro de Valderrama
• Blood Compact with Rajah Humabon in Cebu.
o April 7, 1521.
o Honoring of one’s parents was the reason
why Rajah Humabon was baptized to
Christianity.
• Mass on the shores of Cebu.
o April 14, 1521.
o Planting of the Wooden Cross.
o Queen Juana, wife of Rajah Humabon.
o Humabon ➝ Carlos.
• Datu Zala and Datu Lapulapu of Mactan.
o Lapulapu’s real name: Cali Pulacu.
• Battle of Mactan.
o April 27, 1521.
o Magellan was wounded in the battle.
§ Poisonous arrow hit his right leg; a
bamboo spear struck his face.
o May 1, 1521.
§ Rajah Humabon arranged a
banquet for the Spaniards.
§ The native warriors killed Duarte
Barbosa, Juan Serrano and other
27 Spaniards.
• The remaining members of the expedition were
forced to flee the islands with two ships left.
o Trinidad and Victoria.
• The expedition confirmed that the earth is round
ampota since the world’s oceans are connected I
mean duh.
• Enrique of Malacca was really the first to
circumnavigate the world ahead of the Europeans.
o Interpreter for Magellan.
o Sis. Na-travel na niya buong mundo bago
pa siya makuha ni Magellan as interpreter.
• Cap. Garcia Jofre de Loaysa (1525)
o Post-Magellan expedition.
o 7 ships and 450 men.
o Strait of Magellan.
• Sebastian Cabot (1526)
o 4 ships and 250 men, failed to find Strait of
Magellan.
• Alvaro Saavedra Ceron (1527)
o 110 men from Viceroyalty in Mexico (New
Spain) first expedition to the Philippines.
§ Florida ship was found.
§ Reached Surigao, failed to
colonize.
• King Charles I of Spain in 1542.
o Reassert the claims of Spain to the islands.
§ Part of Eastern Hemisphere (EH).
o Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
§ EH was reserved to Portuguese
colonization.
o Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
§ New demarcation line east of
Moluccas.
o Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
§ Was instructed to avoid any of the
Spice Islands in their voyage to
Islas de Poniente.
§ Baganga Bay, Eastern Mindanao.
§ Mindando – Caesarea Caroli.
§ Sarangani – Antonia.
§ Leyte – Felipina.
§ Felipinas – given to all the
islands.
• King Philip II of Spain in 1556.
o Viceroy Velasco (Mexican)
§ Prepare expedition to the
Philippines.
o Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
§ 4 ships and 380 men.
• Fr. Andres de Urdaneta,
Cap. Felipe de Salcedo,
Guido de Lavezaris.,
Melchor de Legazpi.
§ Blood Compact with Urrao in
Samar and then proceeded to
Limasawa and was received by
Bankaw.
§ Sikatuna and Sigala in Bohol.
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
o Greek sailor, Mermeo (Juan de Camuz)
§ Image of Sto. Niño.
§ Ciudad del Santissimo Nombre de
Jesus.
§ San Agustin Church – first
Catholic church in the Philippines.
o Pedro de Araña – speared to death.
§ Retaliation by capturing niece of
Rajah Tupas of Cebu.
§ Tamuyan offered himself in
exchange for his daughter.
§ Legazpi assured freedom of
daughter without making him
subservient to the Spaniards.
§ Rajah Tupas accepted Legazpi’s
friendship.
Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• Legazpi promised Cebu the Spanish protection.
o Jandulaman – renamed to Isabel.
§ First Christian marriage with a
Greek member of Legazpi’s
expedition.
o Rajah Tupas also accepted baptism.
§ Renamed as Felipe.
§ Son, Pinsuncan – Carlos.
• Discovery of Manila.
o Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulayman of
Fort Santiago, Intramuros.
§ Blood Compact.
§ Rajah Sulayman was friendly but
won’t submit to Spanish
sovereignty.
o Trading center.
o Manila Bay, 1571.
§ Lakandula, King of Tondo.
o Manila, June 24, 1571
§ Feast Day of St. John the Baptist.
§ Proclamation of Manila as
capital of the Philippines.
§ Nueva Castilla – old fort or castle
on site.
§ Cabilo – city council and a court.
o Royal Decree, June 1, 1574
§ King Philip II renamed Manila,
Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad.
• Beautiful coat-of-arms on
the city.
o Legazpi, first Spanish governor and
Adelantado, died of heart attack.
• Gold Mines of Paracale, 1572.
o Pacified Ilocandia and Cagayan.
§ PACIFIED – already accepted or
converted to Christianity.
§ UNPACIFIED – not yet baptized.
o Found Villa Fernandina de Vigan.
o Encomienda in Ilocos – distribution of
lands to his Spanish subjects.
§ Encomendar – to commend or to
commit to one’s care.
§ Delegated with power to collect
tribute and to use personal services
of the inhabitants.
• Provincial Government
o Alcaldia-mayor of the province – civil
official; little to no background to execute
responsibilities.
o Corregimientos – have not been
completely pacified.
• Gubernatorial Powers.
o Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia -
Supreme Court of the colony.
o Residencia – judicial institution.
o Visitador-General – investigator sent by
the King.
o Archbishop and clergy.
o Subordinate public officials.
• Polo – forced labor in 1580.
o Polista – worker has to work for 40 days a
year in the labor pool.
§ Falla – exemption fee.
• Bandala – assignment of annual quotas.
o System meant virtual confiscation of
products for the government.
Racial Heirarchy of Colonial Philippines
1. Peninsulares – pure-blooded Spaniards.
2. Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines.
3. Mestizos – Filipinos of mixed races.
4. Principalia – nobility class or the educated class.
5. Indios – pure Austronesian ancestry.
6.
CHAPTER 4
Struggle for Rights and Freedom
1. Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman (1574)
Cause: Lavezaris’s Reversal of Legazpi’s Policy of
the native rulers from paying tributes.
Outcome: Took advantage of Lim-Ah-Hong’s
attack in Manila, chieftains proclaimed revolt in
Navota.
2. First Pampanga Revolt (1585)
Cause: Abuses of Encomenderos
Outcome: Leaders were arrested and executed
without fair trial.
3. The Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588)
Cause: Regain Lost Freedom
Outcome: Leaders were exiled to Mexico, some
were executed.
4. Magalat’s Revolt, Cagayan (1596)
Cause: Tribute
Outcome: Magalat was assassinated in his own
house.
5. Revolt of the Igorots (1601)
Cause: Refusal to Accpt New Religion
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
Outcome: Spaniards were only able to gain nominal
political and military control.
6. Revolt of the Irrays, Northern Isabela in the
Cagayan Valley (1621)
Cause: Oppression of Spanish Officials
Outcome: Fr. Santo Tomas prevented a fight,
ending the revolt.
7. The Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621-1622)
Cause: Return to Native Religion
Outcome: Tamblot. a babaylan priest, and his
followers died.
8. Bankaw’s Revolt, Leyte (1622)
Cause: Return to Native Religion
Outcome: Bankaw and his son, Pagali, perished in
the revolt.
9. The Revolt of Ladia (1643)
Cause: Spanish Oppression
Outcome: Pedro Ladia of Borneo was arrested and
sent to Manila for execution.
10. The Revolt of Dabao (1650s)
Cause: Controversial Decree to Send Carpenters to
the Cavite Shipyard
Outcome: Rebels who surrendered were hanged or
enslaved or taken to Manila to be sold to Spanish
households.
11. Sumuroy’s Revolt, Samar (1649-1650)
Cause: Forced Labor
Outcome: Rebels killed Sumuroy and brought his
head to the Spanish commander.
12. Maniago’s Revolt, Pampanga (1660)
Cause: Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut Timber
in the Mountains and Bandala
Outcome: Agreements were made between the
Spaniards and Maniago that brought peace in
Pampanga.
13. Andres Malong’s Revolt, Pangasinan (1660-
1661)
Cause: Spanish Oppression and the Desire to
Replace the Spaniards as Personal Rulers of the
People
Outcome: Malong’s execution along with Vera,
Pacadua and Macasaig in Binalatongan.
14. The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)
Cause: Continue Andres Malong’s Revolt
Outcome: 400 rebels were slain, Gumapos was
taken as prisoner and hanged in Vigan.
15. The Revolt of Almazan (1660s)
Cause: Personal Ambitions
Outcome: The Spaniards suppressed the rebels.
16. Tapar’s Revolt, Panay (1663)
Cause: Found a New Religion Under Native
Supervision
Outcome: Tapar and his men were killed against
the Spaniards and their corpses were impaled on
stakes.
17. Dagohoy’s Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829)
Cause: Refusal to Give His Brother a Christian
Burial
Outcome: Rebellion ended when Governor
Ricafort pardoned 19,240 survivors. Dagohoy’s
autonomous community lasted for 85 years.
18. Silang’s Revolt (1762-1763)
Cause: His Imprisonment, Abusive Government
Officials, Heavy Taxation
Outcome: Miguel Vicos paid Pedro Becbec with a
large monetary award to kill the rebel leader in his
own house. Gabriela Silang continued his revolt and
was executed in Vigan.
19. Palaris’s Revolt (1762-1765)
Cause: Tribute, Spain’s Loss of Prestige Due to the
British Occupation of Manila
Outcome: Don Mariano de Arza suppressed the
Revolt of Palaris in Pangasinan. Palaris was
publicly hanged.
20. Basi Revolt (1807)
Cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786
Outcome: The Spanish alcalde attacked the
Ilocanos at San Ildefonso and quelled the revolt.
21. Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution
(1815)
Cause: Abolition of the Liberal Spanish
Constitution
Outcome: The Ilocanos plundered the houses of
rich Spaniards and pro-Spanish native. The revolt
ended with the surviving leaders severely punished.
22. Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822)
Cause: Feeling of Distrust between the
Peninsulares and the Creoles
Outcome: Imprisonment of Bayot brothers after a
trial.
23. Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-1841)
Cause: Religious Freedom
Outcome: Hermano Pule was executed and his
chopped body was paraded from Tayabas to
Lucban. Samaniego was captured and shot to death
at Bagumbayan.
24. Muslim Wars (1578-1898)
Cause: War between Muslim Filipinos and the
Spaniards for more than 300 years.
Outcome: Signing of the Treaty of Paris ended the
warfare between the Spaniards and the Muslims,
also ending the Spanish domination in the
Philippines.
25. The Rise of Filipino Nationalism
Cause: Spread of Liberalism, Sentiment against the
Principales, Racial Prejudice, Cultural Changes,
Secularization Controversy and Cavite Mutiny of
1872.
Outcome: Transition of the country’s traditional
societal structure to colonial bureaucracy brought
about awareness of the local inhabitants as to their
common source of anxiety and suffering.
26. Propaganda Movement
Cause: Emergence of more Filipino ilustrados.
Outcome: M.H. Del Pilar’s Diariong Tagalog,
Graciano Lopez Jaena’s Fray Botod, Jose Rizal’s
heroism through Noli Me Tangere and El
 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
Filibusterismo, La Solidaridad in Barcelona,
Revolucion as the first Filipino Masonic Lodge and
several other masonic lodges formed in the
Philippines, La Liga Filipina by Rizal and Jose Ma.
Basa.
27. The Katipunan
Cause: La Liga Filipina’s peaceful agitation for
reforms was not enough.
Outcome: Andres Bonifacio’s KKK, Supreme
Council, Provincial Council, Popular Council,
Judicial Council, La Semilla as KKK’s women’s
chapter, Emilio Jacinto’s translation of Apolinario
Mabini’s Kartilla (13 teachings), Andres
Bonifacio’s Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (10 commandments) and Faustino Duque
and Ulpiano Fernandez’s Kalayaan.
28. The Revolution of 1896
Cause: Discovery of the Katipunan
Outcome: Series of executions by the government
began after the proclamation of a state of war, 13
martyrs near the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite, and
the Discovery of Kakarong Real.
29. Rivalry in the Katipunan
Cause: Emilio Aguinaldo vs. Andres Bonifacio
Outcome: Execution of Andres and Procopio
Bonifacio at Maragondon, Cavite.
30. The Biak-na-Bato Republic
Cause: Separation of the Philippines from Spanish
monarchy and the formation of an independent
state.
Outcome: Aguinaldo’s voluntary exile to Hong
Kong, Program, Act of Agreement, Question of
Indemnity, Tres de Abril revolt in Cebu by
Pantaleon Villegas, Makabulos Constitution by
Gen. Francisco Makabulos, Malolos Revolution by
Gen. Isidro Torres.
31. The Spanish-American War (1898)
Cause: Cuban struggle for independce, Efforts of
the Americans to Extend Influence Overseas and the
Sinking of the U.S. warship, Maine.
Outcome: The conclusion of the Spanish-American
War also concluded the Spanish colonization and
the rise of the United States as a global power.
32. Filipino-American Collaboration
Cause: Emilio Aguinaldo’s negotiations with the
Americans for support against the Spaniards.
Outcome: Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, Biak-na-
Bato Republic and The Philippine Flag
Inauguration in the Battle of Alapan.
CHAPTER 5
The Birth of a Nation
Proclamation of the Philippine Independence
• After 333 years, the Philippines obtained her
independence.
• Marcha Nacional Filipina by Julian Felipe.
• Republic Act 8491 – provision on proper display
and use of the Philippine flag and National Anthem.
• Andres Bonifacio favored Julio Nakpil’s Marangal
na Dalit ng Katagalugan.
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the Act of the
Declaration of Philippine Independence.
• Apolinario Mabini – adviser of Gen. Aguinaldo.
The Battle of Manila
• Gen. Fermin Jaudenes – Governor General.
• George Dewey’s naval gun bombarded Fort San
Antonio Abad near Luneta.
o The Spaniards already raised the flag of
surrender.
• Americans wished to exercise colonial power in the
country. Spaniards insisted the exclusion of
Filipinos in the capitulation area.
• Baler, 1898-1899 – Spaniards were unaware that
Spain had lost its fight in the Philippines.
• Teller Amendment prevented the U.S. from taking
Cuba.
The Malolos Republic
• Transfer of government’s seat of power from
Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos, Bulacan.
• Malolos Cathedral as the Palacio Presidencial.
• Aguinaldo refused to acknowledge American
control in the country.
• Mabini Plan, Paterno Plan and Calderon Plan.
• Malolos Constitution, 1899 – the fundamental law
of the land.
o First Philippine Republic at Barasoain
Church, now popularly known as the
Malolos Republic.
• Jose Palma’s La Independencia.
• Universidad Literaria de Filipinas by Dr. Leon Ma.
Guerrero.
• Malolos Republic – first Republic in Asia.
• The Philippines stood out as a beam of hope in Asia.